Beautiful presentation about the geological heritage of Karelia. Amazing Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is the legal successor of the Karelian Labor Commune. The western border of Karelia coincides with the state border of the Russian Federation and Finland, has a length of 798.3 km, and at the same time is the border with the European Union. In the east, Karelia borders on the Arkhangelsk region, in the south on the Vologda and Leningrad regions, in the north on the Murmansk region. The capital of the Republic of Karelia is the city of Petrozavodsk.
Geography The Republic of Karelia is located in Northern Europe, in the northwestern part of Russia, washed by the White Sea in the northeast. The main relief of the republic is a hilly plain, turning in the west into the Western Karelian Upland. The glacier, retreating to the north, greatly changed the topography of Karelia; moraine ridges, eskers, kamas, and lake basins appeared in abundance. The highest point of the Republic of Karelia is Mount Nuorunen.
Climate The weather is changeable. The climate is mild with plenty of precipitation, changing in Karelia from marine to temperate continental. Winter is snowy, cool, but usually without severe frosts; if frosts occur, it is only for a few days. Summers are short and warm, with plenty of precipitation. Even in June there are sometimes frosts in the republic (extremely rare). Heat is rare and occurs for two to three weeks in the southern regions, but due to high humidity it is noticeable even at 20°C. In the northern regions, heat is extremely rare and lasts no more than a few days.
Geology Karelia's subsoil resources include: 489 explored deposits, 31 types of solid minerals, 386 peat deposits, 14 deposits of groundwater for domestic and drinking purposes, 2 mineral water deposits, 10 officially recognized and over 200 registered geological monuments.
Main minerals: iron ore, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, precious metals, diamonds, mica, building materials (granites, diabases, marbles), ceramic raw materials (pegmatites, spar), apatite-carbonate ores, alkaline amphibole-asbestos. granite diabase marble
As of September 1, 2004, the distributed subsoil fund in the Republic of Karelia included 606 valid licenses: for precious metals and diamonds 14, solid non-common minerals 16, block stone 94, building stone for the production of crushed stone 76, other common minerals (mainly sand and gravel materials) 286, groundwater 120. More than 600 deposits have been put on the balance sheet. Of these, 378 peat, 77 sand and gravel material, 38 natural facing stone, 34 building stone, 27 muscovite sheets, 26 feldspar raw materials, 21 construction sands, 13 groundwater, 9 milky white quartz, 8 ore raw materials (iron ores, vanadium , tin, molybdenum), 8 clays, 7 small-sized muscovite, 3 kyanite ores, 7 mineral paints, 4 sulfur-pyrite ores, 3 raw materials for mineral wool, 1 shungite, 1 raw materials for stone casting, 1 quartzite, 1 dolomite for metallurgy, 1 soapstone.
Hydrology There are about rivers in Karelia, of which the largest are: Vodla (length 149 km), Kem (191 km), Onda (197 km), Unga, Chirka-Kem (221 km), Kovda, Shuya, Suna with Kivach and Vyg. In the republic near lakes. Together with the swamps, they contain about 2000 km³ of high-quality fresh water. Ladoga and Onega are the largest lakes in Europe. Other large lakes of Karelia: Nyuk, Pyaozevro, Segozevro, Syamozevro, Topoz Euro, Vygozevro, Yushkozevro. Since the territory of Karelia is located on the Baltic crystalline shield, many rivers have rapids and are often lined with stone banks.
Flora and fauna The fauna of Karelia is relatively young, it was formed after the Ice Age. In total, 63 species of mammals live on the territory of the republic, many of which, for example, the Ladoga ringed seal, the flying squirrel and the brown long-eared bat, are listed in the Red Book. On the rivers of Karelia you can see the lodges of European and Canadian beavers. The Canadian beaver, as well as the muskrat and American mink, are acclimatized representatives of the fauna of North America.
The raccoon dog is also not an indigenous inhabitant of Karelia, it comes from the Far East. Since the end of the 1990s, wild boars began to appear, and roe deer entered the southern regions. There are bear, lynx, badger and wolf. Karelia is home to 285 species of birds, of which 36 species are included in the Red Book of Karelia. The most common birds are finches. Upland game such as hazel grouse, black grouse, ptarmigan, and wood grouse can be found. Every spring, geese fly to Karelia from warm countries. Birds of prey are common: owls, hawks, golden eagles, marsh harriers. There are also 40 pairs of rare white-tailed eagles. Among the waterfowl: ducks, loons, waders, many seagulls and the largest of the diving ducks of Karelia, the common eider, valuable for its warm down. There are only 5 species of reptiles on the territory of the republic: common viper, snake, spindle, viviparous lizard and sand lizard.
Just like the fauna, the flora of Karelia was formed relatively recently, 10-15 thousand years ago. Coniferous forests predominate, pine forests to the north, and pine and spruce forests to the south. The main coniferous species are Scots pine and Scots spruce. Less common are Finnish spruce (north of the republic), Siberian spruce (east), and extremely rare Siberian larch (in Zaonezhye, in areas bordering the Arkhangelsk region). Small-leaved species are widespread in the forests of Karelia, these are: downy birch, warty birch, aspen, gray alder, and some types of willow. Mainly in the southern regions of Karelia, less often in the central ones, usually in small groups in the valleys of rivers and streams, on the shores of lakes and in damp, swampy places, black alder is found (its individual locations are also in the northern regions of the republic), and small-leaved linden, rough elm, Smooth elm and Norway maple grow mainly in the undergrowth, as individual trees or clumps in areas with the most fertile soils in southern Karelia. Karelia is a land of berries; lingonberries, blueberries, cloudberries, blueberries, and cranberries grow in abundance here; raspberries, both wild and feral, grow in the forests, sometimes moving from village gardens. In the south of the republic, strawberries and currants grow abundantly. Juniper is common in the forests, bird cherry and buckthorn are not uncommon. Red viburnum is occasionally found. In the extreme southwest of the republic (in the northwestern Ladoga region), common hazel is also very rare.
Mainly in the southern regions of Karelia, less often in the central ones, usually in small groups in the valleys of rivers and streams, on the shores of lakes and in damp, swampy places, black alder is found (its individual locations are also in the northern regions of the republic), and small-leaved linden, rough elm, Smooth elm and Norway maple grow mainly in the undergrowth, as individual trees or clumps in areas with the most fertile soils in southern Karelia. Karelia is a land of berries; lingonberries, blueberries, cloudberries, blueberries, and cranberries grow in abundance here; raspberries, both wild and feral, grow in the forests, sometimes moving from village gardens. In the south of the republic, strawberries and currants grow abundantly. Juniper is common in the forests, bird cherry and buckthorn are not uncommon. Red viburnum is occasionally found. In the extreme southwest of the republic (in the northwestern Ladoga region), common hazel is also very rarely found.
There are two nature reserves in Karelia: “Kivach” and “Kostomuksha”, as well as the Kem-Ludsky section of the Kandalaksha nature reserve. Ecological routes are laid out on their territories, there are nature museums, and scientific tourism is carried out. There are three national parks in the republic: Vodlozersky (partly located in the Arkhangelsk region), Paanajärvi and Kalevalsky.
There are also two museum-reserves: “Valaam” and “Kizhi”. The Ladoga Skerries park is at the design and development stage. In addition, in the 2000s, it was planned to create national parks “Tulos” in the Muezersky district and “Koitajoki-Tolvajarvi” on the basis of the Tolvoyarvi landscape reserve in the Suoyarvi district, north of Ladoga.
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AMAZING KARELIA visual aid for 8th grade geography Prepared by geography teacher MBOU “Secondary School No. 25 of Salair” Chepainova E.G.
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Flora of Karelia The pearls of Karelian forests are relict pine forests. Pine trees rustle above, lingonberry and blueberry bushes below. In such forests, the porcini mushroom is not a rare guest. In contrast, spruce forests are dark and mysterious. It seems like there’s a bear standing behind that tree sniffing at strangers...
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Karelian forests and forest-tundra are rich in berries. Blueberry. Named for the color of the berries and their coloring properties: they blacken the mouth and hands.
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Cloudberry. Grows in moss swamps in the tundra and forest. This is the northernmost berry. There is an opinion that the berry got its name from the word “morozska” - blooming in the cold, during spring frosts.
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Cranberry Creeping shrub 15-30cm long. Northern peoples store this berry until the next harvest in wooden barrels filled with water.
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Sundews are predatory insectivorous plants found in the swamps of Karelia. The sticky substance of the leaves paralyzes insects. Having caught an insect, the leaves close, digest the food (usually for several days), and then open again. This is how plants eliminate nutrient deficiencies in poor swamp soil.
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Reindeer moss - reindeer moss. In fact, it is not moss, but lichen. It grows very slowly, 3-5 mm per year. Good food for reindeer.
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White nights occur in the Arctic Circle. At this time, evening twilight turns into morning twilight and darkness does not set in. Beyond the Arctic Circle, white nights precede the polar day. On a white night, you can read in the house without turning on the lights.
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Northern Lights This is truly a sparkling multi-colored light in the sky. The typical northern lights look like a curtain of light, shimmering with blue-green lights interspersed with red and pink. The Northern Lights occur on Earth, but are caused by processes occurring on the Sun. In Karelia, auroras occur not only in winter, but also in early autumn.
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Protected natural areas and objects of the Republic of Karelia, development prospects. (lesson on the geography of Karelia) Teacher Savosina T.A. Sukkozero school
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Objectives of the lesson Educational - a) updating knowledge about the state of natural complexes of Karelia b) developing skills to work with an atlas and map c) forming a holistic worldview (connection with other sciences) Educational - a) intensifying mental activity and emotional release b) fostering a caring attitude towards natural resources resources c) nurturing love for the small Motherland Developing - a) improving the ability to compare, observe, generalize b) Development of speech skills
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Lesson motto: “Caring for all living things is the highest result of knowledge” Liberty Hyde Bailey I love you, Karelia, Your clear lakes, And formidable waterfalls, And quiet rays. I love you, Karelia, Your forests are beautiful, And the evenings are frosty, And the snow is white.
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Human influence on natural complexes Coniferous forests crowded around, They gave us clean and cold water, And the lake looked trustingly, lovingly, into the heavens. But then one day the old pine forest disappeared, In the blink of an eye it was cut down at the roots, And where the forest had rustled just recently, The desolate wasteland stretches like a horseshoe And the springs dried up, and the forest lake began to shallow and dry up. It was overgrown with horsetail and duckweed, In a short time it was reduced by a third... And the ducks that arrived in the spring Drove past without slowing their flight. And the elk cautiously crept along, passing this musty swamp.
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Specially protected natural areas of Karelia Until 1991. – occupied 0.3% of the area of the republic in 1994. – 1.6% of the territory 2000 – 4.4% 01/10/2002 – the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources was created Goal: creation of protected areas within the “green belt”
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State natural reserves Reserves are areas of territory that are forever removed from natural use to preserve the entire natural complex in its natural state. Contemporary, you are my interlocutor, Why are you alarmed, why are you silent? I invite you to the reserve, you enter it without fear. Here the purest stream flows, Here the foliage is like ancient copper, Here the birds sing in full voice, The bear eats handfuls of raspberries. Everything around speaks of trust - A bright forest with islands of flowers, Birds and animals here are not afraid of human loud steps. You don’t keep a stone in your bosom, You won’t pull a knife out of your pocket, You won’t set a snare or a trap, You’ll never kill an elk. Here the adonis grows. Here is the immortelle. This is bluegrass - a discreet flower. I invite you to the reserve, Take a icy sip of moisture, And from here you will come out kinder, Loving the green world with all your heart. And all the way to the road the trees guide you like a native. R. Farkhadm “Reserve”
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Reserve "Kivach" Year of creation - 1931 Area - 10.8 thousand hectares Characteristics: hilly moraine plain rocky ridges 500 swamps 10% of the territory is occupied by lambins Suna River, Kivach waterfall 600 species of plants, 20 species of fish, 5 species of amphibians, 202 species of birds , 41 species of mammals I look, unable to contain my delight: A living picture - the stern Kivach! From the granite cliffs where the forest rises, he flies in foam, like a falcon from the sky. It’s not easy for him to make his way, He breaks his wings and breaks again. He hits the rocks and argues with the river. The pines leaned over him in a crowd, as if they were anxiously trying to eavesdrop on what the waterfall was talking about and thundering.
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Reserve "Kostomuksha" Year of creation - 1983 Area - 47.6 thousand hectares Characteristics: 1/5 of the part is occupied by Lake Kamenny (98 islands, depth about 9 m); Hills 30-50 m, eskers, ridges, Lakes - Minozero, Lyuttya, Kalivo; Kamennaya River (length 25 km) with Tsar Threshold vegetation - “oases of Karelia” in 1990 became part of the Friendship Park
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National parks National natural parks are a special type of protected areas with little-changed animal landscapes with rich fauna and flora, where nature protection is combined with the recreational functions of the territory. created in 1991, area 0.5 million hectares Drainage basin of Lake Vodlozero Ileksa River The goals of creation are the preservation of the gene pool and natural complexes; revival of the traditional economy of the population. Vodlozersky National Park
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Paanajärvi Park Created in 1992. Area 103,317 hectares. 70% are forests, 15% are reservoirs, 14% are swamps, 1% are mountain peaks, treeless and former agricultural land. Sights: Mount Nuoronen – 576 m, Mount Mäntytunturi – 550 m, Oz. Paanajärvi (depth 128 m - one of the deepest lakes in Europe) Olanga River; Lake Pyaozero, Tsipringa Kivakkakoski waterfall (difference 12m) Mäntykoski threshold 30% - pine forests; 570 plant species (20 species here only), 35 mammal species. There are religious monuments of the Sami people - seids.
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Zoological reserves (Kizhi, Olonets) Landscape Hunting Botanical and forest (example: “Tsarevichi” - a Karelian birch reserve) Arboretums (example: Sortavala) Hydrological (Lake Talos or Melt Lampi) Swamp
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Kizhi Museum-Reserve The sun falls below the darkening forest. We went to Kizhi, the Land of epics and lakes. The wind blew coolly, The night was bright, like in a fairy tale. And the domes appeared in bulk above the water. Zaonezh fairy tales seemed to suddenly come to life, We even heard the sound of axes. We came to bow to the Unforgotten singers, Master lacemakers and great creators.
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Historical and architectural natural territory “Valaam” This is a fairy tale in reality made of granite, From that lake blue, Which was obtained from the clear sky, Which was taken from the northern spring. This is the dewy air at dawn, This is the silence that is so strict, This is the pine trees cast in bronze, This is in the ancient rocks of the shore. This is a miraculously surviving fairy tale, The songs of birds and the wind in half, This is the dance of curly waves, This is simply the island of Valaam
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Natural monuments Geological (the “Devil's Chair” tract; the Girvas Canyon of the Suna River; eskers) Hydrological (“Salt Pit”) Swamp Botanical (introduced; by age - more than 100 years; by size; by crown shape, historically significant) Lönrot pine. Young slender birches grow up near the pine tree, for which time has extinguished the Sun and the shining stars. The wind frothed the waters of Kuito again - She couldn’t hear the wind blowing. Life flashed by before her like an instant, It ended abruptly like the wind. Here, in the shadow of its viscous branches, In the air infused with pine needles, Lenrot heard a free melody of runes, in tune with the thoughts of the people
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Traveling around the country of Karelia, the Northern Pearl of Russia. Shipilina V.D.
On the left, in the west, Karelia borders Finland. In the east, Karelia is with the Arkhangelsk region, in the south - with the Vologda and Leningrad regions. And if we go north, we will get beyond the Arctic Circle, and then to the Murmansk region. Neighbors of Karelia
Symbols of Karelia Flag Coat of Arms Green - nature and vegetation Blue - the color of lakes and rivers of Karelia Red - the color of strength, courage and courage of the people Gold - the color of supremacy, greatness and wealth The central element of the coat of arms is the figure of a bear. The bear was especially revered among the Karelians. At the top of the coat of arms is an eight-pointed golden star, a symbol of the people's guiding star. Shipilina V.D.
Nature of Karelia and climate Half of the territory of Karelia is forests. And there are a lot of lakes and rivers. There are many stones in Karelia - traces of an ancient glacier. Winters are quite mild, but summers are cool. Shipilina V.D.
Paws and hooves: who can be found in the Karelian forests Bears are the masters of the Karelian forests. Wolves are another familiar and rather dangerous forest inhabitants; today there are not many of them in Karelia. The largest wild cats in Europe - lynxes - live in the forests in the south of the republic. These animals, quite cute at first glance, are armed with long and very sharp claws. Various animals live on the territory of Karelia, many of which are listed in the Red Book. Shipilina V.D.
Nature of Karelia There are a lot of coniferous trees in Karelia; there you can find spruce that is more than 170 years old. Birch grows in Karelia; it has always been highly valued among the people because of its beauty and special strength. You can also find a lot of berries there: cloudberries, blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, cranberries, and many different mushrooms Shipilina V.D.
The largest bodies of water in Karelia Onego (Lake Onega) is the second largest in Europe. On the banks of the Onega is the capital of Karelia - Petrozavodsk. Ladoga (Lake Ladoga) is the first largest in Europe. Ladoga is a lake with a steep character; fogs and storms are not uncommon. Belomorye (White Sea), also called the “Bay of Snakes”, because of its shape. The so-called northern whale, the beluga whale, lives here. Shipilina V.D.
Flippers and tail: who can be found in the Karelian lakes Seals. They seem to be very slow, because on land they crawl clumsily from place to place, sighing heavily. But once in the water, seals become very fast. In Karelia we can meet several representatives: The ringed seal, or ringed seal, lives in the White Sea all year round. There is also a Ladoga ringed seal in Lake Ladoga. At the beginning of winter, herds of harp seals swim to the White Sea. Another large sea animal, the toothed whale - the beluga, enters the White Sea to feed, and sometimes winters there. Shipilina V.D.
Embroidery of Karelia In Karelia, as throughout Russia, the ability to embroider was mandatory for every woman. In Zaonezhye, for example, girls’ ability to embroider was equal to boys’ ability to read and write. Ancient embroideries have survived to this day - towels, valances, table tops, details of folk household and festive costumes. Shipilina V.D.
National cuisine of Karelia Kalitki is a national Karelian dish. Karelian women say “The gate asks for eight.” This means that to bake wickets, you need eight ingredients - flour, water, curdled milk, salt, milk, butter, sour cream and filling. Karelians grew turnips in huge quantities, used them to prepare compotes, kvass, baked casseroles and added them to porridges. Dried turnips were the most favorite delicacy of little Karelians. Shipilina V.D.