It doesn't rain like that. How rain differs

Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky

Answers to pages 60 - 62

1. Scheme
Fill out the cover model.

2. Exact word
Re-read the descriptions of the rains. What signs does the author name? Find these words and underline them.

Spore Rain

The word spory means “quick, quick.” The stinging rain is pouring vertically and heavily. He's always approaching with a rushing noise.
The spore rain on the river is especially good.

Mushroom rain

And a fine mushroom rain sleepily falls from the low clouds. The puddles from this rain are always warm. He doesn’t ring, but whispers something of his own, soporific, and barely noticeably fidgets in the bushes, as if touching one leaf after another with a soft paw.. Forest humus and moss absorb this rain slowly and thoroughly. Therefore, after it, mushrooms grow wildly - sticky boletus, yellow chanterelles, boletus, ruddy saffron milk caps, honey fungus and countless toadstools.

blind rain

People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying.” The drops of this rain sparkling in the sun look like large tears.. And who should cry such shining tears of grief or joy if not the fairy-tale beauty princess!

3. Compliance
Specify ⇒ type of rain.

The rain that pours like a wall ⇒ shower

4. Search
Read the riddles. What words helped you find the answer? Emphasize. Which riddle talks about spore rain? Mark V.

Verbs helped us.
V Large and frequent, it watered the whole earth.

5. Exact word
What signs of rain are mentioned in the story. Emphasize.

There are many signs associated with rain. The sun sets in the clouds, smoke falls to the ground, swallows fly low, roosters crow endlessly in the courtyards, clouds stretch across the sky in long, foggy strands - all these are signs of rain.

6 ∗ . Bookworm
Complete the table with works by K.G. Paustovsky.

Rain is small droplets of water. They can be very small - less than 0.5 mm, or they can be larger, reaching 6-7 mm. Rain is precipitation that can fall from spring to autumn. In winter it may rain on rare occasions.

Scientists conducted research and divided the sediments into three types. These include: torrential, heavy and drizzling rains.

Rains can have different qualities: they can be warm and cold, long-awaited and annoying, short-term and prolonged.
Rain may include hail, thunderstorms, or snow. And rain can also be exotic, blind, mushroom, icy, radioactive, acidic, and even starry.

Drizzling rain, drizzle- It's impossible to get wet in this rain. But the dampness that hangs in the air is very noticeable. Drizzling rain is rain with frequent and very small droplets. Such rain is practically invisible, only small droplets are noticeable, which, falling into puddles, do not form circles at all. Drizzling rain may reduce visibility and become very foggy.

Shower rain, hail and thunderstorm- when warm air masses came to meet the cold air. Also, one of the reasons may be extreme heat.
The torrential rain begins quite suddenly, and ends just as suddenly. It doesn't last long, but can be very strong.
Thunderstorms are mostly torrential, they begin suddenly, and are accompanied by strong winds, flashing lightning and thunder.

Tropical showers- can last for hours. During this period, an incredibly huge mass of water pours onto the earth. It often happens that heavy rains cause floods.

Blind or mushroom rain- happens in the summer. During mushroom rain, the sun shines brightly in the sky, so after the end of such rain, a rainbow always appears in the sky. And also after this rain, mushrooms grow very well.

Heavy or persistent rains- rain that can fall for several hours and even several days in a row.

freezing rain- ice balls that break on the ground, and then the flowing water freezes very quickly. Freezing rain occurs at very low temperatures - from 0 degrees to minus 10.

Acid and radioactive rain- rain containing various acids and toxic substances. These substances can enter the atmosphere from harmful automobile exhausts or industrial plants. Radioactive rain is a great danger to people because background radiation increases, and this can lead to genetic mutations or diseases of various internal organs, oncology, as well as damage to the skin.

Exotic rains- unusual and wonderful rains. They bring down various objects along with water onto the surface of the earth, these can be: fruits, coins, fish, grain, jellyfish, etc.
Sometimes raindrops are blue or red.

Star and meteor showers- meteor shower, that is, meteor bodies flying into the Earth’s atmosphere and developing speeds of tens of km/sec.

Acid rain is usually called any precipitation (rain, snow, hail) containing any amount of acid. The presence of acids leads to a decrease in pH levels. pH value

Acid rain is usually called any precipitation (rain, snow, hail) containing any amount of acid. The presence of acids leads to a decrease in pH levels. Hydrogen index (pH) is a value that reflects the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions. The lower the pH level, the more hydrogen ions in the solution, the more acidic the environment.

For rainwater, the average pH value is 5.6. When the pH of precipitation is less than 5.6, it is referred to as acid rain. Compounds that lead to a decrease in the pH level of sediments are oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Causes of acid rain

Acid rain, by nature of its origin, is of two types: natural (arising as a result of the activities of nature itself) and anthropogenic (caused by human activity).

Natural acid rain

There are few natural causes of acid rain:

activity of microorganisms. A number of microorganisms, in the process of their life activity, cause the destruction of organic substances, which leads to the formation of gaseous sulfur compounds, which naturally enter the atmosphere. The amount of sulfur oxides formed in this way is estimated at about 30-40 million tons per year, which is approximately 1/3 of the total amount;

Volcanic activity supplies another 2 million tons of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere. Together with volcanic gases, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, various sulfates and elemental sulfur enter the troposphere;

decomposition of nitrogen-containing natural compounds. Since all protein compounds are based on nitrogen, many processes lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides. For example, the breakdown of urine. It doesn't sound very pleasant, but that's life;

lightning discharges produce about 8 million tons of nitrogen compounds per year;

burning of wood and other biomass.

Anthropogenic acid rain

Since we are talking about anthropogenic impact, it doesn’t take much intelligence to guess that we are talking about the destructive influence of humanity on the state of the planet. A person is used to living in comfort, providing himself with everything he needs, but he’s not used to “cleaning up” after himself. Either he hasn’t grown out of the sliders yet, or he hasn’t matured enough in his mind.

The main cause of acid rain is air pollution. If about thirty years ago industrial enterprises and thermal power plants were named as global reasons causing the appearance of compounds in the atmosphere that “oxidize” rain, today this list has been supplemented by road transport.

Thermal power plants and metallurgical enterprises “donate” about 255 million tons of sulfur and nitrogen oxides to nature.

Solid fuel rockets have also made and are making a significant contribution: the launch of one Shuttle complex results in the release of more than 200 tons of hydrogen chloride and about 90 tons of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic sources of sulfur oxides are enterprises producing sulfuric acid and refining oil.

Exhaust gases from motor vehicles account for 40% of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere.

The main source of VOCs in the atmosphere, of course, are chemical industries, oil storage facilities, gas stations and gas stations, as well as various solvents used both in industry and in everyday life.

The final result is as follows: human activity supplies the atmosphere with more than 60% of sulfur compounds, about 40-50% of nitrogen compounds and 100% of volatile organic compounds.

From a chemical point of view, there is nothing complicated or incomprehensible about the formation of acid rain. Oxides entering the atmosphere react with water molecules, forming acids. Sulfur oxides, when released into the air, form sulfuric acid, and nitrogen oxides form nitric acid. One should also take into account the fact that the atmosphere above large cities always contains particles of iron and manganese, which act as catalysts for reactions. Since there is a water cycle in nature, water in the form of precipitation sooner or later falls on the earth. Acid also gets in with the water.

Consequences of acid rain

The term "acid rain" first appeared in the second half of the 19th century and was coined by British chemists working on the pollution of Manchester. He noticed that significant changes in the composition of rainwater are caused by vapors and smoke entering the atmosphere as a result of the activities of enterprises. As a result of the research, it was discovered that acid rain causes discoloration of fabrics, metal corrosion, destruction of building materials and leads to the death of vegetation.

It took nearly a hundred years before scientists around the world sounded the alarm about the harmful effects of acid rain. This problem was first raised in 1972 at the UN conference on the environment.

Oxidation of water resources. Rivers and lakes are the most sensitive. Fish die. Despite the fact that some species of fish can withstand slight acidification of water, they also die due to the loss of food resources. In those lakes where the pH level was less than 5.1, not a single fish was caught. This is explained not only by the fact that adult fish die - at a pH of 5.0, most cannot hatch fry from the eggs, as a result of which there is a reduction in the numerical and species composition of fish populations.

Harmful effects on vegetation. Acid rain affects vegetation directly and indirectly. The direct impact occurs in high mountain areas, where tree crowns are literally immersed in acidic clouds. Excessively acidic water destroys leaves and weakens plants. Indirect impact occurs due to a decrease in the level of nutrients in the soil and, as a result, an increase in the proportion of toxic substances.

Destruction of human creations. Building facades, cultural and architectural monuments, pipelines, cars - everything is exposed to acid rain. Many studies have been conducted, and they all say one thing: acid rain exposure has increased significantly over the past three decades. As a result, not only marble sculptures and stained glass windows of ancient buildings are under threat, but also leather and paper products of historical value.

Human health. Acid rain itself does not have a direct impact on human health - if you get caught in such rain or swim in a reservoir with acidified water, you do not risk anything. Compounds that form in the atmosphere due to the ingress of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere pose a threat to health. The resulting sulfates are transported by air currents over considerable distances, are inhaled by many people, and, as studies show, provoke the development of bronchitis and asthma. Another point is that a person eats the gifts of nature; not all suppliers can guarantee the normal composition of food products.

Solution

Since this problem is global in nature, it can only be solved together. The real solution will be to reduce emissions from enterprises, both into the atmosphere and into water. There are only two solutions: stopping the activities of enterprises or installing expensive filters. There is a third solution, but it is only in the future - the creation of environmentally friendly industries.

The words that every person should be aware of the consequences of their actions have long been set on edge. But you can’t argue with the fact that the behavior of society is made up of the behavior of individual individuals. The difficulty is that people are accustomed to separating themselves from humanity in environmental matters: the air is polluted by enterprises, toxic waste gets into the water due to unscrupulous firms and companies. They are them, and I am me.

Household aspects and individual solutions to the problem

Strictly follow the rules for disposing of solvents and other substances containing toxic and harmful chemical compounds.

Give up cars. Maybe? - hardly.

Not everyone can influence the installation of filters or the introduction of alternative production methods, but observing environmental culture and raising the younger generation to be environmentally literate and cultural is not only possible, it should become the norm of behavior for every person.

No one is surprised by the many books and films devoted to the results of man’s technogenic impact on nature. The films depict the dead surface of the planet, the struggle for survival and various mutant life forms in a colorful and frighteningly realistic manner. Fairy tale, fiction? - a very real prospect. Think about it, not so long ago space flights seemed like fiction, engineer Garin’s hyperboloid (modern laser systems) seemed like science fiction.

When thinking about the future of planet Earth, it is worth thinking not about what awaits humanity, but about the kind of world in which children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren will live. Only personal interest can motivate a person to take real steps.

This year it was amazing, warm, bright, colorful! And now autumn seems to be saying: “Sorry, but I also have my responsibilities in the system of the universe and I must fulfill them.” The winds blew, tearing leaves from the branches to make it easier for the tree to withstand the weight of the snow. The rains began to pour - after all, those who are destined to sleep for many months need to replenish their reserves of life-giving moisture before a long sleep. And we people are often attacked by a state of long thoughtfulness. Some people call it sadness and rain is considered to be its symbol.

Or maybe this symbolism just stuck to us once by accident, we got used to it and stopped noticing other facets of rain? Do you know how many types of rain there are? Do you remember what other feelings and emotions it can evoke? And how poetically our ancestors perceived rain!

“Rain... It can control a person’s feelings and emotions... it can remind him of some moments of his life... or, on the contrary, wash away all memories. Rain has a way of cleansing. When everything is very bad... I go out and just stand in the rain..." Albert Talipov

It rains (cross your fingers):

Long-awaited and boring, warm and cold, life-giving and boring. There are rains with thunderstorms, with hail, with snow. The rain can be mushroom or blind, continuous, torrential, drizzling

Winter and spring, summer and autumn, and also tropical and meteorite

Ordinary rain, why not, and everyone has their own ordinary rain

With the wind and like a bucket

Rain from a clear sky and drizzling in the morning

Rain comes first and last...

And the rain also brings us the smell of the sky itself!

I also came across the following names for rains:

Carefree, cheerful, but maybe he can be boring, free, endless and merciless, daring and kind

Invigorating and mysterious, protracted and angry, and even boring

Sticky and nasty and also happy

And sometimes it’s just rain.

Read what and, most importantly, how I wrote about the rains Konstantin Paustovsky.

“I, of course, knew that there are drizzling, blind, blanket, mushroom, oblique, sporid rains, heavy rolling rains and downpours. But this summer I experienced them myself. I realized that each of them contains its own poetry.

The first drops begin to drip. Rare specks remain on dusty roads and roofs. Then the rain disperses. Then there is a wonderful smell of wet earth, freshness... People always say “rain”, no matter how much rain there is. “The rain has started”, “the rain is washing the grass”...

What is the difference between, for example, spore rain and mushroom rain? This word means fast, quick. The stinging rain is pouring vertically and heavily. It is especially good on the river. Each drop of it knocks out a small cup of water in the water, jumps up and falls again. The drop shines and looks like pearls. At the same time, there is a glass ringing all over the river.

And a fine mushroom rain sleepily falls from the low clouds. The puddles from this rain are always warm. It doesn't ring, but whispers. It is slightly noticeably fiddling around in the bushes, as if touching first one leaf and then another with a soft paw. And after it mushrooms grow wildly.

Blind rain falls in the sun. People say about him: “The princess is crying.” The drops of this rain sparkling in the sun look like large tears. And who should cry such shining tears of grief or joy if not the fairy-tale beauty princess! You can spend a long time following the play of light during rain, the variety of sounds - from a measured knock on a plank roof and a liquid ringing in a drainpipe to a continuous, intense roar when the rain pours, as they say, like a wall.”

So it’s not all so simple with the rain. He, too, like a person, is many-sided and multifaceted (in this article alone I mentioned about 5 dozen names of rains). And autumn is the best time to get to know him and have intimate, quiet conversations, or just calmly, without haste and fuss, without judgment and criticism, to contemplate him, without trying to understand and control him.

The word "rain" has become very firmly entrenched in our vocabulary. When pronouncing it, people rarely think about how many interesting facts are hidden in it. Moreover, some people do not even know how exactly the raindrops so familiar to us appear.

But humanity should thank nature for this wonderful gift. If it weren't for the rain, our planet would look much gloomier now. And who knows, perhaps without him life itself could not have been born. Therefore, let's talk about what its role is in the Earth's ecosystem.

Continuous cycle of life

It just so happens that many processes in this world have their own cycle. For example, the alternation of seasons or the change of day and night. The same applies to water, which is in circular motion. It was thanks to this order of things that the world was able to transform from a hot desert into an oasis filled with all kinds of life forms.

And rain is one of the most important factors that contributed to the emergence of all living things. After all, without it, the first trees would not have sprouted on the surface of the Earth, giving our planet the opportunity to acquire its own strong atmosphere. And she, in turn, made it possible for the first sea inhabitants to come ashore, which forever changed the course of world history.

But let’s leave the appearance of all living things behind and talk about what the rain and wind gave us. After all, it was the first one that allowed people to harvest a large harvest, since otherwise it would simply dry up. But the wind carried rain clouds all over the world, thanks to which there were showers even where there were no rivers or lakes of their own.

What is rain?

In fact, everyone knows how to describe this atmospheric phenomenon, because everyone has seen it. So, it would seem that everything is very simple: rain is drops of water falling from the sky. But the question is: how do they get there? Or why do they fall back from there?

It all starts with the fact that under the influence of heat, water begins to evaporate. And since steam is much lighter than air, it rises. But the higher it is, the colder the space surrounding it becomes.

When the temperature becomes critical, the steam condenses again into small drops of moisture, which seem to hang in the air, turning into white clouds. However, over time, the amount of water increases, and the harmless cloud begins to turn into a gray cloud. And at one fine moment all the moisture bursts out, turning into full-fledged rain. This happens most often when gray clouds encounter a very cold air stream that can quickly cool the condensation that has accumulated in it.

What kind of rains are there?

You should also remember that there are different ones. Some of them fall more often in the summer, others, on the contrary, in autumn and spring. So let's look at the most common types of rain:

Rain season

The hotter the climate, the more moisture accumulates in the atmosphere. In this regard, in tropical regions there is such a thing as the rainy season. This is a special period of the year in which huge amounts of rainfall occur.

For a country where the average temperature is 40-45 degrees, this is like a breath of fresh air. In addition, the rainy season plays a very important role in the ecosystem of the tropics; without it, all living things quickly wither from excessive heat.

Often, each region has its own calendar, which marks the approximate dates of the arrival of heavenly showers. For example, in India this happens at the end of June, but falls at the end of May.

A drop of tar in a barrel of honey

However, despite the fact that rain is an integral part of life, it can still bring terrible troubles with it. Thus, prolonged downpours lead to floods and deluges, which threaten the destruction of those towns and cities that are located next to large bodies of water.

Or, due to prolonged rains, mud avalanches may occur in the mountains. Such precipitation can significantly spoil the landscape at the foot of the cliffs. Not to mention the fact that they can easily crush wild animals or people who dare to stand in their way under a wave of mud.

Lightning also often comes with rain. Probably, many can remember several cases when this sparkling beast ended up in a residential building or transformer. Moreover, there are thousands of stories where lightning struck people, resulting in death.