Cardinal numbers denoting fractional numbers. Declension of cardinal numerals in Russian
· When declining fractional numbers all words change, with the numerator changing as the corresponding integer, and the denominator as a plural adjective: two (which?) thirds; three (what?) seventh.
14.Forms of adjectives. Use of comparative and superlative forms of comparison. Coordination of adjectives in combination with nouns used to designate male and female persons (genius, teenager, person, personality, mediocrity). Agreement of adjectives in combination with common nouns (touchy, self-taught, poor fellow, greedy, quiet).
difficult cases of using pronouns. Forms she has her . Standards of use .
16. Difficult cases of nominal and verbal control.
Topic No. 11.Control with homogeneous members of the proposal. Often in a sentence with two or more control words there is a common addition. Such constructions are quite correct if the control words require the same case and preposition, for example: read and take notes on a book.
But stylistically incorrect sentences in which there is a common dependent word with words that require different management, for example: the trust organized and managed enterprises (organized What, led how).
Topic No. 12.Stringing of cases. Among the stylistic shortcomings is the so-called stringing of cases, i.e. arrangement of several identical case forms in a chain. This cluster of cases makes the phrase difficult to understand. Most often, stringing of genitive cases occurs, due to the high prevalence of the genitive adjective.
Case forms with the same prepositions should be avoided. It is unacceptable to combine a genitive subject and a genitive object in one sentence. The first is understood as the genitive case, denoting the subject of the action, for example: the arrival of a brother; the second genitive indicates the object of the action, for example: reading a manuscript.
Topic No. 13.Choice of case in constructions with words that are similar in meaning and have the same root. It is necessary to distinguish between constructions with words that are similar in meaning or have the same root, but require different controls (different cases). For example: to worry about someone, but to worry about someone.
Topic No. 14.Choosing the correct case and preposition. To construct a sentence, the correct choice of case and preposition is important.
Topic No. 15.Difficult cases of using pronouns. Forms she has her. Initial –n- of 3rd person pronouns. (U) HER, HER – GENDER. P. (C) HER, HER-TV. P., (B) NEY-PR.P. Determinative pronouns every-every-any. The very best. Standards of use .
17-19. Syntactic norms- these are the norms for the correct construction of phrases and sentences. Compliance with syntactic norms is the most important condition for correct speech.
17. Coordination is a type of connection in which the dependent word is likened to the main word in its form, that is, it is placed in the same gender, number and case as the main word - a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun: “Dear mourners” or “ Those who were not expecting them cannot understand,” or “Not every “that” is written with a hyphen” - and changes when the main thing changes: “I recently re-read parts of your “Metapolitics.” There is good writing about the costs of freedom. About the cost of freedom. About freedom as a constant goal, but also a heavy burden...<…>It's a shame to think that all this abomination is a product of freedom.<…>For decades we lived in conditions of total lack of freedom. We were flattened like a flounder by the heaviest burden of all kinds of prohibitions. And suddenly we were caught up in the lung-tearing hurricane of freedom” (S. Dovlatov).
A special case is cardinal numerals in phrases. In phrases they usually act as dependent words, but not always. In the nominative and accusative cases, such numerals are the main word, in other forms - subordinate. Compare: “I worked in security for twenty years” - “And you,” the captain interrupted me, “serve your Motherland only until six o’clock?!” In the phrase up to six o'clock, the numeral six in the genitive case form is a dependent word: up to (what?) six o'clock is agreement. In the phrase twenty years, the numeral twenty is the main word: twenty (what?) years is management.
Control is a type of subordinating connection in which the dependent word (a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun: a pronoun, a substantivized word, a numeral (look at a friend / at him / at those sitting / at both) is placed in that case form (without a preposition or with a preposition), which is determined by the lexico-grammatical meaning of the main word (verb, noun, adjective, cardinal numeral in the nominative or accusative case, adverb or word of the category of state). In other words, the main thing requires a certain case form from the dependent - in the term management itself). there is a hint that the dominant word controls the subordinate.
Dependent words in control answer questions of indirect cases: “I remember one incredible camp story. Prisoner Chichevanov, a robber and murderer, had been in a special regime for the last 24 hours. He was supposed to be released the next day.<…>I, according to the same instructions, settled down in the back near the side. On the road, it seemed absurd to me to guard Chichevanov so vigilantly” (S. Dovlatov). The control connection is found in the phrases I remember (what?) history, sat out (on what?) in the mode, sat out (what?) for a day, settled down (in what?) in the back, settled down (at what?) at the side, it seemed (in what ?) on the road, it seemed (to whom?) to me; It seemed (what?) ridiculous, to protect (who?) Chichevanov, they had to release (who?) him.
Let us also pay special attention to the fact that in some phrases, despite the possibility of posing other, circumstantial questions (stayed (where?) in the regime, located (where?) in the back, located (where?) at the side, it seemed (where?) ) on the road), we have control in front of us, as indicated by the presence of prepositions in these combinations. A preposition is always a sign that we are dealing with control and not adjacency.
Errors in the construction of a simple sentence (violations of syntactic norms) | ||
Errors in constructing simple uncomplicated sentences | 1. The personal pronoun duplicates the subject | This is the author, he always poses pressing questions. |
2. The arrangement of words in a sentence that does not correspond to the grammatical norms of the Russian language | Students must clearly understand the concepts (vm. must clearly understand) An exhibition of children's works made from natural materials was organized (vm. exhibition of children's works made from natural materials). | |
Errors in the construction of simple sentences complicated by homogeneous members | 1. Time mismatch | The textbook gives knowledge, teaches you to highlight the main thing (vm. gives, teaches). |
2. Combining homogeneous members of generic and specific concepts in one row | He brought pliers, tools, a hammer and nails. At the zoo we saw birds, ostriches, and elephants. | |
3. Paired combination of incomparable concepts | Parents and friends, colleagues and children, we congratulate you... | |
4. Incompatibility of the reference word and one of the components of homogeneous members | Shows of care and help made everyone happy (it’s impossible to show help). | |
5. Combining adjectives as homogeneous full and short forms | The room is spacious and bright. | |
Errors in the construction of sentences complicated by partial and adverbial phrases | 1. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases | The author introduces us to Bazarov, who leads a working lifestyle. (vs. presenter) The knowledge, skills and abilities we acquired while mastering the Russian language... (separation of the participial phrase from the word being defined) |
2. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases | While passing the bridge, I felt dizzy (the main and additional actions refer to different persons) Passing the bridge, I felt sad (you cannot use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal, non-infinitive sentence) Having run away from his parents, the boy was found... (two subjects of action) |
They denote the number of parts into which a certain whole is divided, and the number of parts that is taken from this whole. Fractional numbers in language cannot be counted because each whole part can be divided into any number of parts. A fractional number is formed by combining a cardinal number and an ordinal number (five-eighths). In oblique cases, both components of the fractional number appear in grammatically consistent forms, and in I.p. and V.p. There are two structural varieties of fractional numerals, concordant and control. Concordant is if the numerator is expressed by the word “one” (one fifth). Controlling – if the numerator contains the remaining numerals (two fifths).
Fractional numbers have a number of grammatical features:
1. Having feminine concordant forms, fractional numerals such as one fifth, two fifths cease to respond to the gender of nouns (one fifth of lemon, pear, apple).
2. When controlling a dependent noun, the fractional numeral allows for any numerical form of the noun (both R.p. singular and R.p. plural) - read two-thirds of the books, read two-thirds of the books.
3. When declension of fractional numerals, both parts of them change, but the noun does not change by case (two-fifths of an apple, two-fifths of an apple, etc.).
In Russian, the meaning of fractionality can be expressed by words such as half, third, quarter, ocmushka, tithe and the like. Each of these words combines both the numerator and the denominator. However, these words are nouns, since they have a constant gender, number and change according to numbers, also have a substantive declension, and can be combined with agreed definitions (the remaining third, equal halves).
The word one and a half/one and a half occupies a special place. In meaning, this word is adjacent to fractional numerals, and in morphological and syntactic characteristics it is close to cardinal numerals. In general, it is usually defined as a cardinal number. This word has gender differences, there is no number, in I.p. and V.p. it controls a noun in the form R.p.s.p., in indirect cases it has a single form of one and a half and agrees with the plural noun.
I. one and a half meters
R. one and a half meters
D. one and a half meters
V. one and a half meters
T. one and a half meters
P. about one and a half meters
Sometimes the word one and a half is considered a fractional numeral. It denotes whole, not fractional quantities, so it should be considered a special cardinal numeral.
In terms of meaning and grammatical features, words denoting an indefinite quantity are close to cardinal numerals: how many, several, many, little, little.
All of them in a sentence can appear both in the meaning of numerals and in the meaning of adverbs; Moreover, the first four words, acting in the meaning of numerals, change according to cases, and the word plays little role as a numeral only when, together with a noun, it is a subject or an object.
Let's look at examples: 1) There are several (many, few, few) books on the shelf. 2) I bought several (many, few, few) books. 3) How many books are there on the table? 4) How many books did you buy for the library? In these sentences, the words several, many, few, few, how many control the word books (in the genitive case), form integral combinations with this word. 5) He talked about several (many, few) books. 6) How many books did he talk about? 7) He was interested in several (many, few) books. 8) How many books was he interested in? In these sentences, the words several, many, few, as many as agree with the noun of the book, but do not merge with it into integral combinations.
In all the analyzed sentences, the words how many, several, many, little, few are similar in meaning and in connection with nouns to cardinal numerals. Compare: I) There are five books on the shelf. 2) I bought five books. 3) Five books are on the table. 4) He spoke about five books. 5) He was interested in five books.
That is why the words how many, several, many, little, few are sometimes called indefinite quantitative numerals.
But the listed words differ from numerals. The words how many and several have pronominal roots, pronominal meaning (interrogative and indefinite), therefore they are numeral pronouns and are discussed in the chapter “Pronoun”.
All of the words listed can act as adverbs. In this case, they are adjacent to verbs and are adverbs of measure or degree, for example: 1) She has changed somewhat (a little, a little) over this year. 2) He is as brave as he is resourceful. 3) Poor thing! How little she lived! How much she loved! (N.)
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Parts of speech as grammatical classes of words. Principles of classification ch.R. Ch.R. system In russian language
Parts of speech are grammatical classes of words characterized by a combination of the following features by the presence of a common categorical meaning.. categorical meaning the general meaning of the words of each group of which they have.. morphological categories gender number case aspect tense mood, etc., sample model of inflection..
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All topics in this section:
Noun of a general kind. Features of the use of nouns such as doctor, engineer. Nouns that have no gender meaning
In the Russian literary language there are about 200 nouns of the so-called “general” gender (sneak, crybaby, bully...). Depending on whether they are classified as male or female, they
Category of case of nouns. Means and methods of expressing the grammatical meaning of case
Every sentence describes some situation. At the same time, what exactly is happening is named by the predicate, and various nouns associated with the predicate name the participants in the situation
The main grammatical function of case. Case meanings. The question about the number of cases in Russian. language
The meaning of case is the role that a word form plays in the text, taking into account its syntactic position and semantic content.
The meaning of the cases can be represented as follows:
Full and short form of qualitative adjectives. Semantic, stylistic, grammatical differences between full and short forms
Qualitative adjectives can be used in full indeclinable and short indeclinable forms.
Short forms are formed from full ones by replacing adjectival endings with substantive ones
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
The original form of a qualitative adjective is called a positive degree (gradus positivus). In addition to the original form, adjectives can have a comparative and superlative degree (gradus comp
Substantivization of adjectives
Substantivalization is the transition of other parts of speech into a noun. There are two approaches to the issue of substantivization of adjectives (narrow and broad). With a narrow understanding, they speak of a complete transition of adj.
Substantivization of adjectives m.r.
The vast majority designate a face.
1. Designations of professions and positions (architect, okolnichy, stablemaster, helmsman).
2. Names of persons based on any distinctive feature:
Substantivization of adjectives z.r.
As a rule, the premises are called (dining room, hallway, pantry, living room, entrance, sofa, pantry, bedroom).
Names of official papers and documents (invoice, report, mortgage, reference
Cardinal numbers
As part of quantitative nouns, there are 39 words that can express absolutely all numerical meanings. First group: units up to 19 (19); second: names of tens after the first (20-9
Declension and features of the syntactic use of cardinal numerals
Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns, their semantic and morphological features
Lexico-grammatical categories of pronouns In the traditional classification of pronouns, 9 categories are distinguished: personal, reflexive, demonstrative. possessive, interrogative, relative,
Morphological paradigm of the verb. Conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb (in the broad sense)
A verb as a part of speech combines words with the meaning of an action, process or state that occurs over time. The verb expresses these meanings in categories: 1. Type;
2. Time;
Morphological paradigm of the verb. Conjugated and inconjugated forms of the verb
The verb has a very branched system of forms. A morphological paradigm is a system of all word forms of a particular part of speech. The ability of a word to form a morphological paradigm is called
The infinitive as the initial form of the morphological paradigm of the verb
The infinitive is the initial one, i.e. vocabulary, verb form, answers the questions what to do? what to do? The infinitive is an unchangeable form of the verb. It denotes action outside of one's relationship
Verb stems and their role in the formation of verbs. forms
All verb forms are formed from two stems, which are called the infinitive stem and the N.v stem. OI (= past tense stem). ONV (coincides with the basis of the future simple tense).
OI n
Conjugation as a change in the verb by persons and numbers in the present and future tense of the indicative mood
In the present and future tenses, verbs have two sets of endings, which represent the first and second conjugation.
I II 1
Rule A.A. Zaliznyak on the spelling of unstressed vowels at the base of the infinitive and at the endings of the personal forms of the verb
Zaliznyak noted that the existing rule for determining conjugation is unsatisfactory. It allows you to make the right choice between -e or -i in the personal endings of the verb only if
Species pair. Question about pure type consoles. One-type verbs. Methods of verb action
The imperative mood of the verb. Formation of imperative forms. About forms of p.n. used outside the situation of addressing an interlocutor
The imperative mood expresses a call to the interlocutor to perform actions called by the verb. The use of the imperative mood presupposes a situation of address in which the speaker participates
Time category
Expresses the relationship of action to the moment of speech - this is the main initial meaning of tense forms. If the action is directly and directly related to the time scale, then it is the absolute value of time. EU
Meaning and formation of present and future forms of the verb
Present tense 1. Denotes an action taking place at the moment of speech.
2. Formed from ONV (I write - they write).
3. Changes according to persons and numbers. The main value of the moment re
Verb person category. Verbs with an incomplete personal paradigm. Impersonal verbs
Only the forms NV and BV of the indicative mood have the category of person.
The formal indicator of a person's category is the personal verb ending. The personal verb ending indicates whether
Adjectivation as a process represented in the forms of active and passive participles of the present and past tense
Participles have common features with verbs and adjectives. The process of turning a participle into an adjective is called adjectivation (The floor painted by the workers - the painted floor - participle in the meaning
The participle as an inconjugated form of a verb. Formation of participles owls. and Nesov. kind. Adverbialization
Unconjugated form of the verb. In the sentence, the gerund serves as a secondary predicate (The dog runs after her, caressing her). The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.
Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. Morph. and synth. signs of adverbs. Formation of adverbs. Adverbialization
An adverb is an independent significant part of speech, but for a long time it was not recognized as an independent part of speech, since they do not change.
Adverb – part of speech denoting a non-procedural prize
Modal words and their place in the morphological system of the Russian language. Interjections and onomatopoeia- “number, amount, order when counting.”
Numerals include words that answer the questions: How many?, Which?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - quantitative/ordinal, simple/composite
- changeable - case for all numerals, gender and number for ordinal ones, and also, in addition, individual numerals have features that do not fit into the general scheme:
for some quantitative ones: genus, for example, one-one-one, two-two,
number, for example, one-ones, a thousand-thousands, a million-millions.
Numerals are declined, changing according to cases, and some - according to cases, numbers and genders in the singular. On this basis they are referred to as names.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence:
- cardinal numbers, together with the noun that depends on them, form a single member of a sentence, for example:
Three magazines were on the table.
I bought three magazines.
The story was published in three magazines.
Cardinal numbers are included in those parts of a sentence that can be nouns.
- Ordinal numbers are in a sentence a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Our place is in the tenth row.
The boy was third.
§2. Rank by value
According to their meaning, numerals are divided into two categories: quantitative and ordinal.
Quantitative means "number" or "quantity". Number is an abstract mathematical concept. Quantity is the number of items. Cardinal numbers, in turn, are divided into subcategories:
- whole denote integers and quantities in integers, for example: five, twenty-five, one hundred and twenty-five
- fractional denote fractional numbers and quantities, for example: one second, two thirds
- collective express the meaning of the totality: both, three, seven
All subcategories of cardinal numbers have their own characteristics. Integers and fractions can form mixed numbers, for example: five point three (or: five point three).
Ordinal Numerals indicate the order of counting: first, one hundred and first, two thousand and eleven.
§3. Numeral structure
According to their structure, numerals are divided into simple and compound.
- Simple Numerals are those that are written in one word: three, thirteen, three hundred, third, three hundredth
- Composite- these are numerals made up of several words written separately: thirty-three, three hundred thirty-three, three hundred thirty-third .
What happens?
- Whole quantitative
- Fractional quantitative- compound.
- Collective quantitative- simple.
- Ordinal Numerals can be both simple and compound.
§4. Cardinal numbers. Morphological features
Whole numbers
Integer numbers change according to cases. If these are compound integer numerals, then with declension all parts change. For example:
I.p. eight hundred five ten six (books)
R.p. eight hundred fifty six (books)
D.p. eight hundred and fifty-six (books), etc.
From the examples it is clear that for derivatives of numerals formed by adding stems, both parts change when declension occurs.
Of great interest are numerals that have not only case forms, but also gender or gender and number.
These are numerals: one, two, one and a half, thousand, million, billion and others like that.
One
Word one varies by gender and number: one boy - M.R., one girl - F.R., one state - cf. r., alone - plural This numeral does not have one set of forms, like most integer cardinal numerals, but four: for each gender in the singular and for the plural.
The numeral two changes not only by cases, like all numerals, but also by gender: two boys, two girls, two windows (the forms sr.r. and m.r. coincide).
Thousand, million, billion
These numerals are similar to nouns. They have a constant gender and vary in numbers and cases.
I.p. thousand, thousands
R.p. thousands, thousands
D.p. thousand, thousands, etc.
Fractional cardinal numbers
In addition to numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred, all fractional compounds: the first part is an integer cardinal number, and the second is an ordinal number: two thirds, five eighths. With declension, both parts change, for example:
I.p. five eighths
R.p. five eighths
D.p. five-eighth
One and a half
Numeral one and a half changes not only by cases, but also by gender: one and a half - one and a half, For example:
a day and a half, a week and a half.
(The form of the sr.r. coincides with the form of the m.r.)
One two as part of fractional genders they do not change, but are used in the form of genders, for example:
one eighth, two thirds.
Collective numbers
Collective numbers vary by case. Only the word is special both, which has genus forms:
both brothers, both sisters, both states
(The forms of m. and s.r. are the same)
§5. Ordinals. Morphological features
Ordinal numbers are closest to relative adjectives. They change by number, in the singular by gender and by case, and have endings like adjectives. In compound ordinal numbers, only the final word changes, for example:
I.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
R.p. one thousand nine hundred eighty-four
D.p. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-four, etc.
§6. Syntactic compatibility of numerals with nouns
U cardinal numbers there are features in syntactic compatibility with the nouns to which they relate.
In I.p. and V.p. they require nouns in the form of R.p. after themselves, for example:
eight books, fifteen roses, twenty people.
At the same time, the numerals one and a half, two, three, four require a singular noun. h., and the rest - in the plural. h.
Two windows - five windows, three roses - thirty roses, four boys - forty boys.
This type of syntactic compatibility is called control, because The case of the noun is governed by the numeral.
In all other forms, the type of connection is different, namely: agreement, i.e. numerals agree with nouns in case.
R.p. five windows, three roses
D.p. five windows, three roses
etc. five windows, three roses
P.p. (about) five windows, three roses
The exception is the numeral one. It agrees with the noun in all cases.
Fractional numbers have prime numbers one and a half, one and a half hundred combine with nouns as whole units.
The remaining fractions control the R.p. Nouns can be used in both singular and plural, for example: two-thirds apple (part of the object) and two-thirds apples (part of the total number of items).
Collective numerals combine with nouns in the same way as whole cardinal numerals. In I.p. and V.p. they control R.p. noun, and in all other cases agree with the noun in the case. With all collective numerals except both, the noun is used in the plural form, for example, seven kids. And only with both nouns are used in the singular: both brother both sisters.
Ordinals agree with nouns, i.e. behave like adjectives. For example:
first day, seventh a week, eighth notes day.
Remember:
in compound numerals only the final word changes:
one hundred and twenty third paragraph (t.p., singular, m.r.),
second hand (t.p., singular, f.r.),
fourth window (T.p., singular, sr.r.).
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What grammatical meaning do the numerals express?
- Number, quantity, order when counting
- Item attribute
- Note
What numerals indicate order when counting and answer the question Which?
- Quantitative
- Ordinal
Is it possible in Russian to combine whole numbers with fractions?
Can collective numbers be compound?
Does the numeral change by gender? both?
Can a numeral be a definition?
What type of syntactic connection does the collective numeral have in the example: Seven kids were waiting for their mother. ?
- Coordination
- Control
In what forms do ordinal numbers agree with the noun in case?
- In all
- In all except I.p. and V.p.
- In I.p. and V.p.
How do collective numbers change?
- By case
- By cases and numbers
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
Which numerals have subcategories according to their meaning?
- In quantitative
- In ordinal
The numeral name is divided into many varieties. The main group can be considered quantitative - and they, in turn, can be divided into whole, fractional and collective.
Let's consider which words the quantitative group includes, in which cases we are talking about integers or fractions - and which numerals are united by the collective variety.
Whole and fractional numbers
Capturing the essence of a quantitative group is very simple. As the name suggests, it combines words that indicate the number of objects or people. For example, “five”, “twenty”, “three hundred”, “million”.
Within a single group, words are divided into two categories.
- Whole. If we are talking about a certain integer - “twenty”, “three hundred”, “four hundred twenty-three” - then the word belongs to this group.
- Fractional. As the name suggests, the word must describe a fractional number consisting of a numerator and a denominator. For example, fractions will be “one point seven tenths”, “three quarters”, “five eighths”. A distinctive feature is that fractional numbers cannot be written in one word; they always represent a whole phrase. The only exception would be “one and a half”.
How to incline them correctly? This is a topic for a separate long article, but we will try to cover the essence.
- Ordinary cardinal numerals, denoting a certain integer, are inflected by gender and case, both in the singular and in the plural. For example, if we take the numeral “one”, then it will decline like this: “one” - “one” - “one” or “one” - “one” - “about one”. Or, accordingly, in the plural - “one” - “one” - “one” - “one” or “one” - “one” - “about one”. In the feminine gender the endings change; the neuter gender “one” exists only in the nominative and accusative cases.
- It's another matter if the numeral is fractional. In this case, the part responsible for the numerator is declined according to the rules for cardinal numerals, but the denominator is considered only in the plural and according to the rules of declension for ordinal numbers.
Collective numbers
It remains to briefly note one more group - collective numerals. These include the words “three”, “five”, “seven” and so on. There are eleven such numerals in total; they are used together with nouns and characterize a certain number of similar creatures or objects - for example, “five students.”