Commentary on the Unified State Exam problem in Russian is a cliché. Speech clichés for essay-reasoning on the Unified State Exam in Russian, as well as a work plan for writing an essay
The so-called essay requires the graduate to demonstrate not only the ability to understand the problems of the work, to coherently express his thoughts, and to express a reasoned opinion. The assignment also prescribes the necessary components of this essay.
It’s best to start preparing for it by writing an essay according to the simplest plan, essentially imposed by the wording of the assignment. And when this works out well, you can try other, more sophisticated composition options.
So, what should a graduate include in his work?
- Specify the problem. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that the problem raised in the text and the problem of the hero of the text are not at all the same thing. For example, if the hero has a problem - lack of money to travel on the tram, it is not at all a fact that the text is devoted to the problem of inaccessibility for the population to travel on public transport.
If you find it difficult to identify the problem, try this:
- Determine the topic of the text (what is it talking about?.. This is NOT a problem)
- Determine the main idea (what does the author want to convince us of? This is also NOT a problem)
- What question is the author answering? What does he see as a “violation of world harmony”? But this is the PROBLEM ≠ topic ≠ main idea.
For example, the topic is the beating of a Tajik student by skinheads. The main idea: hatred of people of other nationalities is savagery. Problem: why did nationalist ideas take root in a country that defeated fascism? Can ordinary citizen should I do something in this situation? That is, the problem of nationalism in Russia and the problem of personal responsibility of every citizen. Choose the one you like best (or for which it will be easier for you to come up with arguments).
- . It can be relevant, eternal, serious, dangerous, etc. In the text it is shown in such and such a way.
- Illuminate the author's position. It is the author’s, there is no need to replace it with your own or the opinion of one of the characters in the text.
- Tell us whether you agree with the author or partially agree. It is hardly possible to disagree; usually the opinions of the authors of texts on the Unified State Examination are almost indisputable.
- from literary work (better than that, which you actually read).
- Give an argument from life (or from another literary work).
- Draw a conclusion.
Here is an example of the simplest cliche for writing an answer.
| Detailed plan | example |
| 1.
A question that includes a statement of the problem
2. Without a doubt, we can say that this problem is still relevant today. The author reveals it with an example... 5. In my reasoning, I would like to refer to ..., namely, to an episode that tells how ... 6. I base my position on this issue on personal experience. There was such an episode in my life. One day … (My opinion is based not only on literature, but also on the story of my friend, to whom such a story once happened.) 8. Thus, it seems to me that we can say that ... |
So who is the “king” - man or nature? Should we wait for favors from nature or take them by force? This is exactly the problem the author raises in this text. Without a doubt, we can say that this problem is still relevant today. The author reveals it using the example of the relationship between a person and a plant – a tree. This plant replaced the hero of the story with people who did not care about him. The author’s position on this issue, it seems to me, is that man has no right to interfere with the life of nature: it was before us and will be after us. It is outrageous self-confidence to believe that we will arrange everything in the world better than it already is. Nature is called upon to give man everything he needs: food, clothing, fuel, spiritual comfort, beauty. It is impossible not to agree with the author. Indeed, I believe that nature gives us so much that asking for more from it is madness. We people often, in our blindness, think that we would arrange everything in the world better, we want to change everything: make rivers flow backwards, or we strive to “remake” the human body. But these attempts do not lead to anything good. In my reasoning, I would like to refer to the story by M.A. Bulgakov “ dog's heart" His hero, Professor Preobrazhensky, strives to improve human nature, defeat death. As a result of the experiments, an “improved person” appears - the outcast Sharikov. So, as a result, the professor’s work was not only useless, but also dangerous. I base my position on personal experience. There was an episode in my life that convinced me that nature is not the point of our ambitions, but our cradle. …. Thus, it seems to me that we can conclude that we must treat nature with care, respect and care. This is exactly what the author wants to tell us with his story. |
The formulations given in the table, of course, are not the only possible ones. To each point on initial stage When preparing for the Unified State Exam, it is advisable to select several cliche options.
- FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
IN as a last resort you can use such clichés (at least - because it is better to formulate the problem in the form of a question or argument).
- In the text that I read, the author raises the problem...
- Among the problems raised by the author in this text, it seems to me that the most important (interesting, topical, topical, pressing, significant...) is...
- In the proposed text, the author raises a number of problems, but it seems to me that the most important (interesting...) of them is...
- It is difficult to overestimate the importance of all the problems that the author raises in this text, but it seems to me that the most significant (acute, curious...) is...
I. Introduction (3-5 sentences)
Sentence 1. Nominative topics.
Sentences 2, 3, 4. Questions to the text (addition or circumstance).
Sentence 5. Go to next. parts of the essay. Example: I thought about these and other questions after reading this text.
II. Comment (9-12 sentences). N.B.!! Most of The commentary is formed from text analysis.
Proposition 1. Problem formulation.
Example a) What is the role of a mother in a person’s life? (Full name of the author of the text) is thinking about this question.
Example b) The role of a mother in a person’s life is what he thinks about (full name of the author of the text).
Example c) The role of a mother in a person’s life.
Proposition 2. Classification of the problem.
Types of problems: Philosophical; Social; Political; Spiritual; Moral; Ethical; Environmental, etc.
(most of them can be combined with each other in texts).
Example a) This question lies in the area of the social and moral category.
Example b) This question can be attributed not only to the social, but also to the moral category.
N.B.!! The use of constructions “not only...., but also...”, etc. is welcomed by inspectors.
Proposition 3. Relevance, importance of the problem.
Example: This question is relevant today because it concerns each of us and is the subject of debate in modern society.
Proposal 4.
In sentence No. 4 we write: The author illustrates a seemingly abstract concept with a case/example from life: (further a retelling of the text in 2-3 sentences (NO MORE!)).
Example: .....: in front of us long-awaited meeting Khurdin and his mother. We can see the relationship between mother and son.........(this part depends only on the text, there is no need to invent anything).
Question (main) part of the comment. We answer questions and thereby analyze the text. (You don’t need to write the questions themselves. We write the answers to them.)
Sentence 6: What (specifically) does he draw the reader's attention to?
Sentence 7: What thoughts and feelings is the publicist trying to awaken in us?
Sentence 8: What does the writer think we should think about? What to value?
Sentence 9: What is the correct thing to do in such a situation? (Not always appropriate)
In these sentences you need to avoid repetitions like: The author draws attention......
Example: * Ilya Aleksandrovich Maslov (1935-2008) - poet, prose writer, publicist, author of books, dedicated to
N.B.!! Reviewers see clichés, so you should try to analyze as much as possible, this can give you extra points for a detailed comment.
Also, 2 examples and text must be provided in the comment. This may be a quote or a link to the sentence(s)
Example: The publicist draws our attention to the trusting relationship between mother and son and tries to awaken in us a desire to think about what kind of relationship we ourselves have (sentence 10). (The period is placed exactly after the bracket)
(ATTENTION! journalistic texts the answer is contained right in the text. He needs to be found and released. You don't need to invent anything.)
If the text is literary: The author's position in the analyzed text is not directly expressed. We can judge it by indirect signs: by the actions of the hero, by his speech and in relation to those around him. So, turning to the action of (name of the hero), I can draw a conclusion about the author’s point of view. .........(answer the problem question)
(IN literary texts the answer will have to be sought in the actions of the heroes, etc.)
IV. Own position (3-5 sentences)
Sentence 1:
b) I take the same position as the author of the text.
A) Why do I care about this question?
B) How does the problem affect my life and the lives of people around me?
Q) Why do I think it is important to think about this issue?
D) what are the possible consequences?
You can use proverbs, sayings (be sure to explain how you understand their meaning), links to your favorite books/movies, and famous personalities.
V. Arguments (2 arguments. 1 at least 6 sentences) (minimum 12 sentences).
To confirm my own thoughts, I will turn to the work (/novel/story/poem, etc.) (author’s full name).
Examples: 1st argument: As the first argument, we can recall the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Argument 2: For the second example, you can refer to the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
After these introductions, the cliché simply does not exist. There is only your personal reflection.
VI. Conclusion (3-5 sentences).
When expressing agreement or disagreement with the position of the author of the original text on this issue, remember that it must be presented correctly and in detail. It is important not just to state your agreement or disagreement, but also to explain in detail what it consists of.
Agreement with the position of the author of the text
- One cannot but agree with the author of the text that: (the following is the formulation of an important thesis). Examples from the works of Russian classics convince us of this. Let's remember the novel/novel/story: (the following is an example-argument).
- I share the author's opinion and believe that... .
- It's hard to argue with the author that... . And my position is... .
- I think that we should agree with the author that... .
- I approve of the author’s position and, following him, I will say that... .
- I am close to the author's position regarding... . I also think that... .
- There is no doubt that the author's words about... deserve approval. In my opinion, ... .
- It must be agreed that the indisputability of the author's position is beyond doubt.
- I agree with the author of the text that: (the following is the formulation of an important thesis). This is precisely what Russian classical writers have repeatedly talked about in their works. Let us remember, for example, fate title character novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"...
- I read the text of the writer NN with interest. The author helped me see the problem (the following is the formulation of the problem) with new side. I immediately remembered one incident from my own life, which, it seems to me, serves as an additional argument in favor of the fact that... (the following is the formulation of an important thesis).
- I agree with the author of the text and also think: (the following is the formulation of an important thesis). To prove the validity of my point of view, I will cite the following: life examples. I have a friend Marina, a fairly educated girl. To my surprise, she:
- I believe that the author is absolutely right when he writes... (then comes the author’s thesis, conclusion).
Unfortunately, nowadays it is often... (the following is an example argument).
DISAGREEMENT (full or partial) with the position of the author of the original text
- In general, sharing the author’s position regarding..., I will express a special opinion about.... I believe that... .
- Perhaps I agree with the author that... . However, to the question about.... I have my own point of view, which is that... .
- The text by writer NN made a mixed impression on me. On the one hand, (there is agreement)..., but on the other -... (one’s opinion is expressed). I will try to justify my point of view on this issue.
- In general, the arguments of the author of the text are quite convincing, however, I do not completely agree that... (the author’s thought is formulated). Ready to explain my point of view...
- I'm with great interest I read the text of the publicist NN, but not all of the author’s arguments seemed convincing enough to me. I would like to express doubt that... (the author’s thought + his argument follows).
- Respecting the author of the text, I allow myself to disagree with his point of view on this issue. I doubt that... (the author’s thought + his argument follows).
How to correctly object to the author when expressing your position
- The author, in my opinion, is not entirely right when he claims that...
- The author's point of view is, of course, interesting, but I believe that...
- In my opinion, the author is somewhat categorical in his judgments.
- The author's point of view, it seems to me, is quite controversial.
- I believe that the author’s statement that... is not entirely fair.
- The author is undoubtedly right in asserting that ..., but I am convinced that his opinion about ... will cause reader discussion, since ....
- I think that the author’s statement that... is debatable.
- In my opinion, the author is not entirely right in not noticing the fact that...
- The author rightly condemns..., however, I cannot agree that....
- The statement expressed by the author is beyond doubt, but, as far as I know, there is another point of view: ... .
- The author's assessments are accurate and interesting, but I do not agree with his statement that ... .
- The author's arguments are convincing, but one can hardly agree that...
- One cannot but agree with the author's point of view, but I believe that...
- Of course, one cannot help but admit that the author is right, but, in my opinion, he is mistaken in that... .
- It is impossible not to object to the author in response to his statement that...
- The thesis that... .
- Frankly, the author’s position caused me to doubt the correctness of some of his statements.
- Such categorical judgments of the author caused me to doubt the correctness of some of his statements.
- Frankly speaking, I cannot agree with the author’s point of view….
When working on an essay, standard sets of phrases are very helpful - clichés, the use of which cannot be avoided either by school graduates, or even by seasoned authors, from whose pen more than a dozen articles have been published.
No matter how critics scold clichéd texts, without cliche for Unified State Exam essays In Russian it's impossible to get by. Why are these banal speech cliches needed?
- Template phrases are very firmly held in memory; even the excitement that is typical for all examinees is unable to knock them out of their heads.
- Clichés are better perceived by inspectors who are obviously determined to see formulaic rather than creative work.
- Templates set the tone for the text as a whole; with their help, it is easier to structure an essay without losing the main thread of judgment.
We would like to offer you several cliche for writing the Unified State Exam:
For entry
- I think this topic interests many... I won't be wrong if I say that this topic relevant for the majority... Many works have been written about this and thousands of films have been shot... Everyone knows the fact...
- Have you ever wondered why the topic remains relevant at all times... Do you know why special value(friendship, honor, feelings)… Do modern youth understand how unshakable the old values remain: honor, responsibility, friendship…
- “Take care of your honor from a young age,” this phrase expresses the main idea of the work... “The only way to find a friend is to be one” - this statement by Ralph Emerson very clearly defines the character and behavior of the main character...
To formulate the problem
- One can understand that the author is deeply concerned about the topic...
- This problem cannot leave you indifferent modern man. This is confirmed by the author...
- The problem considered by the author is...
- What is friendship? What role does she play in the lives of any of us? This important topic the author touches...
For comments
- The problem identified by the author is very relevant (important, topical)…
- The question of.... cannot leave anyone indifferent, to a greater or lesser extent it concerns everyone (explanation why)...
- One can sense that the author of the work is interested in the problem he has raised; he cannot talk about this topic in a detached and cold manner (explanation with reference to the text)…
- The author’s point of view, in my opinion, is expressed very clearly...
- The author managed to convince the reader that...
- The work proves the idea of...
- Although the author expresses it somewhat vaguely own position, but the logic of the text can convince the reader...
To express your own opinion
- I completely agree with the author's point of view...
- I can’t completely share the author’s opinion...
- One cannot but agree with the author’s compelling arguments regarding...
- The position of the narrator is close to me...
For arguments
- Life experience: we often have to deal with... such phenomena, alas, have become the norm... who among us has not witnessed something like this...
- Reader's experience: this problem worried many classical writers... this question is raised very sharply in the works... many authors turn to this topical (current, important) problem...
- Viewer experience: this issue is often discussed on the Internet... according to TV show statistics, 50% of the broadcast is devoted to this problem...
For withdrawal
- After reading this work, it becomes clear... After getting to know the characters of the work, you understand... After reading the work, you realize...
- The author sought to show... The author wants the reader to understand... The author of the text considers the problem important...
As essay cliches You can use quotes, aphorisms, famous proverbs, but in moderate amount and harmoniously integrated into the main text.
This year, several changes have affected the criteria for assessing essays in the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. In the material, Tatyana Igorevna, teacher of the Unified State Exam and Unified State Exam (GIA) courses in the TwoStu pair, explains what the structure of an essay should look like, how to write a commentary on a problem, and what cliché phrases can be used.
Changes in the essay
Most significant change in the essay - requirements for the quantity and quality of arguments from the literature were removed from the evaluation criteria and life experience. They will still have to be cited to justify the attitude towards the author’s point of view, but they will be monitored less strictly.
Criteria to pay special attention to
You definitely need to pay attention to criterion K1 “Formulation of problems in the source text.” It is extremely important to correctly formulate one of the problems posed by the author. If the problem is formulated incorrectly, then for all criteria of the “Essay Content” block (K1-K4) 0 points out of 8 are given.
It is also worth remembering K11 “Compliance ethical standards": you should not overly emotionally and sharply express a negative attitude towards the author’s position, as well as use phrases that may offend the feelings of the inspector.
Traditionally, difficulties for students are caused by criteria that require compliance with language and speech norms (K9 and K10). Here you can only work on general level knowledge of the Russian language and be careful when writing an essay.
Essay structure
Tatyana Igorevna Semenishcheva, Russian language teacher Unified State Exam courses and OGE (GIA) in pairs TwoStu recommends following the following structure when writing an essay:
1. Formulation of one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
2. Comment:
- the first example is an illustration from the text and an explanation of its role in revealing the problem;
- the second example is an illustration from the text and an explanation of its role in revealing the problem.
5. Conclusion.
Essay writing plan
- Where to begin?
After the first reading, highlight main idea text. To do this, think about what the author is thinking about and what conclusion he comes to.
During the second reading, analyze the actions of the characters and note vivid episodes that illustrate the problems of the text.
Your attention should also be drawn to: repetition of the same words, use large quantity exclamation sentences, question-and-answer form of presentation.
- How to correctly identify the problem?
The author can touch on a wide range of issues, but you need to highlight the central ones, those that he reflects on throughout the text. Having identified a number of problems from the text, choose one of them to write an essay. Choose one that you are willing to think about and for which you can justify your position.
The problem can be formulated in the form of a rhetorical question: “What is happiness? How should a person relate to nature? or in the form of an affirmative sentence: “The author raises the problem of friendship, responsibility, mercy.”
- How to write a comment on an issue?
After formulating the topic, you need to comment on it based on the source text. Remember how we emphasized striking episodes and language features? These are the ones that will come in handy in the comments.
An example-illustration is information from the text related to the problem posed and accompanied by comments from the examinee. Thus, you need to give an example from the text and evaluate it: tell about the actions of the characters, explain how this or that works linguistic feature to solve the problem.
- How to correctly indicate the semantic connection between examples?
When giving examples, you need to indicate how they relate to each other.
They can be:
- compared - confirm the same idea;
- opposed - demonstrating opposing points of view.
You can also compare the two situations according to certain criterion, important for solving the problem.
- How not to distort the author's position?
Remember the phrases that you underlined when re-reading the text; they can help formulate the author’s position.
- How to correctly indicate your position?
It is necessary to express your attitude to the author’s position on the problem of the source text. We can either agree with the author or partially or completely disagree.
Despite the fact that the essay no longer requires arguments, the examinee needs to substantiate his opinion (see K4), and therefore involve facts related to the problem posed. These can be examples from scientific, journalistic and fiction, as well as from personal experience, news reports and even stories from friends.
- How should you complete the text?
In conclusion, it is necessary to summarize the thoughts on the identified problem.
You should not reduce the ending to a repetition of the author’s position or your attitude to the problem. It is necessary to summarize the information contained in the essay and draw a conclusion from the written text. In conclusion, you can also evaluate what has been said, make an assumption, and call the reader to action.
Should you use cliché phrases?
The use of cliche phrases in an essay is desirable, as they help to connect the text and maintain its logical structure (criterion K5), and also help the evaluator to perceive the text.
Cliche phrases are quite varied. Several groups of clichés can be distinguished according to their belonging to one or another structural part of the essay. Here is a list of such cliché phrases:
1. Problem
- The author of the text focuses on the problem... This problem is still relevant today.
- In the above text, the author reflects on the problem...
- Author of the text<инициалы и фамилия автора>It was not by chance that he turned to the topic... The problem he discusses interests me not only as a reader, but also as a person living in the interests of his time, his generation.
- The author belongs to those caring people who are concerned about universal human problems, one of which is...
- What's happened...? It is this problem that the author of the above text reflects on.
2. Comment
- Using a real-life example<главного героя>the author shows...
- It is no coincidence that the writer draws our attention to...
- In order to reveal more fully this problem, the author talks about letters<здесь может быть любая другая деталь>, which…
- A parable/fairy tale/story that the author tells us will help to reveal this problem more fully. In it...
- <метафоры, просторечную лексику, риторические вопросы и другие средства художественной выразительности>. This allows him to show...
- The author believes/claims that...<позиция автора>.
- The author strives to convey to the reader the idea that... (the author’s thought).
- The author convinces us that...<позиция автора>.
- The author's position is:<цитата из текста>.
- The author's position is most fully reflected in the following phrase/in the following words: <цитата из текста>.
- The author's position is most fully revealed in the following sentence:<цитата из текста>.
1) Consent:
- I agree with the author of this text that...
- I share the author’s point of view and am also convinced that...
- I believe that the author is absolutely right when he writes that...
- One cannot but agree with the author of the text that...
- The author helped me see the problem... from the other side.
2) Disagreement (full or partial):
- Writer's text<ФИО>made a mixed impression on me. On the one side<выразить согласие>... but on the other hand<своё мнение>…
- In general, the author’s arguments are convincing, but I do not completely agree that<позиция автора>... I will try to justify my point of view.
5. Conclusion
1) Summarize the thoughts presented in the essay:
- In conclusion of all of the above, I would like to emphasize once again:...
2) Evaluate what was said, clearly express your opinion:
- All of the above allows us to conclude:...
3) Make a forecast, make an assumption:
- I would like to believe that readers will think about the problem raised in the text and try...
4) Call the reader to action:
- In conclusion, I want to emphasize that... Each of us needs to remember this...
Essay Template Example
An essay template can be composed of cliche phrases, for example:
What's happened...? It is this problem that the author of the above text reflects on.
In order to more fully reveal this problem, the author tells us about the letters<здесь может быть любая другая деталь>, which…
In order to draw our attention to this problem, the author uses<метафоры, просторечную лексику, риторические вопросы и другие средства художественной выразительности>. This allows him to show...
Both of the above illustrations from the text make us think that...
I would like to believe that readers will think about the problem raised in the text and try...
We have collected everything important that you need to know about writing an essay in the Unified State Exam 2019 in the Russian language. If you are having trouble with the texts, you cannot cope with repeated mistakes, and you are not confident in your abilities, we recommend that you take additional classes with Russian language teachers.
TwoStu courses offer preparation for the Unified State Exam in pairs, which is cheaper than studying with a tutor, but no less effective.
What else would you like to know? Write in the comments.
- Qumran scrolls. Dead Sea Scrolls. Qumran manuscripts What are the Dead Sea manuscripts made of?
- Pisces is a strong or weak zodiac sign
- Geneticist Bruce Lipton: The power of thought changes the human genetic code. Is it possible to change the human genetic code?
- Geneticists have proven that faith heals and changes the genetic code of the body Changes the genetic code
