When was Empress Alexandra Feodorovna born? Empress Alexandra Feodorovna: “a ray of sunshine that broke the empire”
Along with the death of Peter the Great himself 02/08/1725 and his grandson in 1730 year The Romanov family is over.
And detail!
Among the Jews, the family is passed on through the mother, but this is among the Jews. For us, it’s from our father’s side. Therefore, every father is happy in his heart when his son is born and everyone says that now the family has a continuation. Girls are great too, but they don’t count here. These are our traditions!
Alexey Petrovich Romanov was born on 02/18/1690. His life was going well, and so after successful negotiations about marriage, in 1711 Tsarevich Alexei became the husband of Princess of Brunswick - Sophia Charlotte of Wolfenbüttel, sister of the wife of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, by the way. The wedding took place not in Russia, but in Torgau, in Saxony.
Charlotte gave birth to a son for the future emperor, but died.
Peter I dreamed that his son and heir to the throne Alexei would be educated and diversified. Alexey did not share his father’s desire, to put it mildly. So one day, after studying in Germany, when Peter I asked Alexey to show the drawings that he made, Alexey tried to cripple right hand, shooting her with a pistol. Apparently he was very afraid of the wrath of his father-emperor. After all, he drew poorly. He didn’t get shot in the arm, just a burn, but he didn’t have to redraw it in front of his father.
Soon after this incident, although it is unlikely that this was the only reason, Alexey became addicted to a glass, lost interest in his wife, and was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
A glass and laziness do not lead to good things
Alexey found a mistress, her name was Euphrosyne, and fled with her to Vienna in November 1716 under the name of Lieutenant Colonel Kokhanovsky. There were no powerful movements in Russia directed against Emperor Peter I. There were dissatisfied people. But Peter I mistook his son’s escape for treason and connected his act with an attempt to organize a coup, etc.
They searched for Alexey and found him in Naples. They began to persuade him to return to Russia out of kindness and promised him immunity. Alexey didn’t believe it right away, after the 5th stage of negotiations, but still agreed. He asked only for one thing: that he be allowed to marry Euphrosyne, who was four months pregnant. Peter, through his assistants, allowed it.
Capture of the conspirators
01/31/1718 Alexey returned to Moscow. Euphrosyne arrived two months later in St. Petersburg. She was supposed to give birth in two weeks, but here the information is lost. Nothing more is known about Euphrosyne and her child. There was no wedding either.
Peter I continued to go on a rampage, seeing conspiracies all around. He gave the order to arrest Alexei’s mother, Evdokia (his first wife, whom he had long hated). Her lover was captured and brutally executed on Red Square. And the council of clergy sentenced Evdokia Feodorovna to punishment with a whip. The sentence was carried out publicly, and then sent to the northern Assumption Monastery on Ladoga, and then to the Shlisselburg prison.
Peter saw obvious disgust at his transformation from his son. As a result, he gave the order for the trial of Alexei. They began to torture the heir to the throne; they tortured him five times in a week.
June 24, 1718 Supreme Court, consisting of as many as 127 people, unanimously decided to put the prince to death. But the method of death was left to the emperor to choose. How Alexey died is not exactly known or written. There are about a dozen versions. He probably died before the official date of execution, in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Heir
Remember, Alexei had a son. He was destined to become Peter II. The well-known Menshikov worked hard over the heir, dreamed of his marriage with his daughter, hoping in this way to maintain influence at court.
Here we must remember that Peter I in 1724 personally crowned Catherine (his second wife) as empress. After the death of Peter in 1725, Catherine was enthroned by Menshikov as an autocratic empress, but in fact Russia was ruled by Menshikov and the Supreme Privy Council.
At that time, only paternal inheritance was considered legitimate before the people. In 1725, Catherine I, with the help of the guard, managed to DELAY Peter's accession to the throne. In 1727, Catherine herself, under the influence of Menshikov, bequeathed the throne to Peter II. The latter was not at a loss and in the same year Menshikov was arrested, after which he was exiled with his family to Eastern Siberia, died there on November 12, 1729.
Peter II managed to get married (or had a lot of help to do so), contracted smallpox and died in 1730. He didn't have a son. This is the end of the Romanov family male line ended. Further succession to the throne went through the female line, the Romanov dynasty actually ended, although it existed in history until Nicholas II. Although officially we have this picture:
TERMINATION OF THE RURIKOVYCH DYNASTY
The main cause of the unrest was the end of the dynasty. The dynasty came to an end with the death of three sons of Ivan the Terrible: Ivan, Dmitry and Fedor. The eldest of them, Ivan, was already an adult when he died, according to one version, from beatings from his father. After the death of Ivan the Terrible himself, two sons remained alive: Fyodor and, another child, Dmitry, born in the seventh marriage of the Terrible with Maria Naga.
In 1584, Fyodor was crowned king. Unable to rule, he carried out the decisions made by the boyars of the regency council. The composition of the regency council is not completely clear, but the winner of the court struggle is Boris Godunov, who by 1587 became the de facto ruler of the state.
In 1591, in Uglich, a terrible event occurred: seven-year-old Tsarevich Dmitry was stabbed to death. The investigators conducted the case poorly and, upon returning, reported to the Tsar and the Boyar Duma that the Tsarevich was not killed at all, but that he himself, in an epileptic fit, came across a knife. However, the people could not believe the naive explanation of the Moscow investigators and said that the prince had been killed; and many added that he was killed at the request of Boris Godunov
Seven years later, on Epiphany Eve 1598, Fyodor died, leaving no heirs. With Fedor, the royal family of Rurikovich, which ruled Russia for more than 700 years, ended.
BOYAR KINGS AND IMPOSTORS
According to N. M. Karamzin, the Time of Troubles begins precisely with the accession of Boris Godunov, who seized the throne by killing the legal heir Dmitry Karamzin N. M. Traditions of the Ages, 1988. But S. F. Platonov suggests that accusing Boris of murder could well be slander, since under Fyodor Boris had to act among the boyars hostile to him, who hated him and at the same time feared him. The boyar environment could have started a rumor about the murder for their own purposes. Platonov S.F. decree. cit., vol.1.
L. E. Morozova believes that although there were other contenders for the throne after Fedor’s death (Romanovs, Shuiskys, Mstislavskys), by the time of Fedor’s death in January 1598, only Boris Godunov could really take power, since he had already long time was the king's co-ruler. And on February 17, 1598, the Zemsky Sobor, in full agreement with the law, elected Boris as the new tsar. Morozova L. E. op. op.
Historians consider one of the most striking events during the reign of Boris to be the appearance of an impostor posing as Tsarevich Dmitry. Their opinions differ on the question of where the idea of the impostor originated. On the one hand, it is believed that the boyars needed False Dmitry 1 to overthrow Godunov, and then the boyars overthrew him, opening the way to the throne for one of their own. On the other hand, False Dmitry 1 is considered an agent of the Polish king, or Polish magnates played a role in his preparation. On the question of the identity of the first impostor, most researchers agree that it was the monk of the Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev. In his struggle for power, False Dmitry 1 did not try to limit himself to supporting any one class; he tried to “please” all of Russia: he doubled the salaries of dignitaries and the army, abolished trade duties, and declared free servants deprived of their will by violence.
The turning point of the Troubles is considered to be the election of Vasily Shuisky to the kingdom. Few people were happy with Vasily, and the main reasons for discontent were the incorrect path to the throne and dependence on the circle of boyars who elected Vasily and played with him. Shuisky, realizing that not all of the boyars considered him worthy of the throne, refused to convene the Zemsky Sobor and was “shouted out” by the tsar from a small circle of his supporters. But, being a prince of the blood, Shuisky had undoubted rights to the throne and, in order to strengthen himself, began to popularize them among the people.
On the issue of the peasant war led by Bolotnikov, there are points of view that present the war not only as a protest against serfdom, but also as a war for the overthrow of Shuisky and the proclamation of Dmitry as king, since “Tsar Dmitry” was the ideal of a good king, and the peasants and slaves were unable to formulate a new political system. V. A. Nikolsky believes that the uprising was raised by the nobles themselves, and Bolotnikov undertook to serve them. Nikolsky V. A. op. cit.. N. M. Karamzin directly calls Bolotnikov an agent of the impostor, and writes that he called himself “the royal commander “, that is, the uprising was a weapon in the struggle for power of some impostor Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State, vol. 11, 1993. R. G. Skrynnikov, on the other hand, believes on the contrary, in his opinion, False Dmitry 11 appeared on the initiative of the Russian rebel camp. Bolotnikov and other leaders believed that the return of “Dmitry” would bring them immediate victory, because he would bring strong reinforcements in the form of mercenary troops, and his appearance would convince Muscovites who did not believe in his salvation Skrynnikov R. G. Likholetye. In 1607, the movement against the existing government ended with Bolotnikov being drowned, and Shuisky “celebrating the victory.” Thus, the people were involved in the struggle and began to put forward their own requirements, and after the election of Shuisky, the oligarchs found themselves face to face with the masses pursuing their goals.
So, we come to the question of the second impostor. Having defeated Shuisky's troops in several battles, by the beginning of June False Dmitry II approached Moscow, but was unable to take it and founded a camp 17 km away. from Moscow near the village of Tushino (hence his nickname “Tushino Thief”). During the year of the existence of the Tushino camp, two authorities arose in the country: the government of Tsar V. Shuisky in Moscow and the government of False Dmitry II in Tushino, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino). In February 1609, Shuisky’s government entered into an agreement with Sweden, counting on assistance in the war with the “Tushinsky thief” and his Polish troops. The Polish king sought to turn Russia into Poland's sphere of interests and did not want the spread of Swedish influence in Russia. In 1609, Poland began open intervention in Russia. Having given the Russian fortress of Korela to the Swedes, Vasily Shuisky received military assistance, and the Russian-Swedish army liberated a number of cities in the north of the country. This gave the Polish king Sigismund III reason for intervention: autumn 1609 Polish troops They besieged Smolensk and reached the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The Poles approached the Tushino camp. The unexpected ally, however, did not help False Dmitry 2, since the Polish rebel officers began to swear allegiance to the Polish king. The Tushino camp collapsed, and False Dmitry 11 fled to Kaluga, where he was killed.
Chapter 22. The end of the Rurik dynasty
On March 18, 1584, Moscow bells, with their sad chimes, announced to the residents of the capital about the death of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. With this news, the people forgot all the great cruelties of the Terrible Tsar, forgot all his hated oprichnina, and remembered only such great deeds of his reign as the capture of Kazan, the conquest of Astrakhan and Siberia, the publication of the Tsar's Code of Law and the construction of the great St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow. The Russian people sincerely prayed for the repose of the formidable, but at the same time great sovereign in his deeds.
After Tsar John there were two of his sons: Feodor, former son the beloved, meek Anastasia Romanovna, the first wife of Grozny, and the young Tsarevich Dimitri, to whom his father, shortly before his death, assigned the city of Uglich as his inheritance. The Tsar had long felt the approach of death and made all the orders, so his eldest son Fyodor calmly, without any worries or disturbances, as the chronicler said, “enthroned and sat on the highest throne of the God-protected Russian Kingdom.”
Everyone in the state, however, realized that new king won't be able to cope state affairs. A faster and a silent man, he looked more like a humble monk than a king. This was already well seen by his father, who tried to surround his son with loyal and experienced people in government affairs. In the first days around the new king we see five boyars who, as if forming standing council with him, they are in charge of all the affairs of the government.
Among these five individuals, in their own spiritual qualities and in terms of his influence on the Moscow population, the boyar Nikita Romanovich Yuryev-Zakharyin, the tsar’s uncle, the brother of his mother Anastasia, stands out. During the entire reign of Ivan the Terrible, he was close to the sovereign and enjoyed his constant trust; however, he not only did not stain himself with the slightest participation in his cruelties, but even became famous as a constant intercessor with him for the disgraced; not once kind hand Nikita Romanovich snatched them from tenacious claws Malyuta Skuratova.
Hundreds and three years have passed since this man died wonderful person, but even now in our distant north there lives a legend about how Nikita saved him from the wrath of Ivan the Terrible own son... It’s clear why it was he, as the royal uncle and as the most bright man among the Moscow boyars, took first place at the throne of the young sovereign.
While Nikita Romanovich was alive, he good advice and with his influence he restrained hatred among the boyars. But a year later, old man Zakharyin died, and the enmity among the boyars manifested itself strongly and sharply. The sovereign's brother-in-law, Boris Fedorovich Godunov, began to take all measures to eliminate dangerous rivals and rule the state alone. After the death of Zakharyin, disgrace befell the noblest boyars, among them the princes Mstislavsky and Shuisky: they were sent to distant prisons and monasteries. Boris at this time was still friendly with the young Romanovs (as Nikita’s sons began to be called after their grandfather). They say that the old man, dying, took an oath from Godunov that he would take care of his sons, and Godunov has so far kept his promise. Meanwhile, his power in the state is increasingly increasing: he receives the title of “ruler”, “domestic governor” and “vicar of the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan”. Not only Russians, but also foreigners visiting Moscow notice that he, and not Fedor, rules the kingdom. And it cannot be said that this reign was bad: the tsar’s brother-in-law, an intelligent and experienced man, tried to calm the state after the shocks it experienced under Grozny, and was successful in this good deed.
The life of the state was proceeding so peacefully and calmly, when suddenly in 1591 it was disrupted terrible event: Seven-year-old Tsarevich Dimitri was stabbed to death in Uglich on May 15. On the same day, residents of Uglich killed Boris Bityagovsky, Kachalov and their comrades, who were considered the perpetrators of the terrible crime. Four days later, persons sent from Moscow arrived from Moscow to investigate the whole matter: these were Metropolitan Gelasius of Krutitsky, Prince Vasily Shuisky, who had recently been returned from exile by Godunov and became related to him, and the okolnichy Kleshnin, who owed everything to Boris. These investigators conducted the case stupidly, and perhaps even in bad faith, and, returning to Moscow, reported to the Tsar and the Boyar Duma that the Tsarevich was not killed at all, but that he himself, in an epileptic fit, came across a knife. The Boyar Duma was satisfied with this strange explanation, and severely punished the Uglich residents for arbitrariness and the murder of supposedly innocent people. However, the people could not believe the naive explanation of the Moscow investigators and said that the prince had been killed; and many added that he was killed at the instigation of Godunov.
This terrible case in Uglich has remained completely unsolved to this day. There are some reasons to consider Godunov guilty of the death of the prince, but it is impossible to prove his guilt. Be that as it may, the closest heir to the royal throne passed away in 1591. With Fedor, the royal family of Rurikovich, which ruled Russia for more than 700 years, ended.
From the book History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Events. Dates author Anisimov Evgeniy Viktorovich862 – Invitation of the Varangian princes. The beginning of the Rurik dynasty There is still debate about where and when the ancient Russian state arose. According to legend, in the middle of the 9th century. in the land of the Ilmen Slovenes and the Finno-Ugric tribes (Chud, Merya, etc.), civil strife began, “arose
From the book The Collapse of the Kingdom: A Historical Narrative authorChapter 1 The end of a legitimate dynasty The dynasty of Ivan Kalita, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky, ruled the Moscow state for almost three hundred years. The foundations of its power were laid at a time when a curse was looming over Russia Tatar yoke. Under Ivan III, at the end of the 15th century,
From the book Impostors in Russia in early XVII century. Grigory Otrepyev author Skrynnikov Ruslan GrigorievichChapter 1 The end of a legitimate dynasty The dynasty of Ivan Kalita, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky, ruled the Moscow state for almost three hundred years. The foundations of its power were laid at a time when the curse of the Tatar yoke loomed over Russia. Under Ivan III at the end of the 15th century
From the book Rurikovich. History of the dynasty author Pchelov Evgeniy Vladimirovich“Land” Rurik dynasties Despite the damage suffered, the Rurik dynasty did not disappear. Moreover, the princes retained their hereditary thrones, and the fragmentation of Rus' continued. Let us consider the offspring of various branches of the Rurikovich family, arranging them in order
From the book Russian Princes author Shishov Alexey VasilievichIGOR OLD - FOUNDER OF THE RIURIK DYNASTY The Grand Duke's fate of the second ruler Kievan Rus Igor Rurikovich’s life was completely different from that of his teacher, Prince Oleg. He began to rule independently only when he was three years old.
author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich From the book Rurikovich. Seven centuries of reign by Blake SarahChapter 23. Unsolved mysteries Rurik dynasty From libertine to saintGreat Kyiv prince Vladimir - the baptist of Rus' - before his baptism was known as the “great libertine”, who had several hundred concubines in Kyiv and in the country residence Berestov. Besides this, he
From the book All the Rulers of Russia author Vostryshev Mikhail IvanovichTHE BEGINNING OF THE RYURIK DYNASTY The Rurikovichs were a Russian princely dynasty that stood at the head Old Russian state, large and small principalities of the period of feudal fragmentation and the Muscovite kingdom from 862 (the calling of Prince Rurik) to 1598 (the death of Tsar Fedor
authorChapter 2 THE DECLINE OF THE RURIKOVYCH DYNASTY
From the book of the Dolgorukovs. Highest Russian nobility by Blake SarahChapter 4. Vladimir Dolgorukov - witness to the end of the Rurik dynasty Prince Vladimir Timofeevich Dolgorukov began serving with the rank of steward, then was appointed governor of Pronsk. Almost nothing is known about his childhood, but it becomes clear that Vladimir Dolgoruky was
From the book When Egypt Ruled the East. Five centuries BC author Steindorf GeorgChapter 15 Tutankhamun and the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty Akhenaten occupied the throne for at most twenty-one years, of which almost three-quarters of the time he ruled jointly with his father (at the beginning) and with his son-in-law Smenkhkare (at the end). Taking into account the political conditions behind
From the book Legends were of the Kremlin. Notes author Mashtakova ClaraTHE END OF THE RIURIK DYNASTY No - I killed him on purpose! He fell on his back, bleeding... A. Tolstoy In his anger, Tsar Ivan the Terrible was terrible: some “demonic” force was leading him and he could no longer control himself... And that November autumn day began quietly and peacefully. The Tsar after
From the book The Age of Rurikovich. From ancient princes to Ivan the Terrible author Deinichenko Petr GennadievichFamily tree Rurik dynasty Table 1 Rurik dynasty in 862 - 1054 Table 2 Polotsk Rurik dynasty Table 3 Galician Rurik dynasty Table 4 Turovo-Pinsk branch of Rurik Table 5 Chernigov branch of Rurik Table 6 Ryazan
From the book History of Russia. Time of Troubles author Morozova Lyudmila EvgenievnaChapter 2 THE DECLINE OF THE RURIK DYNASTY The Rise of the Godunovs The rise of the Godunovs, who belonged to far from the most noble family, did not please the rest of the nobility very much. Some of them began to make attempts to push them away from the throne. The main ones
From the book Dmitry the Pretender by PearlingChapter I THE END OF ONE DYNASTY Ivan the Terrible left an extremely difficult legacy after his death. Of course, the frail Fedor was not able to cope with such a burden. The young king had nothing in common with the gloomy genius of his father. The monk's cassock suited him better than the role
From the book I Explore the World. History of Russian Tsars author Istomin Sergey VitalievichThe emergence of the Rurik dynasty Our ancestors - Slavic peoples- settled on the vast East European Plain in the most ancient times. When they came here and from where is not known for certain. They settled from the Varangian (Baltic) Sea up to
Story Ancient Rus' very interesting for posterity. She reached modern generation in the form of myths, legends and chronicles. The genealogy of the Rurikovichs with the dates of their reign, its diagram exists in many historical books. The earlier the description, the more reliable the story. The dynasties that ruled, starting with Prince Rurik, contributed to the formation of statehood, the unification of all principalities into a single strong state.
The genealogy of the Rurikovichs presented to readers - bright that confirmation. How many legendary personalities who created future Russia, are represented in this tree! How did the dynasty begin? Who was Rurik by origin?
Inviting grandchildren
There are many legends about the appearance of the Varangian Rurik in Rus'. Some historians consider him a Scandinavian, others - a Slav. But the best story about this event is the Tale of Bygone Years, left by the chronicler Nestor. From his narration it follows that Rurik, Sineus and Truvor are the grandchildren of the Novgorod prince Gostomysl.
The prince lost all his four sons in battle, leaving only three daughters. One of them was married to a Varangian-Russian and gave birth to three sons. It was them, his grandchildren, that Gostomysl invited to reign in Novgorod. Rurik became the Prince of Novgorod, Sineus went to Beloozero, and Truvor went to Izborsk. Three brothers became the first tribe and the Rurik family tree began with them. It was 862 AD. The dynasty was in power until 1598 and ruled the country for 736 years.
Second knee
Novgorod Prince Rurik ruled until 879. He died, leaving in the arms of Oleg, a relative on his wife’s side, his son Igor, a representative of the second generation. While Igor was growing up, Oleg reigned in Novgorod, who during his reign conquered and called Kyiv “the mother of Russian cities” and established diplomatic relations with Byzantium.
After Oleg's death, in 912, Igor, the legal heir of the Rurik family, began to reign. He died in 945, leaving sons: Svyatoslav and Gleb. There are many historical documents and books that describe the genealogy of the Rurikovichs with the dates of their reign. The diagram of their family tree looks like the one shown in the photo on the left.
From this diagram it is clear that the genus is gradually branching out and growing. Especially from his son, Yaroslav the Wise, offspring appeared that had great importance in the formation of Rus'.
and heirs
In the year of his death, Svyatoslav was only three years old. Therefore, his mother, Princess Olga, began to rule the principality. When he grew up, he was more attracted to military campaigns rather than reigning. During a campaign in the Balkans in 972, he was killed. His heirs were three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir. Immediately after the death of his father, Yaropolk became the prince of Kyiv. His desire was autocracy, and he began to openly fight against his brother Oleg. The genealogy of the Rurikovichs with the dates of their reign suggests that Vladimir Svyatoslavovich nevertheless became the head of the Kyiv principality.
When Oleg died, Vladimir first fled to Europe, but after 2 years he returned with his squad and killed Yaropolk, thus becoming the Grand Duke of Kyiv. During his campaigns in Byzantium, Prince Vladimir became a Christian. In 988, he baptized the inhabitants of Kyiv in the Dnieper, built churches and cathedrals, and contributed to the spread of Christianity in Rus'.
The people gave him a name and his reign lasted until 1015. The Church considers him a saint for the baptism of Rus'. The Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Svyatoslavovich had sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Sudislav, Vysheslav, Pozvizd, Vsevolod, Stanislav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav and Gleb.
Descendants of Rurik
There is a detailed genealogy of the Rurikovichs with the dates of their lives and periods of reign. Following Vladimir, Svyatopolk, who would be popularly called the Damned, took over the principality for the murder of his brothers. His reign did not last long - in 1015, with a break, and from 1017 to 1019.
The Wise One ruled from 1015 to 1017 and from 1019 to 1024. Then there were 12 years of rule together with Mstislav Vladimirovich: from 1024 to 1036, and then from 1036 to 1054.
From 1054 to 1068 - this is the period of the principality of Izyaslav Yaroslavovich. Further, the genealogy of the Rurikovichs, the scheme of rule of their descendants, expands. Some of the representatives of the dynasty were in power for very short periods and did not manage to perform outstanding deeds. But many (such as Yaroslav the Wise or Vladimir Monomakh) left their mark on the life of Rus'.
Genealogy of the Rurikovichs: continuation
The Grand Duke of Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavovich took over the principality in 1078 and continued it until 1093. In the pedigree of the dynasty there are many princes who are remembered for their exploits in battle: such was Alexander Nevsky. But his reign was later, during the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. And before him, the Principality of Kyiv was ruled by: Vladimir Monomakh - from 1113 to 1125, Mstislav - from 1125 to 1132, Yaropolk - from 1132 to 1139. Yuri Dolgoruky, who became the founder of Moscow, reigned from 1125 to 1157.
The genealogy of the Rurikovichs is voluminous and deserves very careful study. It is impossible to ignore such famous names as John “Kalita”, Dmitry “Donskoy”, who reigned from 1362 to 1389. Contemporaries always associate the name of this prince with his victory on the Kulikovo Field. After all, it was crucial moment, which marked the beginning of the "end" Tatar-Mongol yoke. But Dmitry Donskoy was remembered not only for this: his domestic politics was aimed at unifying the principalities. It was during his reign that Moscow became the central place of Rus'.
Fyodor Ioannovich - the last of the dynasty
The genealogy of the Rurikovichs, a diagram with dates, suggests that the dynasty ended with the reign of the Tsar of Moscow and All Rus' - Feodor Ioannovich. He reigned from 1584 to 1589. But his power was nominal: by nature he was not a sovereign, and the country was ruled by The State Duma. But still, during this period, the peasants were attached to the land, which is considered a merit of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich.
The Rurikovich family tree was cut short, the diagram of which is shown above in the article. The formation of Rus' took more than 700 years, the terrible yoke was overcome, the unification of the principalities and the entire East Slavic people took place. Further on the threshold of history stands a new royal dynasty - the Romanovs.
The sage avoids all extremes.
Lao Tzu
The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 304 years, from 1613 to 1917. She replaced the Rurik dynasty on the throne, which ended after the death of Ivan the Terrible (the king did not leave an heir). During the reign of the Romanovs, 17 rulers changed on the Russian throne ( average duration reign of 1 king is 17.8 years), and the state itself with light hand Peter 1 changed its form. In 1771, Russia changed from a Kingdom to an Empire.
Table – Romanov Dynasty
In the table, people who ruled (with the date of their reign) are highlighted in color, and people who were not in power are indicated with a white background. Double line- marital ties.
All the rulers of the dynasty (who were related to each other):
- Mikhail 1613-1645. Founder of the Romanov dynasty. He gained power largely thanks to his father, Filaret.
- Alexey 1645-1676. Son and heir of Michael.
- Sophia (regent under Ivan 5 and Peter 1) 1682-1696. Daughter of Alexei and Maria Miloslavskaya. Native sister Fedora and Ivan 5.
- Peter 1 (independent rule from 1696 to 1725). A man who is for most a symbol of the dynasty and the personification of the power of Russia.
- Catherine 1 1725-1727. Real name: Marta Skawronska. Wife of Peter 1
- Peter 2 1727-1730. Grandson of Peter 1, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei.
- Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740. Daughter of Ivan 5.
- Ivan 6 Antonovich 1740-1741. The baby ruled under the regent - his mother Anna Leopoldovna. Grandson of Anna Ioannovna.
- Elizabeth 1741-1762. Daughter of Peter 1.
- Peter 3 1762. Grandson of Peter 1, son of Anna Petrovna.
- Catherine 2 1762-1796. Peter's wife 3.
- Pavel 1 1796-1801. Son of Catherine 2 and Peter 3.
- Alexander 1 1801-1825. Son of Paul 1.
- Nicholas 1 1825-1855. Son of Paul 1, brother of Alexander 1.
- Alexander 2 1855-1881. Son of Nicholas 1.
- Alexander 3 1881-1896. Son of Alexander 2.
- Nicholas 2 1896-1917. Son of Alexander 3.
Diagram - rulers of dynasties by year
![](https://i2.wp.com/istoriarusi.ru/img/dinastija-romanovih-godi.jpg)
An amazing thing - if you look at the diagram of the duration of the reign of each king from the Romanov dynasty, then 3 things become clear:
- The greatest role in the history of Russia was played by those rulers who were in power for more than 15 years.
- The number of years in power is directly proportional to the importance of the ruler in the history of Russia. Largest quantity Peter 1 and Catherine 2 were in power for years. It is these rulers who are associated by most historians as best rulers, which laid the foundation for modern statehood.
- All who ruled for less than 4 years are outright traitors and people unworthy of power: Ivan 6, Catherine 1, Peter 2 and Peter 3.
Also interesting fact is that each Romanov ruler left his successor a territory larger than he himself received. Thanks to this, the territory of Russia expanded significantly, because Mikhail Romanov took control of a territory slightly larger than the Moscow kingdom, and in the hands of Nicholas 2, the last emperor, was the entire territory modern Russia, others former republics USSR, Finland and Poland. The only serious territorial loss was the sale of Alaska. It's pretty dark story, in which there are many ambiguities.
Noteworthy is the fact that there is a close connection between ruling house Russia and Prussia (Germany). Almost all generations had family ties with this country, and some of the rulers associated themselves not with Russia, but with Prussia ( the clearest example– Peter 3).
The vicissitudes of fate
Today it is customary to say that the Romanov dynasty was interrupted after the Bolsheviks shot the children of Nicholas 2. This is indeed a fact that cannot be disputed. But something else is interesting - the dynasty also began with the murder of a child. It's about about the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the so-called Uglich case. It is therefore quite symbolic that the dynasty began with the blood of a child and ended with the blood of a child.