Killer whale or killer whale - which is correct? The killer whale is a marine mammal. Killer whale - barn swallow
They have been spotted from the Arctic Ocean to the Southern Ocean. Although Orcinus orca prefer colder waters, they are also observed in tropical regions. There is very little information about orca migration due to changes in weather and water temperature, however, if food supply decreases significantly, these animals will move to other areas.
Killer whales live in. They usually prefer depths between 20 and 60 m and can also visit shallow waters along coastlines or dive to depths of about 300 m in search of food. Killer whales usually occupy the same location year-round.
Description
Killer whales have streamlined bodies, the upper part of which is black, and from the lower jaw to the belly there is a white longitudinal stripe. There is also White spot above the eyes. Both sexes have a "saddle", which is a gray patch behind the dorsal fin. The cubs are black and gray in color with yellow belly present for up to a year. Average length The body length of an adult male is 8 m, and the maximum is 9.75 m. The body length of females varies between 7 - 8.5 m. Newborn cubs are born with a body length of 2 to 2.4 m and a weight of about 136 kg. Average weight male killer whales weigh 7,200 kg. slightly expressed, the weight of females is slightly less than that of males. In males, the straight dorsal fin can reach a height of 1.8 m; in females and immature males this dorsal fin is only 0.9 m long.
Reproduction
Both males and females have multiple partners throughout the breeding season or lifetime. Although killer whales are difficult to study in the United States, some of their reproductive habits have been recorded and studied in captive individuals. Killer whales can copulate whenever a female comes into heat, which sometimes happens several times a year. However, most matings occur in the summer, and the young are usually born in the fall. Females reach sexual maturity between 6 and 10 years of age, and males between 10 and 13 years of age. Females begin to mate at 14-15 years of age. The youngest female recorded to have produced offspring was 11 years old. Females give birth to a young every 6-10 years, and they stop breeding at the age of 30-40 years, when . As a result, the female gives birth to 3 to 6 cubs over 15-25 years.
Gestation lasts about 14 months, although the recorded duration of gestation in captivity was 539 days (more than 17 months). Newborn babies are being fed mother's milk about a year. Some studies show that nearly half of all newborn killer whales die in the first year of life.
Female orcas invest a lot of energy in raising their young. They teach their cubs to hunt and live in social environment. Because these animals are not monogamous, it is assumed that fathers do not show parental involvement after mating.
Lifespan
Mortality rates among killer whales vary depending on the age of the animal. Neonatal mortality is very high, with neonatal mortality in captivity ranging from 37 to 50%. The reason for these high mortality rates is unknown, but predation is not considered a major threat during this time. After six months, mortality declines steadily as killer whales learn to defend themselves and hunt. Mortality rates are believed to be lowest at around 12-13 years for males and 20 years for females. Average duration life of a female in wildlife is about 63 years old (maximum 80-90 years), and males are about 36 years old (maximum 50-60 years).
Behavior
Killer whales have a complex social structure. They travel in groups (flocks) that can contain up to 50 individuals. There have even been reports of hundreds of killer whales in one group, but this was a temporary relationship between in small groups. Individuals in flocks typically represent several generations of relatives and consist of about 20% mature males, 20% young, 60% females and immature young. Individuals in schools swim within 100 meters of each other and coordinate their activities. They may share prey and rarely leave their group for more than a few hours. Adult killer whales teach the younger generation all important life skills.
Communication and perception
If you have listened to live killer whales or watched films with their participation, you have probably noticed that the sounds these animals make are too loud, melodic and harsh. How very social view, they undoubtedly require effective system communications.
Despite the fact that these animals do not have visible ears, they are located behind the eyes of killer whales and are very well developed. When hunting in dark or highly turbulent waters, these mammals rely entirely on their hearing to navigate the water, communicate with their conspecifics, and hunt.
Killer whales have a very a complex system connection and it has not yet been fully studied by researchers. However, scientists came to the conclusion that representatives different groups have certain sets of sounds that allow them to recognize members of their flock and are passed on from generation to generation. Cubs are born with a limited range of sounds, which increase as the babies learn from their mother and other adults in the pack.
Nutrition
A pod of killer whales hunting for a crabeater seal
Killer whales are exclusively predatory animals. Diet Orcinus orca difficult to study and most often assessed by stomach contents. Killer whales feeding big amount large prey, including: seals, sea lions, small whales and dolphins, fish, sharks, squid, sea turtles, seabirds, sea otters, river otters and other animals. Killer whales eat an average of 45 kg of food per day, but if prey is abundant, they can eat much more. These predators swallow small prey whole, but can also tear larger prey to pieces. Killer whales are social hunters, like wolves or . They often hunt in packs and use coordinated social behavior to hunt prey, bigger size than they themselves, for example, on large whales.
Threats
Killer whales have no natural predators, although calves may be preyed upon by other killer whales or large sharks. These animals are at the top of the sea. People sometimes hunt killer whales, but not in large numbers.
Role in the ecosystem
According to the IUCN Red List, there is insufficient data on killer whale populations to assess their status. However, this does not mean that they are not in danger of extinction, and conservation efforts must be made to prevent their extinction.
Other information
The fossil record of killer whales dates back to about 5 million years ago. Body parts of these animals, including teeth, parts of the skull, jaws, etc., have been discovered and identified in many countries around the world, including Japan, Hungary, Italy and South Africa.
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A collision with a killer whale does not bode well - not only small inhabitants of the seas and oceans know this, but also such bloodthirsty predators as sharks. Killer whales are smarter, more cunning, bigger and stronger. They also have a well-developed herd instinct, and they are quite capable of standing up for each other.
Killer whales are carnivorous marine mammals from the genus Killer Whales, which belongs to the dolphin family of the order Cetaceans. They swim in the waters of the entire World Ocean, less often they can be seen in the tropics, more often in cold and temperate latitudes. They feel great as close to coastline, and in the open ocean, but they try not to move more than eight hundred meters from the coast.
Although there is no exact data on their number, it is known that the largest number of them live in Antarctica - about 80 thousand individuals (for comparison: in Pacific Ocean about fourteen thousand, near Norway - one and a half).
There are three types of killer whales:
- Bolshaya is the largest of all killer whales. The length of males often reaches ten meters, while females are two meters less. Dolphins weigh about nine and seven tons, respectively. This type of killer whale is rightfully considered the most dangerous and bloodthirsty.
- Black - an absolutely black killer whale, can reach six meters in length, weighs one and a half tons, prefers to live in temperate latitudes;
- Feresa or dwarf - a dark gray dolphin about two meters long, feeds small fish and is extremely rare.
Description
The killer whale is one of the most strong predators in the ocean with a strong build, a large short flat head and a large mouth with powerful chewing muscles that provide a strong bite and a weak beak.
In the mouth of the predator there are 44 massive teeth about thirteen centimeters long, with the largest of them having a diameter of 30 to 50 mm. They sit very firmly in the jaw and are perfectly adapted for tearing and eating big catch(interestingly, they are all located in the back of the mouth).
Killer whales can primarily be recognized by their contrasting black and white coloration. The shape and color of the spots are often so individual that it gives people the opportunity to distinguish predators from each other: skin tone largely depends on the area where the killer whale swims and the algae growing there. For example, in Arctic waters the spots become yellow-greenish in tone, sometimes brown.
Another feature of the predator is its very high fin: in males it is straight and often reaches one and a half meters in height, in females it is half as large and curved.
The pectoral fins are also interesting: while in other dolphins they have a crescent-shaped, pointed shape, in the killer whale they are oval and wide. But the predator’s vision, like many inhabitants of the sea, is weak, but it has excellent hearing, thanks to which it is able to detect prey even at very great depth . An organ located on the forehead, used by the killer whale as an echolocator, is responsible for recognizing sounds. After something breaks on something sound wave
, it emits an echo, which the killer whale detects, recognizes and identifies: the animal in front of it or the rock.
Way of life and nutrition The world's largest dolphins live in pods, which include one adult male, females with babies, elderly and infertile females. Black dolphins and killer whales are the only types
, the females of which have menopause and live after it for several decades. Considering that killer whale dolphins can live up to ninety years, four generations stay together in one pod and are separated only for a few hours to find food. Killer whales communicate with each other in a peculiar language, which consists of special number
and types of repeated sounds and remain unchanged over a long period. Interestingly, each flock has its own language.
One of the main differences between migrating killer whales is that they communicate less with sound signals than sedentary ones, otherwise the prey will be able to hear them and leave. According to genome analyses, these species have practically not interbred over the past 100 thousand years.
An interesting fact about resident killer whales is that she not only eats fish, but often gives preference to one particular variety - she eats only tuna, salmon or herring. Therefore, they do not attack large marine predators.
They hunt fish in a flock (from 5 to 15 individuals), moving in even ranks, without breaking formation, at a speed of 5 km/h. During the hunt, killer whales become surprisingly silent, and the attack is so well coordinated that each predator knows exactly its task. As a result, the killer whales drive a school of fish to the shore or, surrounding them on all sides, knock them into a ball, after which they take turns diving inside the school and drowning out the prey with blows of their tails.
As for the transiting killer whale, although this dolphin mainly eats fish and squid, it often preys on sea lions, whales, seals, penguins and sharks. Significantly fewer individuals take part in the hunt - from one to five, respectively, and they have a smaller flock.
When hunting seals or penguins, killer whales dive under the ice floe on which the prey is located and hit it from below to knock the animals into the water. But whales are hunted mainly by males, who at the same time high speed pounce on more large mammal, and biting the throat and fins, do not allow them to swim to the surface.
But when hunting female sperm whales, the tactics are different: she is not given the opportunity to sink to the bottom.
Such consistency in actions is not surprising, since parents teach children to hunt from an early age. One day, people managed to film a battle between killer whales and a shark, when a pod of four adults and two young dolphins attacked a large white shark. Two killer whales through mutually coordinated actions and sound signals attacked a shark. She had no chance to escape at all: the battle did not last long - with the help of several blows and bites with powerful jaws, the whales dealt with her quite quickly.
After carefully reviewing the records, scientists came to the conclusion that this attack by killer whales on one of the most large predators ocean was carried out for the sole purpose of teaching young animals how to hunt larger prey. Numerous studies have shown that each pack has its own individual hunting techniques, which the older generation teaches to the younger.
Reproduction and offspring
The reproductive process of dolphins has been little studied. It is known about killer whales that puberty begins at the age of 12-14 years, the period between births lasts about three years, menopause - at forty. The average lifespan of females is fifty years. There are cases when they lived up to ninety (males live much less, up to thirty-five).
They avoid close relationships. Since all cetaceans in a school are closest relatives to each other, mating occurs only when several schools unite into one (for example, for hunting). Males fight fiercely among themselves to win a female.
It is believed that pregnancy lasts about one and a half years, with births occurring mainly in spring/early summer. The female gives birth to no more than six babies ranging from 2.5 to 2.7 meters in length. Little killer whales are very playful, constantly tumbling around adults, who periodically throw them into the air with their heads.
Relationships with people
Despite the fact that many consider the largest dolphins to be deadly animals for humans, this opinion about killer whales is not entirely true: the facts that a killer whale ate any people have not been recorded anywhere. Having attacked one person, she might have been able to defeat him. But obviously being highly developed beings, predators understand the danger posed by humans (perhaps not even in terms of strength, but mental superiority), and therefore they attack very rarely: over the past twenty years, only one fact is known when one of the killer whales attacked a surfer. He survived, but lost his leg.
Killer whale shows have become extremely popular, where dolphins act as stars: the predators are intelligent, train well and, oddly enough, in captivity they are quite peaceful even towards animals that are hunted in nature. Although in nature this predator will eat a simple dolphin or seal without the slightest doubt, if it is in captivity in the same body of water, it does not show aggression towards its neighbors.
There are known cases of death of trainers who prepared the killer whale show and found themselves victims of the irritable mood of the dolphins. An orca attack on people can be caused not only because of aggression during the breeding season, but also because of the boredom that befalls all dolphins caught at sea and accustomed to the open spaces.
Captivity has an extremely negative impact on dolphins: they develop various diseases resulting from a passive lifestyle, obesity is observed, in males the dorsal fin is bent to the side. Killer whales often become aggressive towards members of their own species (which is almost never observed in nature), as a result of which, after a collision, one of the individuals may die. IN Lately environmentalists lead the most real war in favor of banning performances (it should be noted that in some American states
this has already been achieved).
About the killer whale.
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Many people watched the film “Free Willy” as a child, where the main characters were the killer whale and the boy Jesse. The plot of the film shows a lot of situations from which the animal emerges with extraordinary ease, which testifies to the intelligence of this marvelous mammal.
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One also cannot argue with the fact that the killer whale is one of the most beautiful animals now living on Earth.
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The killer whale is a mammal from the dolphin family, represented in only one species. According to paleontologists, a second species previously existed on Earth; its remains were discovered many years ago.
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Outwardly, killer whales are similar to their relatives - dolphins, but still differ from them in many ways. The most striking feature of killer whales is their contrasting color - a black body with white spots. The spots are usually located on the stomach and above the eyes. Moreover, the pattern and shape of the spots can be individual to such an extent that an individual can be identified from them, like fingerprints. The size of killer whales is also impressive - adult males can reach 10 m in length.
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The back of these dolphins is decorated with a fin. In males it is straight and sharp, looking upward, while in females it is slightly curved to the side. Despite the fact that black and white coloring is considered traditional for these whales, in some areas pure black melanistic killer whales or completely white albino whales are found. Killer whales live almost everywhere to the globe , they survive equally well in both warm and cold currents. True, they are completely absent in Cherny, East Siberian and, as well as in the Laptev Sea. It is known that they prefer cold waters, since killer whales are extremely rare in the tropics.
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These animals are pretty voracious predators. Their diet is based on gregarious species of fish, but sometimes a gaping seal can fall into the mouth of killer whales. fur seal or sea lion. As for people, there have been no recorded cases of killer whale attacks on representatives of the human race (according to at least, in wild nature).
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Biologists distinguish two main types of killer whales – resident and transit. Representatives of the first variety are homebodies. Their diet is fish and small sea animals. They usually lead sedentary image life, migrating only to spawning grounds salmon breeds fish
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Transit killer whales are dangerous predators. It is “thanks to” them that killer whales are called killer whales. After all, sperm whales and even land animals very often become their victims (there are known cases of attacks on herds of moose crossing a body of water).
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The social structure of killer whales is also sufficient interesting phenomenon. The whole flock is led by one family group. At the head of the group is the largest and strongest female with cubs and young individuals. The rest of the pack is also divided into families under the leadership of daughters or other relatives of the dominant female.
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Usually all families live separately, but can unite in large groups for hunting or breeding. Within one family, there are peculiarities in sound communication that are understood only by members of this group. In addition to group sounds, killer whales also use generally accepted ones. It is also interesting that young individuals take very careful care of old, wounded or sick relatives.
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Pregnancy in killer whales lasts an average of one and a half years (although this has not been fully studied). Over the course of her entire life, a female can give birth to 5 to 8 cubs, and after forty years she loses childbearing ability. The age of killer whales ranges from 35 to 40 years for males, and from 50 to 60 years for females. True, there were also much older individuals.
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In the Russian language, as in all other dialects, there are words that are similar to each other in sound and spelling. People often ask each other: in June or July? After all, a mistake in time can be costly. There are words that are pronounced exactly the same.
Killer whale or killer whale?
For example: how do you spell the word “killer whale”? Schoolchildren probably ask this question when studying biology. Which is correct: killer whale or orca? The spelling depends on the meaning of the word.
Who is a killer whale?
Orca - marine mammal from the order Cetacea. The killer whale belongs to the dolphin family. Why does it have this name? Presumably due to the tall, slightly curved dorsal fin males, which resembles a scythe for cutting grass.
Who is a killer whale?
The killer whale is a swallow from the family of the same name, which belongs to the order Passeriformes. The tail of a killer whale has a deep cut. Thin feathers stretch along the sides of the tail and lengthen it. These feathers may resemble the braids of Russian girls. The name killer whale swallow comes from the word “spit”.
20th century spelling
Another difficulty that may arise is in writing the name of a marine mammal. Killer whale or killer whale? How to spell the name of a dolphin? Such questions arise when reading old sources. In the first half of the 20th century, both spellings were considered correct. However, currently only one is used, namely "orca". Zoologists have saved us from confusion with concepts.
Fish of the killer whale family
That's not all. In the taxonomy of fish there is a whole family of Orcas from the order Catfish. For example, in the east of Eurasia, the creaking killer whale lives in the rivers. It is not a commercial object. However, it is caught with interest by amateur fishermen. Once on land, the fish begins to creak quite loudly. Which is correct: killer whale or killer whale? In this case, the answer is obvious. Correctly “killer whale”, because that’s what the whole family is called.
Description of the orca mammal
A large dolphin with a black back and white belly. Killer whales have white spots on their sides: one is in the head part, and the second is closer to the tail, extending from the white part ventral side. The shape of the spots allows even the human eye to distinguish individual individuals.
In cold areas of the oceans White color often turns yellow-green or brownish due to diatoms growing on the orcas' bodies.
The killer whale feeds on fish and pinnipeds. Moreover, specialization has been noticed separate groups killer whales on one food or another. If one group prefers hunting schools of fish, then another, living close to the first, may specialize in seals.
The killer whale is a ferocious predator, which sets it apart from other fish-eating dolphins. Orca stands on top the food chain. In the absence of fish and seals, it attacks whales and other dolphins. Having chosen a victim, the group will not let him go alive. Pieces of meat are torn off from the huge prey. A seal lying on an ice floe will certainly slide into the water directly into the mouth of a group member. Behind sea lion a killer whale can jump ashore and, grabbing it with its huge teeth, which are about 13 centimeters long, return to its native element.
However, the killer whale does not touch humans. Apparently, this representative of the dolphin family also has a love for us humans that is incomprehensible to humans. It can attack a person if it feels threatened or is under stress when kept in captivity for a long time.
Killer whales are incredibly generous and kind to each other. They seem to have a human understanding that there are weak members in the group. Fierce predators take care of the sick and old, protect mothers with children. Conflicts never escalate to a fight, as happens in human society. A dissatisfied killer whale will only slap its tail in the water.
Description of the killer whale
The barn swallow lives side by side with humans. She places nests on human buildings: under eaves or even inside buildings if there is an opening for the bird to fly through.
The killer whale's body is elongated, its wings are sickle-shaped, which allows it to maneuver deftly in the air. The tail has a large notch and very long side tail feathers - this sharply distinguishes it from other swallows. The beak is short and wide, which is convenient for grasping insects in flight.
Coloring dorsal side the body is black and the belly is white. The throat is red.
Loves to sit on wires. At the same time, it constantly chirps.
The nest is built from clay and silt, which it molds with its own saliva. For strength, it adds straws and hair to the material. He returns to his favorite building every year. However, every spring it builds a new nest next to the old one. Lines it with feathers and hairs.
It feeds on insects, which it usually catches in flight. In inclement weather, when insect activity is weak, it collects them on the fly from surfaces: from the walls of buildings, from the grass.
The barn swallow lives all over the globe, except Australia (where vagrants can be found) and Antarctica. In the north it flies to Greenland, Iceland (sometimes nests here), New Earth. Barn Swallow - migrant. Nesting in middle lane individuals fly to wintering in Africa, India, southern part China.
The killer whale is perfectly adapted for flight. Biologists distinguish it from other swallows by its rapid flight with frequent, sometimes smooth, sometimes unexpected maneuvers. This is how the killer whale hunts, skillfully capturing midges and mosquitoes in flight, saving us from midges.
Why does the killer whale choose to be close to humans and build its nests right on people’s houses? The fact is that the barn swallow is a bird of rocky areas. In nature, it nests in shallow caves or holes rocky shores and low mountains. Human buildings are surprisingly reminiscent of rocks with beautiful recesses for nests. Thanks to a huge number buildings in the world, many birds have widely settled around the world, the biotope of which previously served only Mountain landscape. These are the well-known jackdaws and rock pigeons. The killer whale chooses small human settlements to avoid the disturbance factor.
You can really determine the weather by the flight altitude of swallows. At low pressure, insects fly closer to the surface of the earth, followed by swallows. As soon as Atmosphere pressure rises, insects rise high into the sky. Swallows rise after food.
Description of catfish killer whales
Small and medium sized catfish. The body is triangular. They are distinguished from other catfish by their dorsal and pectoral fins with spines. Antennae 2-3 pairs. The eyes are covered with film. There is an adipose fin. There are no scales. The whole body is covered with poisonous mucus, so the prick with thorns is painful.
Killer whales live in fresh waters Asia and Africa. In Russia, on Far East, lives 4 species from 2 genera.
Orca catfish are predators. They eat a variety of organisms that can fit into the small lower mouth.
Aquarists love keeping catfish in aquariums. Some fish species are brightly colored and have interesting behavior.
The Nanai people call these fish “kachakta”. It is believed that Russian name"killer whale" comes from Nanai.
The squeaky killer whale is one of the representatives of the family. The jagged rays of its fins creak. Active for the most part at night time.
We've sorted out the spelling various representatives fauna. The question of whether orca or killer whale is correct is important for identifying the animal. The pronunciation turned out to be the same various types vertebrates: representatives of mammals, birds and fish. This happened during the formation of the names of living objects.
Marine mammal killer whales
Killer whales, marine mammals, can be found in deep waters ranging from the Arctic all the way to Antarctica. Most often they swim away from the shore, but closer to land they can be seen where seals and fur seals gather.
Killer whales are the largest of the dolphin family, standing out among them with a bright black and white color. Among the three types of killer whales (great, small and pygmy), the most common is the great one. It is logical that the large killer whale differs from others in size. Males of this species can reach a length of nine to ten meters, and their weight approaches seven and a half to eight tons. Female killer whales grow up to seven meters and weigh up to four tons. The great killer whale is distinguished from its other species by its coloring. If the small relatives are black, and the dwarf ones have only one white spot, then the large killer whale is beautiful in the contrast of white and black.
Differences between males and females in killer whales
Sexual differences in the two species are not noticeable (only in size: the male is larger). But in the great killer whale, the sexual characteristics are more or less distinguishable: the male has white area on the back of the fin on the back. Females do not have such “decoration”. You can distinguish a female from a male by the fin on its back, which reaches one and a half meters. In the female it is half as long.
The head of killer whales is flat and short; not like dolphins, which have an elongated beak. Their similarity to whales is that a killer whale can release fountains of water when exhaling. Also their internal structure practically repeats cetaceans. They are endowed with the ability of echolocation, as they have a brain with well-developed auditory zones. This is a form of their communication with each other.
This sea animal can move at a speed of fifty-five kilometers per hour; life expectancy reaches thirty-five years.
Sea wolves
The great killer whale is a true and one-of-a-kind cetacean predator, so it needs strong teeth to tear apart its large prey. They reach thirteen or even more centimeters: the upper jaw contains up to eleven pairs and the lower jaw contains up to twelve. These mammals are essentially “sea wolves” who do not disdain shellfish, squid, seals, or baby dolphins and whales. Even baleen whales are in the teeth of killer whales, since the entire herd attacks them, and tears the large animal into pieces. Killer whales' hunting for penguins is very inventive: having broken the ice floe on which the clumsy animals are located with its forehead, the killer whale grabs a penguin that has fallen into the water. When one killer whale's belly was ripped open, they pulled out what was left of thirteen dolphins and the same number of walruses. It is interesting to discover how serious an appetite the killer whale has.
It is surprising that, despite the dolphin breed, the largest killer whale in almost the entire part expanses of water considered the most aggressive predator. You can be moved by looking at the games or the calm state of this animal, but watching the hunt of a killer whale, a predator, is scary. It was at this time that we can conclude that the killer whale can rightfully be called the mistress of the ocean.
The uniqueness of killer whales
These sea animals are very friendly with each other. Among “their own” killer whales are full of kindness and mutual assistance. They will not leave each other in trouble. During afternoon games, they can throw around the remains of their prey, which indicates their high level of organization.
The uniqueness of the species of large killer whales is that they have, on the one hand, the character of predatory whales and huge size, which poses a threat to the ocean world, and on the other hand, the sociable and kind disposition of dolphins, who know how to “be friends” with each other.
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