Climate map of northern America. Mainland North America
The globe, as a small model of our planet, is probably familiar to everyone since school days. And many of us, only seeing the planet in miniature, for the first time thought about how fragile and small our Earth is, how beautiful and picturesque. From space it looks like a tiny blue pearl. Blue because more than 70% of the surface is seas, oceans, lakes and rivers. The rest of the land is occupied by continents, large and small islands and blocks of ice at the poles. Let's try to draw a globe in watercolor step by step.
- The axis of rotation of our Earth is tilted, so be sure to take this into account in the drawing. Take a sheet of watercolor thick paper with a rough surface, sharpened hard lead pencil, eraser. First we draw a circle. This can be done with a compass or by attaching a cup, saucer, or lid to a sheet of paper. We outline the angle of inclination - earth's axis, draw a thin line under the ruler. At this stage, it is better to use a drawing tool so that your hand does not tremble and the drawing turns out more accurately.
- At this stage it will be more difficult - you need to draw an elegant stand for the globe. Draw a straight vertical line down through the middle of the circle. At the ends of the center line we draw the arc of the structure and its small “holders”, between which there is a model of the Earth. Now let's try to draw the stand itself. You can depict it more simply, for example, in the form of a cone or a small tube on a rounded flat leg. If this is difficult, then a design in the form of a large inverted letter “T” is quite suitable.
- The next stage is to outline the contours of continents, islands and currents. Take a geographical map and try to draw these outlines as accurately as possible. It's okay if they don't match perfectly, it's not topographic map, it is important for us that the Earth model is recognizable. If this is difficult to do, draw the continents more simply and remember the most important thing - the globe is round and voluminous, so the contours of the continents will be slightly distorted, as if “fitting” the surface of the globe, bending.
- A very important stage - we begin to paint with watercolors. To paint a globe in watercolor and still make it recognizable, you need to adhere to the color maps as closely as possible. And try to remember your geography lessons in order to correctly place green areas (where there is more greenery in nature), orange and yellow (where there are deserts), white (where there is ice and frost), red (where there is maximum heat). Don't be afraid to add in paint. more water so that you get beautiful drips and stains. If you take good watercolor paper with sufficient density, then after drying the color spots will look very picturesque. We draw oceans and seas as cold blue. For contrast, we will depict the stand in warm blue. You can make it black, brown - at your discretion. Feel free to mix colors on your palette – yellow with green, red with brown, orange with blue. And, of course, often check your drawing with real geographical maps.
- Let's start adding shadows to give volume to our globe and stand. In this case, the stand with shiny surface, plastic, so there is a lot of glare and reflections on it. Let's finish drawing the small fasteners that hold the planet model on the axis on both sides. Let's add shadows to the left and bottom right of the globe, take transparent warm blue paint, add water and lightly use a wide brush to create a layer on top of the globe drawing below. This will give it volume.
- IN final version enhance the shadows on plastic stand, on the axle holders and on the Earth model itself. We take a thin brush and with gray-blue paint we very carefully draw the contours of the continents and currents, you can outline each colored area, they will become brighter and more contrasting. Some places can be enhanced with color. Somewhere add green with yellow or an ocher tint, orange-red or lemon yellow. We add volume to the blue plastic stand, and at the bottom and top near the axle holders we make a contrasting shadow with the addition of purple. The Earth model is ready and looks almost like real planet in miniature.
All my life these two objects go side by side, and they always surprise me with their dissimilarity. On the one hand, both are just a reduced version, and on the other hand, they represent a whole layer in the history of development.
True, you also need to be careful here. After all, standard globes are thirty or even eighty million times smaller real planet, so the area covered by the finger may include several islands or even countries.
So if you seriously decide to find out where it’s best to go, then you should use a globe made for the Paris Exhibition of 1889. It is only slightly smaller than the globe. Like a million times. You can't go wrong here.
Of course, it appeared much later than cards, but managed to gain its share of popularity. Being first made in 1492, it managed to be useful both for navigation and for school teaching aid, although in Lately it is used much more often as a benefit.
It should be noted that the name Globe did not appear by chance, although whoever came up with it was not distinguished by wild imagination. Globe is translated from Latin as ball. Yes, just a ball - succinct and understandable.
Only one question remains unresolved. If you take a globe and a map with the same thing and stick the map on the globe, will the mountains and rivers match? Curious? Well then you can try it. Although it is better to ask the teacher first.
We have all seen the globe, but do we know everything about it? In this lesson you will learn a lot about the globe model. Get acquainted with the ideas of ancient people about the appearance of the Earth. Learn about Magellan's discovery of the spherical shape of the Earth. Consider a model of the globe - a globe, and find out which lines on the globe are called meridians and parallels, why they are needed, what the equator is and where the prime meridian lies. You will learn about the history of the creation of globes and their huge variety.
Topic: The planet we live on
Lesson: Globe - model of the globe
The correct idea of the Earth and its shape was formed by different nations not immediately and not at the same time, but people relied primarily on myths. Some peoples believed that the Earth was flat and supported by three whales that swam in the vast ocean.
Rice. 1. Mythical representation of the globe
The ancient Indians imagined the Earth as a hemisphere, held by elephants standing on a huge turtle.
Rice. 2. Indian representation of the globe
In ancient times, people believed that if you walked for a very long time in one direction, you could get to the place where the sky meets the earth. Of course, man wanted to know what was beyond the edge of the Earth. People had many questions about which ideas about flat earth did not give an answer. For example, why does a ship, moving away from the shore, disappear from view? Why does the horizon expand when you climb to a higher elevation?
Rice. 3. A ship moving away from the shore
Rice. 4. Hill
The Portuguese navigator led an expedition consisting of five sailing ships. They set off from the coast of Spain to the spice islands (to the Moluccas and Philippine Islands) for pepper, cloves, cinnamon - these spices were very expensive in Europe.
Rice. 5. Ferdinand Magellan
Rice. 6. Kupang - Kai Archipelago (Moluccas)
Rice. 7. Palawan, the fifth largest island of the Archipelago, is located to the west, away from the main part of the Philippine Islands.
The journey was very difficult: the first sailing ship crashed on the rocks, the crew of the second returned home halfway, the third sailing ship became so dilapidated that it had to be burned, the crew of the fourth was captured, and Magellan himself died. Three years later, the sailing ship Victoria, which means victory, reached its native shore. This was the expedition that made the first known trip around the world and proved the correctness of the assumption that the Earth is spherical. And we owe this great discovery to the famous sailor Ferdinand Magellan.
To better imagine appearance Earth, people created its model - globe(from Latin globus - ball), which has the same shape as the Earth, only many times smaller.
Rice. 8. Globe model
Using a globe, it is easy to imagine the spherical shape of the Earth. Why do we say spherical and not sphere? Artificial satellites helped to obtain accurate knowledge about the shape of the Earth. While flying around the Earth, the satellites constantly sent radio signals - messages about their distance from the Earth.
Rice. 9. Satellite orbiting the Earth
Using these signals, special electronic machines determined the flight altitude of the satellites, and writing devices helped “draw” the shape of the Earth. It turned out that our Earth is not a regular sphere - it is slightly flattened at the poles. The globe is fixed on an axis, but our planet rotates around an imaginary axis. Please note that the point where the axis leaves the globe from above is called North geographic pole(from Latin polus - axis), and the lowest point - South geographic pole of the Earth.
Rice. 10. Rotation of the Earth around an imaginary axis
If you look at the globe more closely, you will see that circular lines are drawn along its surface. They help determine the exact location of various earthly objects. Lines on a globe or map, conventionally drawn along the surface of the Earth from one pole to another, are called meridians(from Latin meridianus - midday). The direction of the shadow from objects at noon coincides with the direction of the meridian at a given point on earth's surface. The meridian can be drawn through any point on Earth, and it will always be directed from north to south. All meridians have the same length. Mentally traveling along any meridian, you will definitely find yourself either at the northernmost point of the earth - the North Pole, or at the southernmost point - the South Pole. Zero conditionally considered meridian, which passes through the oldest astronomical observatory in the city of Greenwich in the UK.
Rice. 11. Greenwich Observatory.
He was recognized as a beginner in special international agreement in 1884. Before this agreement, each country called the prime meridian the one that passed through its capital. For example, in Spain the countdown began from Madrid, in Italy - from Rome. In Russia for a long time The Pulkovo meridian, which passed through the main astronomical observatory of the country, which was founded near St. Petersburg, was considered zero.
Observat O Riya(from Latin observo - I observe) is a scientific institution where observations and studies of weather, atmosphere, and astronomical bodies are carried out.
Rice. 12. Pulkovo Observatory.
The Greenwich Prime Meridian divides the globe into Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Rice. 13. Western and Eastern Hemisphere
At an equal distance from the poles there runs a conventional line called equator(from Latin aequador - equalizer). The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. At the equator, day is always equal to night, and the Sun is at its zenith twice a year - on the days of the spring and autumn equinox.
If we look at the globe from above, we see North hemisphere And North Pole, and below - the South Pole and Southern Hemisphere. Our homeland Russia is located in the Northern Hemisphere.
Parallel to the equator on globes and maps are drawn parallels(from the Greek parallelos - walking alongside), they are all directed from west to east.
The longest parallel is equator, the length of other parallels decreases towards the poles, and at the pole the parallel turns into a point. Intersecting, parallels and meridians form a degree grid.
Rice. 14. Northern and Southern Hemisphere
It is known that a model of the globe was first built by the custodian of the Pergamon Library, Crates of Malossus, in the 2nd century. BC, but, unfortunately, it has not survived.
Rice. 15. Globe of Crates
The first earthly globe that has come down to us was made in 1492 by the German geographer and traveler Martin Beheim (1459-1507). Beheim placed on his model, which was called the “earth apple,” the world map of the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy. Naturally, this globe was missing a lot of objects.
Rice. 16. “Earth Apple” by Beheim
Later, globes became very popular. They could be seen in the chambers of monarchs, in the offices of ministers, scientists and merchants. Pocket globes in special cases were intended for travel. Medium-sized globes made for offices were often equipped with a mechanism that set them in motion, rotating them around an axis.
In the past, globes were installed on sea vessels, and now on spaceships.
Some globes exceed human height, and they contain not only colorful maps of the surface of the Earth or sky, but also information about different countries, plants and animals, and the hills are made convex.
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. M.: Fedorov Publishing House.
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. M.: Education.
- Festival pedagogical ideas ().
- Shack.ru ().
- Planet Earth ().
- Take a regular thread and determine the length of the various meridians on the globe. What can you say about them? (They are the same length).
- Use a thread to determine the length of the parallels. What can you say about them? (The largest parallel is the equator. The length of the parallels decreases towards the poles).
- Which parallels are the shortest? (These are the North and South Pole).
- Answer “yes” or “no” to the following statements:
1) On the globe you can see the finest lines covering the surface of the globe. (Yes)
2) These lines are imaginary; in fact, they are not on the earth’s surface. (Yes)
3) Lines that connect Northern and South pole, are called parallels. (No)
4) The lines that connect the North and South Poles are called meridians. (Yes)
5) All meridians intersect at the North and South Poles (Yes)
6) The longest meridian is the equator. (No)
7) The equator is the longest parallel. (Yes)
8) The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres - Northern and Southern. (Yes)
9) The equator is a line that divides all meridians in half. (Yes)
10) The smallest parallels are the North and South Poles of the Earth. (Yes)
11) All meridians of the Earth have different lengths(No)
12) All meridians of the Earth have the same length. (Yes)
The globe is a small volumetric copy of our Globe. It's hard to find someone who doesn't know about him. Some of you, when you saw the Earth in miniature, thought about how beautiful our planet is - this small, fragile and picturesque abode of humanity. Most its surface is occupied by rivers, lakes, oceans and seas. The rest of the land is occupied by continents, small and large islands, as well as blocks of ice at both poles. Together, these elements, when viewed from space, create the appearance of a blue radiant ball.
Let's try to transfer a pictorial creation onto paper. We will guide you through the complexities and nuances artistic work. Using the material in this article, you will learn how to draw a globe with a pencil step by step, without special effort. Shall we get to work?
How to draw a globe step by step
Stage 1. Everyone knows that the axis of rotation of our planet is tilted, so it is necessary to take this nuance into account in the drawing. Take a sheet of thick paper and a sharpened hard pencil. First draw a circle. This can be done with a compass or use any round object by attaching it to a sheet of paper.
Stage 2. Mark the angular inclination - the earth's axis, draw a thin line using a ruler. It is better to use a drawing tool so that your hand does not tremble and your drawing is more accurate.
Step 3: The next step will be a little more difficult. It is necessary to depict a simple stand for the globe. Draw a vertical straight line down through the center of the circle. Also draw a fixture arc at both ends of the centerline. In addition, draw its “holders”, between which the model of the Earth is located.
Stage 4. Now start drawing the stand on which the globe stands. You can draw it simpler, for example in the form of a small tube or cone on a flat rounded leg. If this is difficult for you, then an inverted design may suit you. capital letters"T".
Stage 5. Outline the contours of future islands, continents and currents.
Take advantage geographical map and try to transfer these contours as accurately as possible. It's okay if the lines don't match exactly. This is not a topographical map; the main thing is that the surface of the Earth is recognizable. If this is difficult to do, draw the continents in a simplified manner.
Don't forget the main nuance - the globe is voluminous and round. Consequently, the contours of the continents may be slightly distorted, as if “fitting” and repeating the surface of the globe.
Stage 6. It is necessary to brighten the picture. Take some colored pencils. The blue pencil will serve to depict the seas and oceans. Yellow is for the continents, and brown is for the stem of the globe and the meridian arc.
Required tools and materials
Before you draw a globe, you need to prepare the necessary tools and materials.
For work, prepare:
An ordinary pencil.
. I love it white paper.
. Eraser.
. Ruler.
. Compass.
. Colour pencils.
Drawing a world map
As you can see, it is better to practice and try to figure out how to draw a globe on small white sheets of paper. Both special paper - for drawing, and regular paper - A4 format can be used. You should first prepare a ruler and compass.
You can only use a simple pencil, but to make your globe more realistic, you should use colored pencils.
To more clearly convey the subtleties of the drawing, use an atlas. Make your choice on the part of the Earth that you would like to depict on paper.
Try to transfer the length of lines and specific angles onto paper by drawing to a certain scale. Draw the equator line, correctly copying the location of objects and observing the proportions on paper. You will also need to divide the entire circle into several parts by drawing perpendicular inclined lines to each other.
In this way you will display the existing latitudes and meridians of the planet.
Conclusion
Using the tips above, you can draw a globe without much difficulty. Remember - your creativity is unique and individual. Any drawing can turn out to be a brilliant creation if you fully devote yourself to creativity.
Present in North America all climate types, except equatorial. The large extent of the continent from north to south and the location of the mountains along its outskirts predetermined the meridional circulation air masses. Influence Pacific Ocean and western transport is limited to coastal lowlands and Coastal Ranges ( further promotion high air masses interfere with the interior of the continent mountain systems Cordillera). Certain influence cold weather impacts coastal areas ocean currents- Labrador and California. In summer, they contribute to lower air temperatures and reduced precipitation.
Positive air temperature: from +1...+5 °C in the north and up to +30 °C in the south is set in summer time on the entire continent (except for some islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland). in winter negative temperatures dominate only in the northern half of the continent. Precipitation sufficient quantity throughout most of the continent, the northwestern and West Coast Canada (up to 3000 mm), as well as southeastern and South part mainland (from 1500 to 2000 mm). Insufficient moisture in the intermountain basins of the Cordillera is associated with their isolation by ridges, and not with their distance from the ocean. "Death Valley" is an intermountain depression in the Mojave Desert. This is one of the deepest (-85 m) and waterless depressions on Earth. There Maximum temperature air reaches +56.7 °C. Some precipitation also falls in the southwest and north of the mainland.
Most of the islands and the northern coast of the mainland are located in Arctic climate zone . Harsh long winter alternates here with short, cold summers. Negative temperatures throughout the year and close to zero daily temperatures in summer contribute to the persistence of glaciation. The territory between 60° and 60° N. w. in the west (55° N in the east) lies in subarctic zone with average temperatures in January -25...-30 °C, July +5...+7 °C and precipitation decreasing from west to east from 600 to 300 mm per year.
In a temperate climate zone
Three areas stand out. In area maritime climate(Pacific coast and western slopes Cordillera) dominate all year westerly winds, bringing up to 2000-4000 mm of precipitation. average temperature January positive parameters: from 0 °C in the north to +4 °C in the south, July - ranges from +12° to +16 °C. For area continental climate(central parts of the continent) are characteristic warm summer(from +18 °c in the north to +24 °c in the south), Cold winter(from -20 °C in the north to -6 °C in the south) and frequent weather changes. The amount of precipitation decreases from east to west from 800 to 400-500 mm. On Atlantic coast, where the climate is maritime, relatively cold and snowy winter(from -22...-15 °C in the north to -2 °C in the south) gives way to a cool, humid summer (+16...+20 °C). Annual quantity precipitation is 1000-1500 mm.Subtropical climate (south of 40° N to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico) in the eastern part is characterized by hot, humid summers and warm, relatively humid winters, and in the west by warm (+6...+8 °c) humid winters (400-450 mm) and due to the influence of the cold California Current, there is a dry, relatively cool summer for these latitudes (about +20 °C). The climate in the Mississippi Lowland is subtropical and uniformly humid. Precipitation is brought by winds from Atlantic Ocean In addition, in the summer, additional precipitation comes here from the Gulf of Mexico. Winter is warm - +5...+10 °C, but sudden temperature drops to O °C occur when cold air masses invade from the north.It's hot all year round tropical climate zone . Most precipitation falls on east coast mainland and on the islands, especially a lot of moisture falls in summer on the windward slopes of the mountains. A tropical dry climate with fog and dew dominates the California Peninsula. IN subequatorial belt(the southern narrowest part of the continent) all year round the air temperature is above +25 °C and there is a lot of precipitation (1500-2000 mm).