What ending is put in the verb? Unstressed personal endings of verbs
Spelling verb endings
1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: verbs of I and II conjugations.
The II conjugation includes:
· verbs in -it (except verbs shave, lay, rest, which belong to the I conjugation),
· 7 verbs for -there are (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:
2. There are several mixed verbs , not related to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .
units 1 person I read, I take 2nd person read, take 3rd person reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2nd person read, take 3rd person read, take | Want Want wants we want want want | I'm running you're running runs let's run run are running | we eat eat eat | I'll create you will create will create let's create let's create will create | give it will give we'll give give it they will give |
3. If the verb has a prefix un- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs weaken (someone)) And become weak (oneself)).
4. In verbs of the first conjugation, the ending is written in the form of the future tense -yeah , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)
b (soft sign) in verb forms.
1. b (soft sign) is written:
· V infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),
· V 2nd person singular endings choose, wash, do, wash ),
· V imperative mood (fix it, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,
· V return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned around, I'll be back );
2. b (soft sign) is not written:
· V 3rd person singular form present or simple future tense ( washed, done ).
Spelling verb suffixes
1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -A- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -And- (nursing, nagging).
Remember: 1) a suffix is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And- (stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;
2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;
3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: get welle th - get welle l, laI blah blah blahI l, glueAnd t-kleAnd l.
2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).
In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed), meaning imperfective (sometimes also multiple actions), written before the letters s or i , For example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk over, jump up, hear, twist, beg, insist .
Verbs with suffix -yva- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). Verbs of these two types form the present tense differently: verbs in -ovate (-eat ) have the form of the 1st person on -yy (-yuyu ) (in the absence -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - to talk, I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; verbs have the same - to come (-ive ) the 1st person form ends in -I'm (-Ivayu) (with saving -ыв -, -ive- ), For example: inspecting - inspecting, deploying - deploying, reconnaissance - reconnaissance, visiting - visiting .
3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -va-yu , unstressed vowels before V are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), outdated(outdated), wash down(write down), singing(sing), sow (seed), idea (get started), harden (freeze), outpost (catch).
However, in the following verbs - va-t b(in 1st person -va-yu) is written with a special suffix -Eve- with a letter e in place of an untested unstressed vowel: overshadow, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck(get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt .
4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs differ -eat And -it b. Verbs to -eat (in 1st person -by her ) – intransitive I conjugations – have the meaning ‘to become something, to acquire a characteristic’, for example: become weak, become weak‘become powerless, lose strength’, to numb, to harden‘become harsh’. Verbs to - it (in 1st person And absent) – transitive II conjugations – have the meaning ‘to make something, to endow with a characteristic’, for example: weaken, weaken‘to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength’, anesthetize, neutralize, numb, weaken. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( By)white And ( By)whiteness, (O)weakness , (once)have fun.
5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -nope , in which there is an unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : freeze, ossify, stiffen, become numb, traverse, turf, become bloody, glazed over, frenzied, dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of II conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e : freeze, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb etc.
Writing verbs in - go crazy And -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, grass, wood etc.
Exception: in verbs scarlet And purple(option: crimson thread) the letter is written I , as in adjective scarlet.
Previously, we learned how to determine verb conjugations by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about writing personal endings for verbs, as well as using a soft sign after sibilants at the end of a verb.
Spelling personal verb endings
WITH stressed endings of verbs everything is clear. The letter under stress is a test letter:
Words bale eat , bale look , track look and so on - stressed endings. They are written the same way they are pronounced (heard).
IN unstressed endings of verbs spelling letters e And And are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:
Verbs ending in –it belong to the II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely verbs in the indefinite form ending in
-at, -at,
-yat, -yt
-et, -et.
But there are verbs - exceptions related to II conjugation that need to be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with the help of a rhyme:
Drive, hold, look and see,
Breathe, hear, hate,
And depend and twist,
And offend and endure,
You will remember, friends,
They cannot be conjugated with -e.
Let's make a table of unstressed endings of verbs:
I conjugation |
II conjugation |
-e- -ut, -ut (3rd person plural) |
-And- -at, -yat (3rd person plural) |
2 verbs – exceptions to-it:
verbs in infinitive form,with endings in At, -ot, -ut,-yat, -yat, -yt wash stake etc. |
verbs in infinitive form –it
:
serving it, destroy etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to-there are :
4 verbs – exceptions to –at:
|
There are differently conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and to want. Let's look at their endings:
I want oh, I'm running
Do you want eat, run
he wants yeah, he's running
We want them, let's run
you want come on, run
They want yat, run
There are verbs in the Russian language that are not used in the 1st person singular.
For example, verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:
I want to win or I'll try to win .
So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of a verb, you should reason as follows:
1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).
If it is shock, then this is a test. If it’s unstressed, we discuss further.
2. We put the verb in the indefinite form and check its ending:
If the verb ends in -it, then it is a verb of the second conjugation - we write at the ending -i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –at or –yat.
3. Check whether the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at And -there are.
If included, then this is a verb of the second conjugation, at the end we write -And:
hate eat - hate - hate .
If it is not included, then this is a verb of the first conjugation, at the end we write -e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –ut or -yut.
For example:
Twist..sew.
This verb is in the future tense, 2nd person and singular:
- The ending is unstressed.
- In an indefinite form - tighten– ending –it– this is the II conjugation, at the end we write -And : twist look .
Depend..t.
This verb is in the present tense, 3rd person, plural:
- The ending is unstressed.
- In an indefinite form - stuck eat – ending -there are.
- The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is II conjugation, verb in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .
Spelling a soft sign after hissing verb endings
Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, singular ending in sibilant –sh. In this case, after –sh a soft sign is written:
beige eat, shout, sing .
A soft sign is written before –xia:
look oh, you're curling up .
It should be remembered that to use a soft sign after sibilants, you do not need to determine the form of the verbs, since:
A soft sign after sibilants at the end of verbs is written ALWAYS, it is preserved even before –xia And -those:
you scream
take care - take care
cut - cut.
If the accent falls on the ending of the verb, then in writing we write the letter we hear without any difficulty. We put the verb in the 3rd person singular. numbers swim - he swims, bloom - it blooms, these are verbs I spr, but: fly - he flies, they fly, talk - he speaks, they say- these are verbs of the second conjugation. We are talking about conjugation, since the spelling of personal endings of verbs depends precisely on what conjugation the verb belongs to, that is, what endings it has in the forms of different persons.
If a verb has an unstressed personal ending, then its conjugation is determined by the initial form, that is, the infinitive.
-at,-ot,-there are etc. (except for verbs in -it and exceptions), refer to the I conjugation: doze (you're dozing, dozing, dozing, dozing), fight (you're struggling, fights, we are fighting, are struggling, are fighting), sway, babble, adore, cry, whisper, trample, sprinkle, hesitate, retire etc.
Verbs that end in infinitive -it, belong to the II conjugation: believe (you believe, believes, we believe, believe, believe), sting (you sting, stings, we sting, sting, sting), praise, pray, dry, ride, remember, prepare, disturb, drag etc.
As we can see, it’s easier to remember which verbs belong to the II conjugation, let’s repeat it again ! :
these are all verbs –it(except verbs shave , lay , which belong to the I conjugation, so we write he shaves, she lays). Also, 7 verbs starting from – eat (twirl , see , depend , hate , offend , look , tolerate ) and 4 verbs starting with – at (drive , breathe , hold , hear ).
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Exceptions are easy to remember with the help of a simple rhyme:
PUSH, BREATHE, HOLD, OFFEND, SEE, HEAR, HATE, and also Twist, endure, And DEPEND AND WATCH. |
A few points need to be made regarding complex spellings.
1. Firstly, exceptions include verbs with prefixes that are formed from the above
Verbs shave , lay and their derivatives: shave, shave And lay out, cover, lay down, remake etc. - have personal endings I sp.: He chose no temple. Let him go ut head. Winter is laid out no white carpet. The hostess changed the bed no bed.
2. Secondly, many verbs have a prefix YOU- takes on the stress, resulting in difficulty in writing. In these cases, it is recommended to check the dubious ending with an unprefixed word: fly out - fly, reprimand - they say (reprimand – speak), get enough sleep - sleep (sleep - sleep), you cut it - you cut it (cut - cut).
3. Thirdly, if you are in doubt which suffix is in the infinitive, then remember that in addition to the verb GLUE with suffix – AND- all others end in - YAT: sow, winnow, soar, melt, smell, bark, repent, toil, hope, cherish, start, which means they belong to the first conjugation. For example: peasant no , wind ve e T, dogs chu ut , people hope ut Xia.
4. Fourthly, you should pay attention to the fact that similar sounding forms of the 2nd person plural differ. numbers of the imperative mood and forms of the 2nd person plural. numbers of the present or future (for verbs of the perfect form) time of the indicative mood such as knock and knock.
The imperative mood is formed using the suffix -I- (2nd letter, singular) and the ending -TE (plural): sit, write, jump. Forms of the imperative mood are easy to check if you discard TE (send them out!)
In the indicative mood, the verb has an ending depending on the conjugation: -ETE or -ITE.
Therefore, verbs I sp. the specified forms vary; cf.: Please write more carefully! (imperative mood) and you write carefully, so it’s easy to check your dictation! (indicative mood).
And for verbs II sp. such forms are the same in spelling; cf.: Hold your pen correctly! (imperative mood) and If you hold your pen correctly, you will not get tired while writing a dictation (indicative mood).
In addition, there are two differently conjugated verbs that do not belong to either of the two conjugations: want And run. Different forms of these verbs can have different conjugation endings.
Spelling: spelling personal endings of verbs. Personal verb endings- endings of the present and simple future tenses of the verb, as well as verbs in the imperative mood. The writing of the personal endings of verbs in the present and simple future forms differs depending on the type of verb conjugation:
Algorithm for determining verb endings
1 stage. To determine the conjugation of a verb, you need to know its personal ending is stressed or unstressed. Exists two way:
- Put the verb in the third person singular (he, she, it) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If a vowel is clearly heard Yo, this is a verb I conjugation: swim - swims, drink - drinks . If a vowel is clearly heard AND, then this is a verb II conjugation: fly - flies .
- Put the verb in the third person plural (they) and see which vowel is clearly heard. If you hear -UT, -YUT, this is a verb I conjugation: swim - float . If you hear -AT, -YAT, then this is a verb II conjugation: fly - fly.
- If both methods did not help, then we have a verb with an unstressed personal ending, we move on to the 2nd stage.
Stage 2. If the verb ended up with unstressed personal ending , then its conjugation is determined by infinitive . When defining the infinitive: do not change the form of the verb, do not drop -SYA, drop the prefix YOU-! Eliminate unconjugated verbs: WANT, RUN, as well as specially conjugated GIVE, EAT(however, the latter should not get to this stage, since they have shock endings)
- II conjugation: verbs ending in initial form with -IT(except for the verbs SHAVE, LAY, POSITION - they belong to the I conjugation), and also exception verbs PUSH, HOLD, BREATHE, DEPEND, HATE and OFFEND, and also TENDER, TURN, HEAR, SEE and WATCH (including all verbs formed from exception verbs).
- I conjugation: all other verbs, as well as exception verbs SHAVE, LAY, LAY.
You should remember the spelling of some verbs in the infinitive!
- blow, bleat, smell, bark, roar, melt, sow, tea and hope, cherish, cough, repent, stand - they need to be written in the initial form only through -Yat.
- glue, dry, build, sting, mark, say and beckon, worry, overpower, ride, throw, win - they need to be written in the initial form only through -It.
The spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule tested during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grade. Despite the large number of hours allocated by the school curriculum to study this topic, many students continue to make annoying mistakes in writing. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.
A little theory about verbs
Words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group consists of verbs that change according to tenses, persons and moods. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, and gerund, since they do not have the grammatical category of person or mood.
Personal endings of verbs included in the first group can be unstressed or stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress does not cause difficulties. The rule says that you should write the letter that you hear. For example, they scream, weave, talk, burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written based on the infinitive.
In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.
Correct spelling algorithm
To avoid mistakes, you should proceed according to the following plan:
- Put the word in its initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same type: perfect or imperfect.
- Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
- Choose the ending depending on the person and number.
Sample reasoning
1. In the sentence “The man is hiding ... behind the curtain at the far window,” a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be made based on the conjugation.
2. The person (what is he doing?) is hiding.. This is an imperfect verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question “what to do?”. The initial form is to hide.
3. The word ends in -ат and is not one of the exceptions, therefore “to hide” is a verb of the first conjugation.
4. Personal endings of verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the 3rd person singular form, this word will have the ending -et: A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window.
Conjugation
There are two conjugations in the Russian language.
The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, drown, bargain, darken, stab, fight, pick, tickle, hang, rush, shoot, weed, blacken.
The second conjugation includes all verbs ending in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, wound, paint, argue, spoil, cut.
However, as is often the case in the Russian language, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and you need to remember them.
Note
It is important to remember that words that are formed by prefixes from exceptions will have the same constant morphological feature as their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, consider, hold, drive - to the second.
Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to the wrong spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon may be that the prefix pulls the accent towards itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, the conjugation must be determined by their prefixless form.
Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their verbs. For example, shave - shave, cut - cut, dig - dig, chase - chase, look - look, throw away - throw away.
Some words can have both conjugations. The word “honor,” for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.
face | I | II | ||
pick | pick out | raise | grow | |
1 | picking, picking | I pick it out, I pick it out | growing, growing | I'll grow, I'll grow |
2 | you pick, you pick | you pick it out, you pick it out | grow, grow | grow up, grow up |
3 | picking, picking | picks out, picks out | raises, raises | will grow, will grow |
Writing vowels
Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel And.
Difficulties can arise with differently conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by words want, run, honor. Verbs give, There is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have different endings when changing according to persons and numbers.
Spelling personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should place the emphasis correctly, remembering several nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of heteroconjugation, algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.
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