Brief biography of mushroom eaters 1795 1829. Fate A
(1790 or 1795-1829)
Elena Lavrenova
Biography
Russian writer, poet, playwright, diplomat. Alexander Griboyedov was born on January 15 (according to the old style - January 4) 1795 (some sources indicate 1790) in Moscow, into an old noble family. “The noble family of the Griboedovs is of gentry origin. Jan Grzybowski moved to Russia in the first quarter of the 17th century. His son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was a clerk under Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Fyodor Alekseevich and was the first to write to Griboedov.” (“Russian Biographical Dictionary”) He spent his childhood in the Moscow house of Alexander’s loving, but wayward and unyielding mother, Nastasya Fedorovna (1768-1839) (Novinsky Boulevard, 17). Alexander and his sister Maria (1792-1856; married to M.S. Durnovo) received serious home education: the tutors were educated foreigners - Petrosilius and Ion; university professors were invited for private lessons. In 1803, Alexander was assigned to the Moscow Noble University Boarding School. In 1806, Alexander Griboyedov entered the literature department of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1808 with the title of candidate of literature; continued his studies at the ethical and political department; In 1810 he graduated from law, and then entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. From the moment he studied at the university and throughout his life, Alexander Sergeevich retained his love for history and economic sciences. Upon completion of his education, Griboedov surpassed all his peers in literature and society: he spoke French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Latin languages, later mastered Arabic, Persian and Turkish. In 1812, before Napoleon's invasion of Russia, Alexander Sergeevich was preparing for the exam for his doctorate.
In 1812, despite his family’s dissatisfaction, Griboyedov signed up as a volunteer cornet in the Moscow hussar regiment, recruited by Count Saltykov, but while it was being organized, Napoleon managed to leave Moscow, and then Russia. The war ended, but Alexander decided to prefer the unattractive cavalry service in the remote corners of Belarus to the career of an official. He spent three years first in the Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, then at the headquarters of the cavalry reserves. In Brest-Litovsk, where cornet Griboyedov was seconded to the headquarters of the reserves and served as an adjutant to the humane and educated cavalry general A.S. Kologrivov, his taste for books and creativity reawakened in him: in 1814 he sent his first articles (“About cavalry reserves” and “Description of the holiday in honor of Kologrivov”). Having visited St. Petersburg in 1815 and prepared his transition to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Griboyedov retired in March 1816.
In 1817, Alexander Griboyedov was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs, where he soon began to be in good standing. His first plays were published and staged in St. Petersburg, he met A.S. Pushkin, V.K. Kuchelbecker, P.Ya. Chaadaev. Griboyedov's official position almost spoiled his participation as a second in the duel between Sheremetev and Zavadovsky, which outraged everyone with the bitterness of the opponents: according to some assumptions, after this duel a duel between the seconds should have taken place. At the insistence of his mother, in order to allow the gossip to subside and soften the anger of his superiors, Alexander Griboyedov had to temporarily leave St. Petersburg and, against his will, he was provided with the position of secretary of the embassy in Persia. On March 4, 1819, Griboyedov entered Tehran, but a significant part of the service took place in Tabriz. The duties were simple, which made it possible to intensively study Persian and Arabic. Periodically, Griboyedov had to travel to Tiflis on business errands; once he took out of Persia and returned to their homeland a group of Russian prisoners unjustly detained by the Persian authorities. This enterprise brought Griboedov to the attention of the commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, Alexei Petrovich Ermolov (1777-1861), who recognized in him rare talents and an original mind. Ermolov achieved the appointment of Alexander Griboedov as secretary for foreign affairs under the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, and from February 1822 he began serving in Tiflis. Here work continued on the play “Woe from Wit,” which had begun even before his appointment to Persia.
After 5 years of stay in Iran and the Caucasus, at the end of March 1823, having received a vacation (first short, and then extended and generally covering almost two years), Griboyedov arrived in Moscow, and in 1824 - in St. Petersburg. The comedy, completed in the summer of 1824, was banned by tsarist censorship and on December 15, 1825, only fragments were published in F.V. Bulgarin’s almanac “Russian Waist”. In order to promote their ideas, the Decembrists began to distribute “Woe from Wit” in tens of thousands of lists (in January 1825, the list of “Woe from Wit” was brought to Pushkin in Mikhailovskoye). Despite Griboyedov’s skeptical attitude towards the military conspiracy of the future Decembrists and doubts about the timeliness of the coup, among his friends during this period were K.F. Ryleev, A.A. Bestuzhev, V.K. Kuchelbecker, A.I. Odoevsky. In May 1825, Griboyedov again left St. Petersburg for the Caucasus, where he learned that on December 14 the Decembrist uprising was defeated.
In connection with the opening of the case about the Decembrists, in January 1826, Alexander Griboedov was arrested in the Grozny fortress; Ermolov managed to warn Griboedov about the arrival of the courier with the order to immediately take him to the investigative commission, and all incriminating papers were destroyed. On February 11, he was taken to St. Petersburg and put in the guardhouse of the General Staff; Among the reasons was that during interrogations 4 Decembrists, including S.P. Trubetskoy and E.P. Obolensky, named Griboedov among the members of the secret society and in the papers of many of those arrested they found lists of “Woe from Wit”. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but because... It was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate.” Despite this, Griboyedov was under secret surveillance for some time. In September 1826, Griboedov continued his diplomatic activities, returning to Tbilisi. Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich (1782-1856), married to cousin Alexandra Griboyedova - Elizaveta Alekseevna (1795-1856). Griboyedov returned to the Caucasus reluctantly and seriously thought about retirement, but his mother’s requests forced him to continue serving.
At the height of the Russian-Iranian war, Griboyedov is entrusted with managing relations with Turkey and Iran. In March 1828 he arrived in St. Petersburg, delivering the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for Russia, which brought it significant territory and a large indemnity. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov took a direct part in the negotiations with Abbas Mirza and the signing of the agreement. The concessions were made by the Persians against their will and Griboyedov, rightly proud of his success, did not hide his fears of revenge and the imminent resumption of the war.
In April 1828, Griboyedov, who enjoyed a reputation as a specialist in Persian affairs, was appointed plenipotentiary resident minister (ambassador) to Iran. Despite the reluctance to go to Persia, it was impossible to refuse the appointment due to the categorically stated desire of the emperor. During his years of service in the East, Griboyedov took a closer look at the Eastern way of life and way of thinking, and the prospect of a long life that opened up to him in one of the centers of stagnation, arbitrariness and fanaticism did not arouse in him any particular desire to begin fulfilling new duties; he treated the appointment as a political exile.
On the way to his destination, Griboyedov spent several months in Georgia. In August 1828, while in Tiflis, he married the daughter of his friend, the Georgian poet and Major General Alexander Garsevanovich Chavchavadze (1786-1846), Princess Nina Chavchavadze (1812-1857), whom he knew as a girl. Despite the fever that did not leave him even during the wedding ceremony, Alexander Sergeevich, perhaps for the first time, experienced happy love, experiencing, in his words, such a “novel that leaves far behind the most bizarre stories of fiction writers famous for their imagination.” The young wife has just turned sixteen. After recovery, he took his wife to Tabriz and went without her to Tehran to prepare everything there for her arrival. On December 9, 1828 they saw each other in last time. One of the stories speaks about the tenderness with which he treated his little “Murilyov shepherdess,” as he called Nina. last letters to Nina (December 24, 1828, Kazbin): “ Priceless friend my, I feel sorry for you, I couldn’t be more sad without you. Now I truly feel what it means to love. Previously, I parted with my legs, to which I was also tightly attached, but a day, two, a week - and the melancholy disappeared, now the further away from you, the worse. Let’s endure a few more, my angel, and let’s pray to God that we will never be separated after that.”
Arriving in Tehran, Griboedov sometimes acted in a defiant manner, did not yield in any way to the obstinacy of the Persians, persistently demanding payment of indemnity, violated the etiquette of the Shah's court, showing the Shah himself the least possible respect. All this was done contrary to personal inclinations, and English diplomats took advantage of these mistakes to incite hatred of the ambassador in court spheres. But a more formidable hatred of the Russians, supported by clergy, was kindled among the masses: on market days the ignorant crowd was told that the Russians should be exterminated as enemies of the people's religion. The instigator of the uprising was the Tehran mujshehid (highest cleric) Mesih, and his main accomplices were the ulema. According to the official version, the purpose of the conspiracy was to cause some damage to the Russian mission, and not to massacre. When on the fateful day of February 11 (according to the old style - January 30) 1829, about 100 thousand people gathered (according to the testimony of the Persian dignitaries themselves), and a mass of fanatics rushed to the embassy house, the leaders of the conspiracy lost power over them. Realizing the danger he was exposed to, the day before his death, Griboedov sent a note to the palace, declaring in it that “in view of the inability of the Persian authorities to protect the honor and the very lives of the representatives of Russia, he asks his government to recall him from Tehran.” But it was already too late. The next day there was an almost complete massacre of the Russians (only embassy adviser Maltsov managed to escape); The murder of Griboyedov was especially brutal: his disfigured and mutilated body was found in a pile of corpses. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was buried in accordance with his wishes on Mount David in Tiflis - near the Monastery of St. David. On the gravestone are the words of Nina Griboyedova: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
Among the works are plays, poems, journalism, letters: “Letter from Brest Litovsk to the publisher” (1814; letter to the publisher of “Bulletin of Europe”), “On cavalry reserves” (1814, article), “Description of the holiday in honor of Kologrivov” ( 1814, article), “The Young Spouses” (1815, comedy; reworking of Creuset de Lesser’s play “The Family Secret” 1807), “One’s Own Family, or the Married Bride” (1817, comedy; co-authored with A.A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky: Five phenomena of the second act belong to Griboyedov), “Student” (1817, comedy; co-authored with P.A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (1818, play; co-authored with A. Gendre), “Test of Interlude "(1819, play), "Woe from Wit" (1822-1824, comedy; the origin of the idea - in 1816, the first production - November 27, 1831 in Moscow, the first publication, cut by censorship - in 1833, full publication - in 1862), “1812” (drama; excerpts published in 1859), “Georgian Night” (1827-1828, tragedy; publication - 1859), “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” (article), “Country trip” (article). Musical works: two waltzes for piano are known.
(Compiled by short biography A.S. Griboyedova - Elena Lavrenova)
Bibliography
A.S. Griboedov "Works". M. " Fiction", 1988
“Russian Biographical Dictionary” rulex.ru (article by Prof. A.N. Veselovsky “Griboyedov”)
Encyclopedic resource rubricon.com (Big Soviet encyclopedia, Encyclopedic reference book"St. Petersburg", Encyclopedia "Moscow", Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary)
Project “Russia Congratulates!”
Alexander Griboedov was born into a wealthy family in Moscow. Still not identified exact year birth of Griboyedov. There are two versions - 1790 or 1795. But the date is known - January 4/15.
The boy was inquisitive and received a fairly good education at home. Then he studied at the Moscow Noble Boarding School and entered the university. According to unconfirmed documentary information, Griboedov graduated from three faculties: mathematics, law and literature.
There is only one exact document - in 1806 he entered the Faculty of Literature, and in 1808 he graduated from it. He was a very smart and gifted person. Alexander spoke several languages: English, German, French, Italian, Latin and Greek, Arabic and Persian. He played the piano well.
When it began, Alexander voluntarily joined the army as a cornet. The Moscow provincial regiment, in which he was enrolled, did not participate in the battles. The regiment was in reserve in the Kazan province.
Here he managed to do everything, both court women and play mischief. He loved to make jokes, but did not tolerate any ridicule or insults towards himself. After retiring in 1816, he left for St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, he began to seriously study literature.
His early work associated with drama. He wrote his works in collaboration with Katenin (“Student”), Khmelnitsky and Shakhovsky (“Own Family”). Having remade the plot of the Frenchman Creuset de Lesser, Griboedov wrote the comedy “The Young Spouses”.
He also wrote articles in which he criticized Zhukovsky, Karamzin and Batyushkov. He managed to take part in an unpleasant story that ended in a duel and resulted in the death of Sheremetev. For this disgrace, Yakubovich was sent into exile in the Caucasus, and Griboedov was offered the choice of a secretary position in the USA or in Persia. Alexander Sergeevich chose Persia. On the way to his place of service, Griboyedov fought a duel with Yakubovich in Tiflis and was wounded in the arm.
After three years in Persia, he transferred to diplomatic service in the Caucasus. It was here that the idea to write “Woe from Wit” was born. He spent his vacation in St. Petersburg, the village of the Begichevs in 1824, where work on the text was completed. Society perceived his comedy differently. Someone liked it, and the students wanted to stage the play in a “narrow circle,” but they were forbidden. And someone recognized themselves in comedy. The work was not even allowed to be published.
In 1826, after Griboyedov was arrested, he was suspected of conspiracy. But, having found no evidence, they released him. He received another rank and salary and was sent to the Caucasus. Two years later, a new appointment - envoy to Persia. On the way to his place of service through Tiflis, Alexander Sergeevich fell in love with Princess Nina Chavchavadze and married her (1828). But the young people did not live together for long, leaving his pregnant wife at the border in Tabriz, he left for Tehran.
A month later, it played out in Persia terrible tragedy. On January 30, 1829, a local angry mob attacked and began a pogrom. Only one person survived; the rest all died, including Griboyedov. Nina buried her husband in Tiflis.
- Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow.
- Griboyedov's father, Sergei Ivanovich, was an officer of the Russian guard, a nobleman, a representative of the ancient Polish noble family Grzhibovskikh.
- Griboedov's mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, had a strong-willed character. Perhaps her practical intelligence and business qualities were passed on to her children from her.
- The future author of "Woe from Wit" received a comprehensive education at home, was taught to play the musical instruments(piano, flute), knew from childhood foreign languages: German, English, French, Italian. Later, as an adult, the poet would even write music - two waltzes written by him are known.
- 1802 - Alexander Griboedov was sent to the Moscow Noble University Boarding School.
- 1806 - at the age of 11, Griboyedov becomes a student at Moscow University.
- 1808 - Having successfully studied at the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, Griboedov entered the Faculty of Law.
- 1810 - having received a candidate of rights diploma, Alexander Griboyedov begins his studies at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics of the same Moscow University, but he fails to complete his studies - the Patriotic War of 1812 prevented him.
- During his studies at the University, Griboyedov learned two more foreign languages - Latin and Greek (later additionally Persian, Arabic and Turkish). During these same years, he entered the circle of future Decembrists, communicated with the Muravyov brothers, Yakushkin, and later with Chaadaev. Griboyedov’s first poetic experiments are also associated with the University.
- 1812 - Alexander Griboyedov volunteers for the army. He ends up in a hussar regiment and has a junior cavalry officer rank - he is a cornet. However, Cornet Griboedov did not have to participate in hostilities. After the war he retires.
- 1814-1815 - Griboyedov collaborates with the magazines “Son of the Fatherland” and “Bulletin of Europe”. Publishes translations and critical articles about literature.
- 1817 - Griboyedov moves to St. Petersburg and enters the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A.S. are already serving here. Pushkin and many future Decembrists. Griboyedov instantly gets acquainted and becomes close to them. Subsequently A.S. Pushkin spoke of Griboedov as one of the “most smart people in Russia".
- In St. Petersburg, Griboedov is active social life- communicates with many actors and writers, even belongs to Masonic lodge, where he was attracted by P.Ya. Chaadaev and P.I. Pestel. But soon a misfortune happened - Griboyedov acted as a second in a duel that ended in the death of one of the participants. Alexander Sergeevich has to think about leaving St. Petersburg for a while.
- 1818 - Griboyedov was sent to Persia as secretary of the Russian mission.
- 1818 - 1820 - Griboyedov in Persia. He travels a lot around the country and keeps a diary, writing down his travel notes. At the end of the business trip he returns to St. Petersburg.
- End of 1821 - Griboedov serves in the Caucasus, in Tiflis (Tbilisi), as a diplomatic secretary under General A. Ermolov (commander of the Russian troops). Again, there are many future Decembrists surrounded by Griboyedov. In Tiflis, Alexander Sergeevich is working on the first two acts of the comedy “Woe from Wit”. Here he does a lot to return Russian prisoners to their homeland.
- Having taken a long (several years) vacation to work on a comedy, Griboyedov first visits the Tula province, then goes to visit his relatives in Moscow, then to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg in 1824, the comedy “Woe from Wit” was completed.
- “Woe from Wit” is the most famous, programmatic, but not the only work of Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. He wrote poems, articles, plays and was the author of about 30 literary and journalistic works.
- Secular salons received “Woe from Wit” with enthusiasm, while criticism, on the contrary, was hostile. The comedy's language was described as "harsh and incorrect". The author's attempts to publish his work or ensure its production on stage were unsuccessful. Only in the literary almanac of F.V. Bulgarin's 1st and 3rd acts were published, but with huge censored cuttings. The first production (also pretty battered by censorship) took place in 1831. Full text was published abroad in 1858 by A.I. Herzen. In Russia, the full edition appeared only after the reforms, in 1862.
- 1824 - Griboedov was accepted as a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
- September 1825 - Griboedov again comes to the Caucasus.
- January 1826 - Alexander Sergeevich was arrested in the Decembrist case. For this purpose, a special courier was sent from St. Petersburg. However, General Ermolov found out about this and warned Griboyedov in time, who managed to burn all the documents incriminating him. The investigation reached a dead end due to lack of evidence against the poet, and the poet was found innocent.
- 1826 - Griboyedov once again returns to the Caucasus, as head of the diplomatic office of the General Manager in Georgia.
- 1827 - Alexander Sergeevich, as a talented diplomat, was entrusted with “managing diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia.”
- 1828 - Griboedov takes an active part in the preparation of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty, beneficial for Russia, concluded with Persia and ending the Russian-Persian War of 1826-1828. After which Griboyedov is sent as minister plenipotentiary to Persia. The poet accepted his new appointment without much enthusiasm and called it “political exile.”
- August 1828 - while still in Tiflis, Griboedov marries his friend’s 15-year-old daughter Nina Chavchavadze.
- Griboedov only had a chance to live with his wife for a few weeks. They came with an embassy to Persia, where they were magnificently greeted by the liberated cities after the war. At the very beginning of 1829, Griboyedov had to go to Tehran. He sets off, although, judging by his diary entries, he is tormented forebodings. Pregnant Nina remains at the embassy residence in Tabriz.
- January 31, 1829 - as a result of a provocation by the Persian authorities, the Russian embassy is attacked by a crowd of Muslims, incited by fanatics. Everyone present at the embassy was brutally killed, including Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov. The poet's body was transported to Tiflis and buried on Mount St. David.
- Griboyedov had no descendants left - his son, who was nevertheless christened Alexander, did not live even a day. Nina Chavchavadze-Griboyedova left an inscription on her husband’s grave: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in the memory of Russians, but why did my love survive you?”
Years of life: from 01/15/1795 to 02/11/1829
Russian playwright, poet and diplomat, composer, pianist. Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri, the writer of one book, a brilliant rhyming play “Woe from Wit.”
Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a noble family. The first Griboyedovs have been known since 1614: Mikhail Efimovich Griboedov received lands in the Vyazemsky Voivodeship from Mikhail Romanov in this year. It is noteworthy that the writer’s mother also came from the same Griboyedov family, from another branch of it. The founder of this branch, Lukyan Griboedov, owned a small village in Vladimir land. The writer's grandfather maternal line, a man, although a military man, but possessing amazing taste and abilities, turned Khmelity’s family estate into a real Russian estate, an island of culture. Here, in addition to French, Russian writers were read, Russian magazines were subscribed to, a theater was created, and children received an excellent education for those times. The second, paternal branch of the Griboyedovs, was not so lucky. Griboedov's father, Sergei Ivanovich, is a gambler and spendthrift, a desperate dragoon of the Yaroslavl infantry regiment.
In 1802, Griboyedov was sent to the Noble boarding school. Moreover, in French, German and music he was immediately enrolled in the middle classes. He would remain strong in music and languages throughout his life. Since childhood, knowing French, English, German and Italian languages, during his studies at the university he studied Greek and Latin, and later Persian, Arabic and Turkish and many other languages. He was also musically gifted: he played the piano, flute, and composed music himself. Two of his waltzes (“Griboyedov Waltz”) are still known.
A year later, I had to leave the boarding school due to illness, switching to home education. In 1806, A.S. Griboyedov (at the age of 11 years) was already a student at Moscow University, who successfully graduated in 1808, receiving the title of candidate of literature, and in 1812, Alexander Sergeevich entered the ethical and legal department , and then to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
During Patriotic War In 1812, when the enemy approached the Russian border, Griboedov joined (against his mother’s wishes) the Moscow Hussar Regiment of Count Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Young people were seduced not only by the ideas of patriotism, but also by the beautiful black uniform, decorated with cords and gold embroidery (even Chaadaev moved from the Semenovsky regiment to the Akhtyrsky Hussars, carried away by the beauty of the uniform). However, due to illness he for a long time was absent from the regiment. Only at the end of June 1814 did he catch up with his regiment, renamed the Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, in the city of Kobrin, in the Kingdom of Poland. In July 1813, he will be seconded to the headquarters of the commander of the cavalry reserves, General A. S. Kologrivov, where he will serve until 1816 in the rank of cornet. It was in this service that Griboedov began to show his remarkable abilities in the field of diplomacy: he ensured friendly relations with the Polish nobility, settled conflicts that arose between the army and local population, showing diplomatic tact. His first literary experiments also appeared here: “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher”, the essay “On Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secret du Ménage”) - date back to 1814. In the article “On Cavalry Reserves” Griboedov acted as a historical publicist.
In 1815, after the death of her father, her mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, in order to settle the shaky and complicated affairs of her late husband, invited A.S. Griboyedov to renounce the inheritance in favor of his sister Maria, whom the future writer dearly loved. Having signed the waiver, Griboedov is left without a livelihood. From now on, he will have to earn ranks and fortune through his labor. New literary acquaintances in St. Petersburg, acquired during vacation, literary success (Shakhovskoy himself was delighted with his first play, it was successfully staged in Moscow), lack of prospects for military service- all this served as a reason for Griboyedov to begin efforts to resign. However, when transferring him to the civil service, none of his merits were taken into account (he did not participate in hostilities), and instead of the rank of collegiate assessor (8 in the Table of Ranks), which he applied for, he receives the rank of provincial secretary, one of the lowest ranks (12) in the Table of Ranks (for comparison: A.S. Pushkin will enter the service of the College of Foreign Affairs with the rank of collegiate secretary (10), which was considered a very modest achievement).
From 1817 he served in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, met A.S. Pushkin and V.K. Kuchelbecker.
In 1818, Griboyedov accepted an appointment as secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission under the Persian Shah (1818 - 1821, Tiflis, Tabriz, Tehran) and did a lot to bring Russian prisoners home. This appointment was essentially an exile, the reason for which was Griboyedov’s participation in a quadruple duel over the artist Istomina. A.P. Zavadovsky kills V.V. Sheremetev. The duel between Griboyedov and A.I. Yakubovich has been postponed. Later, in 1818, in the Caucasus, this duel will take place. On it, Griboyedov will be wounded in the arm. It is by the little finger of his left hand that the writer’s corpse, mutilated by the Persians, will subsequently be identified.
Upon returning from Persia in November 1821, he served as diplomatic secretary under the commander of Russian troops in the Caucasus, General A.P. Ermolov, surrounded by many members of Decembrist societies. Lives in Tiflis, working on the first two acts of Woe from Wit. However, this work requires more privacy, more freedom from service, so he asks Yermolov for a long leave. Having received leave, he spends it first in the Tula province, then in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
In January 1826, after the Decembrist uprising, Griboyedov was arrested on suspicion of involvement in a conspiracy. A few months later, he was not only released, but also received another rank, as well as an allowance in the amount of an annual salary. There really was no serious evidence against him, and even now there is no documentary evidence that the writer somehow participated in the activities of secret societies. On the contrary, he is credited with a disparaging description of the conspiracy: “One hundred warrant officers want to turn Russia over!” But, perhaps, Griboedov owes such a complete acquittal to the intercession of a relative - General I.F. Paskevich, a favorite of Nicholas I, who was appointed instead of Ermolov as commander-in-chief of the Caucasian Corps and commander-in-chief of Georgia.
During this period, A.S. Griboedov manages to do a lot. He takes charge of diplomatic relations with Georgia and Persia, reorganizes Russian policy in Transcaucasia, develops the “Regulations on the Administration of Azerbaijan”, with his participation the “Tiflis Gazette” was founded in 1828, and a “workhouse” was opened for women serving their sentences. A.S. Griboyedov, together with P. D. Zaveleisky, draws up a project on the “Establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company” in order to boost the industry of the region. He negotiates with Abbas Mirza on the terms of the Russian-Persian peace, participates in peace negotiations in the village of Turkmanchay. It is he who makes up final version peace treaty, extremely beneficial for Russia. In the spring of 1828, Alexander Sergeevich was sent to St. Petersburg with the text of the agreement. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he spent several months in Tiflis, where he married Princess Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of the head of the Erivan region and the Georgian poet Alexander Chavchavadze.
On January 30, 1829, the Persian authorities provoked an attack on the Russian embassy in Tehran. A crowd of Muslims, incited by fanatics, burst into the embassy building and massacred everyone there, including Griboyedov. The Russian government, not wanting a new military conflict with Persia, was satisfied with the Shah's apology. The Persian Shah sent his son to St. Petersburg to resolve the diplomatic scandal. To compensate for the blood shed, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. This diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, once adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it is in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin. Griboedov's body was brought to Tiflis (now Tbilisi) and buried in the monastery of St. David.
Griboyedov's date of birth is a special question. The playwright himself indicated the year of birth as 1790. Judging by the information from the confessional books of the Church of the Nine Martyrs, in whose parish the Gribredovs were members for many years, the year of his birth is 1795. There is also a version that he was born in 1794.
The son of A.S. Griboyedov and N.A Chavchavadze was born premature after the death of his father, was baptized Alexander, but died an hour after birth.
The wife of A.S. Griboyedov left on his tombstone the following words:
“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory,
But why did my love survive you?
Bibliography
Griboedov's dramaturgy:
Dmitry Dryanskoy (comic tragedy) (1812)
The Young Spouses (comedy in one act, in verse) (1814)
One's own family, or The Married Bride (5 scenes for Shakhovsky's comedy) (1817)
Student (comedy in three acts, written together with P. A. Katenin) (1817)
Feigned Infidelity (a comedy in one act in verse) (1817)
Sample interlude (interlude in one act) (1818)
Who is brother, who is sister, or deception after deception (new vaudeville opera in 1 act together with P.A. Vyazemsky) (1823)
Woe from Wit (comedy in four acts in verse) (1824)
Georgian Night (excerpts from the tragedy) (1828)
Publicism by Griboyedov:
Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher" (1814)
On cavalry reserves (1814)
On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora” (1816)
Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood (1824)
Country Trip (1826)
A.S. Griboyedov was born in Moscow on January 4 (15), 1795 (according to other sources - in 1794) into a noble noble family. As a child, he received a varied education at home, and from 1802 to 1805 he studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. In 1806 he became a student at Moscow University. Having graduated from the verbal (in 1808) and ethical-political (in 1810) departments, he continued to study mathematics and natural sciences. IN student years Griboedov, who had brilliant abilities, worked hard and hard. While still at university, he became a polyglot, easily mastering foreign languages, not only European (French, English, Italian and German), but also ancient ones (Greek and Latin). Later, oriental languages - Persian, Arabic and Turkish - were added to them. His literary gift manifested itself in his first humorous and satirical works. Years of study - the time of friendly communication between Griboyedov and future prominent representatives Russian freethinking - N.M. Muravyov, I.D. Yakushkin, N.I. Turgenev, P. Ya. Chaadaev.
In 1812, Griboedov volunteered for the army and was enlisted as a cornet in the Moscow Hussar Regiment, but he did not have the chance to participate in hostilities against Napoleon’s troops. In 1817 it began diplomatic career: a retired military man became an official of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and lived in St. Petersburg until 1818, actively participating in literary and theatrical life.
Griboedov became close to young writers (V.K. Kuchelbecker, N.I. Grech, and later with A.S. Pushkin) and theater figures (P.A. Katenin, A.A. Shakhovsky, N.I. Khmelnitsky, A. .A.Gandrome). In 1815, his one-act verse comedy The Young Spouses, a reworking of the play, was published and staged. French playwright Creuset de Lesser "Le secret du menage". In 1817, in collaboration with P.A. Katenin, Griboedov wrote the comedy “Student”, and together with A.A. Shakhovsky and N.I. Khmelnitsky - the comedy “My Own Family, or the Married Bride” (Griboedov wrote the beginning of the second act ). The comedy “Feigned Infidelity” (a free translation of the comedy by the French playwright Barthes “Les fausses infidelites”), written together with A. A. Gendre, was staged on the stages of Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1818. Participation in the work on these everyday plays was a test of strength for the young playwright before starting work on his main work - in the second half of the 1810s. The idea for the comedy “Woe from Wit” was taking shape.
Griboedov considered his appointment in 1818 as secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Persia to be a kind of “honorable” exile, dictated by the desire of his superiors to remove him from St. Petersburg. The reason was a duel between officer V.N. Sheremetev and Count A.P. Zavadovsky over the ballerina A.I. Istomina (Griboedov was Zavadovsky’s second).
After three years of service in Persia, Griboyedov was transferred to Tiflis: from 1822 he served under the chief administrator of Georgia, General A.P. Ermolov. It was at this time that the earlier idea of “Woe from Wit” began to be realized. From mid-1823 to the end of 1825, Griboyedov was on a long vacation. In the summer of 1823, on the estate of his friend S.N. Begichev - the village of Dmitrovskoye, Tula province. - He worked hard on Woe from Wit, and in the fall he went to Moscow, where he performed reading excerpts from the comedy. For several months, Griboyedov actively participated in the Moscow literary life: together with P.A. Vyazemsky he wrote the vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception”, collaborated in the anthology “Mnemosyne”.
From June 1824 to the end of 1825, Griboyedov lived in St. Petersburg, continuing his literary studies - work on the text of “Woe from Wit” and new plays that remained unfinished (drama “1812”, tragedies “Georgian Night”, “Rodamist and Zenobia"). In the capital, he communicated with many people: writers, theater figures, future participants in the December events, including K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev, publishers of the Polar Star almanac. Friendly ties with the Decembrists did not go unnoticed; soon after returning to the Caucasus to his place of service, Griboyedov again found himself in St. Petersburg: in January 1826, Ermolov received an order for his arrest. Having learned about this, Griboyedov managed to destroy all the papers that could compromise him during the investigation.
During interrogations in St. Petersburg, he resolutely denied his participation in secret societies, which was confirmed by many Decembrists in their testimony. After an investigation that lasted four months, he was released due to lack of evidence. Indeed, despite the wide circle of acquaintances associated with secret societies, and contact with the Decembrists on some ideological issues, Griboyedov was far from the Decembrist movement. Probably, the most noticeable traits of his character played a significant role in this: isolation, caution, ironic, skeptical mind. He was critical of those projects for the “salvation” of Russia that were proposed by the Decembrists, although he was an educator and freethinker.
After returning to the Caucasus in September 1826, Griboyedov became the largest figure in Russian diplomacy in the East. In 1827 he was entrusted with conducting diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia, and in 1828 he actively participated in the preparation of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty, which ended the war with Persia. After this diplomatic success, Griboyedov was appointed minister plenipotentiary to Persia. However, the new appointment caused him not joy, but anxiety and gloomy forebodings: life in the newly “reconciled” Tehran promised difficulties and deprivations. On the eve of his departure to Persia, in August 1828, in Tiflis, Griboedov married N.A. Chavchavadze. Soon after the wedding, he went on an embassy to Tehran.
On January 30 (February 11), 1829, Griboyedov was torn to pieces by a crowd of fanatics - opponents of peace with Russia, who destroyed the building of the Russian embassy. On the monument erected on the grave of Griboyedov in Tiflis, carved famous words his wife: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
As the outstanding poet and critic of the 20th century emphasized. V.F. Khodasevich, “in this gloomy and romantic finale, the general harmony of Griboyedov’s life, rich in feelings, impressions and events, sounded only more clearly. Griboyedov was a man of remarkable intelligence, great education, a unique, very complex and, in essence, charming character. Beneath his dry and often bilious restraint, he buried a depth of feeling that did not want to show itself over trifles. But in worthy cases, Griboyedov showed both strong passion and active love. He knew how to be an excellent, albeit somewhat unyielding, diplomat, a dreamy musician, a “citizen of the scenes,” and a friend of the Decembrists. The very story of it last love and death would not have been possible for an ordinary person” (essay on “Griboyedov”).