What factors determine the climate of the southeast coast. Climate-forming factors
Economic processes in Russia are complex and ambiguous. In the first half of the nineties, the Russian economy experienced a deep recession caused by the consequences of a large-scale transition from centralized economy to the market, but at the same time significantly aggravated by the nearby political factors. In terms of its foreign economic capabilities, Russia is sharply behind many countries in the world community. In the second half of the nineties, some revival of the Russian economy began, but, unfortunately, it was not determined by the modernization of production, but by the use of international loans to organize production and export abroad natural resources, for the purchase of consumer goods in other countries.
Only with beginning of the XXI century, a real recovery began in the Russian economy, financial stabilization appeared, and the standard of living of the population began to increase. However, the emergence of these positive results is largely due to the favorable environment in world energy prices.
In such conditions political goals and the tasks of the state become a particularly important motive for all foreign economic activity. They significantly influence the choice regional directions and specific partners in foreign economic relations, on the nature and scale of relationships with different countries, on forms of use international cooperation in the interests of socio-economic development of Russia. Study of these aspects of interaction between politics and economics in foreign activities Russian state is of current importance. It allows you to gain a deeper understanding of the interaction internal development country with the possibilities of its international activity, assess the effectiveness of foreign economic activity from the standpoint national interests Russia.
In general, despite the remaining tensions in the global financial markets, the situation in Russia's foreign trade was characterized by positive trends. However, some unfavorable signs in macro indicators affected the foreign economic sphere. This is a rapid increase in imports mainly due to growth in physical volumes.
According to the WTO rating, according to preliminary data, Russian Federation took 12th place in the world in terms of the value of exports of goods - $355 billion. At the same time, the nominal annual growth rate increased by 17%, and the real one - by less than 6%. Russia's share in international exports was 2.6%. In terms of the value of imports of goods ($223 billion, growth rate - 35%), Russia rose to 16th position, and its share in total imports reached 1.6%. As a result, in terms of import growth rates, Russia took 1st place in the world among the leading trading powers.
Without taking into account the intra-regional trade of the 27 EU countries and individual members of the group, Russia took 7th place in merchandise exports and 10th position in imports of goods in the world.
In the ranking of countries providing commercial services ($38 billion, growth rate - 25%), the Russian Federation again took 25th place, and its share was 1.2%. In the sphere of import of commercial services ($44.3 billion, growth rate - 15%), Russia rose to 16th position in the world, and its share was 1.9% (in 2006, respectively, 18th place and 1.7%).
Foreign economic relations of Russia with the countries of the European Union
IN geographical structure Russia's foreign trade occupies the most important place European Union. Its share accounted for 51.6% of Russian trade turnover, and the CIS countries - 15.3%, which is higher than a year earlier. During this time, the share of APEC countries increased from 16.4% to 19.1 percent. Russia's main foreign trade partners among the EU member countries remain Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, which account for almost half of Russia's foreign trade turnover with the EU or 28.7% of Russia's foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries. Russia's main foreign trade partners among APEC countries are China, Japan, the USA and the Republic of Korea, accounting for 87.7% of foreign trade turnover with this group of countries or 19.8% of foreign trade turnover with countries far abroad. Among the CIS countries, the main foreign trade partners are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, which account for 88.1% of foreign trade turnover with the CIS countries.
A significant predominance of Russian exports over imports is typical for trade with the Netherlands and Italy, where the share of exports in turnover was 91.7% and 75.7%. The same proportions in Russian trade turnover were typical for trade with Poland, Finland, India, Turkey, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Almost equal proportions between exports and imports have developed in Russia's trade turnover with Germany and the United States.
The European Union is Russia's largest trading partner and accounts for more than half of the volume of Russian foreign trade; investments, services, and cooperation ties play an increasingly significant role in our relations. The numbers show a clear positive, but is everything really good here? An analysis of the situation of the upcoming update of the legal framework for economic cooperation between Russia and the EU indicates the presence of at least two vectors. One is building up the results achieved, eliminating dead ends and barriers, expanding opportunities, further liberalization economic relations. Another is the politicization of issues of the Russia-European Union partnership. At the same time, the initiative to politicize does not belong to Russia, but European countries, among which the new members of the European Union especially stand out. Speaking about the evolution of Russian foreign policy on economic issues in relation to the European Union as an organization as a whole. It should be noted that the development of economic dialogue cannot be imagined without taking into account the situation in the world. But if we consider the evolutionary changes in economic cooperation between Russia and the countries that are part of the European Union, we will see a number of features.
Considering the economic dialogue between Russia and Italy, we can say that Italy is one of Russia’s leading trading partners among Western countries. IN last years A steady growth trend continues in Russian-Italian trade and economic relations.
The successful development of bilateral relations is based on a solid economic foundation. In terms of trade turnover, Italy ranks third among Russia's trading partners among Western countries. Bilateral trade turnover amounted to 23.465 billion US dollars, with Russian exports - 19.06 billion US dollars, imports - 4.40 billion US dollars. The main issues of bilateral trade and economic cooperation are considered by the Russian-Italian Council for Economic, Industrial, Monetary and Financial Cooperation. In recent years, the area of high technology and the space industry have become priority areas of bilateral economic cooperation. The commodity structure of Russian-Italian trade has not changed significantly in recent years. In Russian exports to Italy, the main role traditionally belongs to energy resources. Natural gas continues to be the most important commodity in Russian exports to Italy. In the commodity composition of Russian imports from Italy, consumer goods still occupy a predominant place. The second most important group remains mechanical and technical goods. The shares of all other product groups remained virtually unchanged. Monetary and financial cooperation is moving to a new qualitative level. His characteristic feature is the transition from the provision of loans under government guarantees to normal interbank interaction, involving the use financial instruments, which do not affect Russia’s external debt. Electric power industry is becoming one of the priority areas for attracting Italian capital. One of priority areas economic cooperation is cooperation in the field of high technology.
If you look at Russian-German relations, you can say the following. Germany is Russia's main economic partner in the world. Its share in Russia's foreign trade is more than 10%, and Russia's in Germany's foreign trade is about 2.5%. Mutual trade turnover reached a record level of $32.9 billion. The volume of trade between Russia and Germany increased by 30% and reached $30.9 billion. An important impetus for the development of energy dialogue was given by the signing of an agreement on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline between Gazprom and German companies E.ON Ruhrgas and BASF, as well as the adoption of a high-level Statement on cooperation in the field of energy during the working visit of Russian President V.V. Putin to Germany. Germany is Russia's main creditor (it accounted for more than 40% of Russian debts under the Paris Club) and one of the largest investors. It was signed and implemented in Berlin final agreement with Germany o early repayment the balance of Russia's external debt and former USSR in the amount of 10.4 billion US dollars (8.14 billion euros). Germany is the most important trading partner Russia, it accounts for 13.6 percent of all Russian foreign trade. Russia for Germany, based on absolute financial indicators, is the 10th most important trading partner and trade with it accounts for about 3 percent of the total figure. However, the import of Russian energy resources is of a strategic nature for Germany. Already today Germany imports more than 30 percent natural gas and 20 percent of oil from Russia, and according to experts, this share will increase even more in the future. Russia imports many mechanical engineering products from Germany.
Speaking about Russian-Belgian relations, we can highlight a number of factors that determine the direction of economic cooperation between the two countries. The state and prospects of trade, economic, monetary, financial and investment cooperation between the two countries, relations with international economic organizations, relationships at the regional and sectoral level are discussed at meetings of the Mixed Commission on Economic Cooperation between Russia and the Belgian-Luxembourg Economic Union.
Considering Russian-Greek relations in context evolutionary development A number of factors can be noted. There is an upward trend in mutual trade. According to Russian customs statistics, trade turnover between Russia and Greece amounted to 1429.2 million dollars, including Russian exports - 1262.2 million dollars, imports -167.0 million dollars. Stability and long-term prospects for relations in economic sphere is given, in particular, by the implementation of the 1987 Agreement on the supply of Russian natural gas to Greece. Speaking about the development of Russian-Greek economic relations, we can say that their development is aimed at a long-term and stable perspective. Trade turnover is increasing from year to year, which indicates a fairly strong and promising cooperation.
Summarizing the results of this paragraph, we came to a number of conclusions. Speaking about the evolution of Russian foreign policy on economic issues in relation to the European Union as an organization as a whole. It should be noted that the development of economic dialogue cannot be imagined without taking into account the situation in the world. Cooperation between Russia and countries belonging to the European Union represents long-term prospects. This type of cooperation is developing very dynamically. Concerning evolutionary changes economic cooperation, we can say that in the conditions of modern world trade, it has a fairly stable development.
Foreign economic relations of Russia with other countries
Considering Russian-American relations, we see that the structure of Russian exports to the United States is traditionally characterized by a raw material orientation. The share of machinery and equipment in it continues to remain insignificant. However, research into the American market and analysis of opportunities American companies show: Russia makes little and poor use of the United States as a supplier new technology and partner in the development of new technologies. There are also real opportunities to expand Russian exports by increasing the supply of a number of goods from high degree processing as well as services. According to the Ministry of Economic Development, the export of goods from Russia to the United States is dominated by goods of the fuel and raw materials group, primarily oil and petroleum products (28.0%), which was primarily facilitated by the favorable price environment for these goods. The volume of supplies of oil and petroleum products in 2007 amounted to $2,252.7 million. Ferrous metals accounted for 17.0% of Russian exports to the United States ($1,367.0 million), aluminum and products made from it - 15.4% ( 1239.6 million dollars). The volume of supplies of inorganic chemical products increased ($1,121.1 million - 13.9% of all Russian exports to the United States), as well as precious and semi-precious stones, metals, natural and cultured pearls ($1,027.4 million - 12. 7%). A significant share fell on fertilizers ($201.0 million), wood and wood products ($132.0 million), and some products of the engineering industry ($244.3 million).
Russian imports from the United States were dominated by general engineering products and vehicles (about 65%). A significant share of imports was accounted for by funds ground transport and their parts - 19.1% (1802.1 million dollars), nuclear reactors, boilers, equipment and mechanical devices - 18.5% ($1,745.0 million). Few, but still, pharmaceutical products ($360.8 million), plastics and products made from them, and others were also imported. chemical products($337.3 million), perfumery, cosmetical tools, soap and detergents ($280.0 million). A significant share of products imported from the United States last year (more than 12%) continued to be food products, primarily meat and meat by-products, the import volume of which amounted to $851.0 million.
According to the US, trade turnover is hampered by protectionist restrictions imposed by the Russian State Duma. For example, as noted in the annual report of the American Department of Commerce, Russia has slightly reduced tariffs on a number of food products. However, it remains unprofitable to import alcoholic beverages, medicines and communication devices into Russia due to additional fees and duties, as well as licensing and registration requirements. Huge customs duties and taxes on imported goods “virtually prevent Russian airlines from purchasing foreign aircraft", noted in the report. Tariffs and taxes raise the prices of American cars and SUVs by 70%.
If we consider Russian-Chinese relations, it is clearly visible that in recent years Russian-Chinese relations can be characterized as follows: cooperation between our countries in political, trade, economic, humanitarian fields, as well as in the field of public diplomacy, has received comprehensive and in-depth development. Sino-Russian relations have become one of the most active and vibrant relations between major powers modern world. The rapid development of Sino-Russian partnerships and strategic cooperation not only brings real benefits, but also plays an important stimulating role in protecting peace and stability throughout the world. Bilateral trade and economic ties are also developing rapidly. Economic and investment cooperation has yielded encouraging results. China and Russia view the development of their partner as a favorable chance for their own development and are making every possible effort to expand technical and economic cooperation. For six years in a row, trade turnover between China and Russia has maintained a trend toward rapid growth. By 2020, China's total investments in Russia will amount to $12 billion. China's investment volume in Russia has already amounted to about $2.2 billion.
Let's consider trade and economic relations between Russia and the countries Latin America. Intensifying relations with the Latin American world is an objective necessity. Moreover, current situation in the countries of the continent opens up certain prospects for Russia. Diplomatic relations have been established with all 33 sovereign republics of the region. Relations are being restored or established in other areas, primarily in the field of trade and economic cooperation. True, the volume of annual trade turnover barely exceeds $6 billion, which is far from meeting the capabilities of the parties. Russia today is not able to lay claim to something serious in geopolitical terms in Southern Hemisphere. But it can also cooperate and expand its niche in areas such as high technology, peaceful use atomic energy and space exploration, energy, oil and gas production, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, fishing industry, agricultural and road engineering, agro-industrial complex. By at least, the leading countries of the Southern Cone consider Russia a promising partner.
Economic sanctions EU countries??? Well... then...
Foreign trade turnover is a value that represents the total sum of the import and export indicators of a particular state or group of countries.
Foreign trade and stages of its development
International trade originated quite a long time ago, even at the moment when natural production appeared. Neighboring countries and the territories exchanged goods that they needed. Later, humanity “invented”, the functions of which were initially performed by various “tradable” goods: salt, fabrics, spices, skins and the like. Money has become a convenient intermediary in the exchange of goods for organizing foreign trade.
In pre-capitalist times, foreign trade actively developed and improved. And in the era of capitalism it acquired qualitatively new organizational forms.
Today, the concept of foreign (international) trade is understood as the entire complex of trade relations between individual countries or regions.
Moscow, July 12 - "Vesti.Ekonomika". According to the Federal Customs Service, over 5 months of 2018, Russia increased trade turnover with EU countries, the USA, China, Belarus, Turkey and Ukraine. The maximum growth was noted in trade with Turkey, China and EU countries.
Trade with the EU
Thus, trade turnover between Russia and the EU in January-May 2018 amounted to $119.772 billion, which is 22.1% more than a year earlier. At the same time, Russia began to sell more: exports from the Russian Federation increased by 24.5%, reaching $83.427 billion. Imports from Europe increased by 16.9% to $36.344 billion. At the same time, the share of the European Union in the total foreign trade turnover of Russia decreased in annual terms from 44. 6% to 44.1%.Trade turnover with China
Turnover between the Russian Federation and China over the 5 months of 2018 increased by a third (31.4%), reaching $40.831 billion. At the same time, Russian exports to China increased 1.4 times to $21.214 billion, and Russian imports from China increased by 20 .9% to $19.618 billion. During the reporting period, China increased its share in total foreign trade turnover by almost a percentage from 14.1% to 15%.Trade turnover with Turkey
Trade turnover between Russia and Turkey showed the maximum increase compared to other directions, adding 46.2% in annual terms. The indicator reached $11.387 billion. At the same time, imports from Turkey to Russia increased 1.6 times to $1.656 billion, and Russian exports showed an increase of 44.6%, amounting to $9.731 billion. Turkey’s share in the total foreign trade turnover during the reporting period increased to 4 .2% from 3.5% a year earlier.Russia - USA
Trade turnover between Russia and the United States, according to the Federal Customs Service, increased by 10.5% compared to the same period in 2017 to $9.289 billion. Russian exports to the United States increased by 7.8% and amounted to $4.129 billion. American imports increased by 12 .7% to $5.16 billion. In the total foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation, the share of the United States decreased over the year from 3.8% to 3.4%.With Ukraine - growth by a third
Trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine increased over 5 months by 28.7% to $5.8 billion. At the same time, Russian exports to Ukraine amounted to $3.629 billion, an increase of 30.3%, and imports from Ukraine - $2.209 billion (+26.3% ). Compared to 2017, Ukraine’s share in Russian foreign trade increased by 0.1%.Russia - Belarus
Turnover between Russia and Belarus from January to May 2018 increased by 18% to $13.8 billion. Russian exports to Belarus amounted to $8.787 billion, showing an increase of 24.8%. From Belarus to Russia they imported $7.9% more than a year earlier. The total volume reached $5.049 billion. The share of Belarus in the total foreign trade turnover decreased to 5.1% from 5.3% a year earlier.Iran's share remained unchanged
Foreign trade turnover between Russia and Iran in January-May 2018 increased by 34.9% to $816.9 billion. Exports from the Russian Federation increased by 30.1% to $526 million. Imports from Iran increased by 44.4% to $290. 9 million. Iran's share in the total foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation in annual terms did not change - 0.3%.Import
Also on topic
- Import
- Trade balance
- Export
Stable growth of investment imports
The value of exports reached $46.102 billion in April, which is 37.6% more than last year. Imports amounted to 28.844 billion rubles, an increase relative to previous year estimated at 39.9%. The annual dynamics of imports significantly outpaced exports during the first quarter current year. Now, as we see, the growth rates of exports and imports have become significantly closer.
At the same time, the physical dynamics of exports, calculated on the basis of customs statistics, has been declining for two months in a row. In April, the growth rate of exports compared to the corresponding period of the previous year was -5.4% (at constant prices). The largest decline is demonstrated by the export of agricultural and food products (-37.7%), followed by the export of coke and petroleum products (-17%) and metallurgical products (-14.9%). It is worth noting the positive growth rate of exports of fuel and energy minerals, which amounted to 3.1% in April. However, if the export of hydrocarbons is already at pre-crisis levels, then the export of other goods is close to the crisis minimum.
Imports, on the contrary, continue to grow at a significant pace (28.7% compared to the previous year, at constant prices). High positive dynamics are maintained by such investment groups of goods as vehicles and equipment (79.6%), machinery and mechanical equipment (44.2%). At the same time, imports of consumer and intermediate products are also growing at a high rate.
Thus, the dynamics of imports indicates high level domestic demand, which is important argument, indicating the end of the crisis in Russia.
All economic reviews
- 17.05
Things take a fantastic turn
Ekaterina Shtukina/press service of the Russian government/TASSThe ambitious plans that were announced during Dmitry Medvedev’s visit to the PRC are real, and this is 200 billion dollars in trade turnover, despite the fact that the “10-12 years ago seemed fantastic” 100 billion has finally been achieved. But on the way to this there is a whole “Chinese sea” of obstacles
Customs will appear on the Internet
The Ministry of Finance has developed rules for cross-border online trading. Only operating companies authorized by the authorities will be able to participate in it, which will essentially take over customs functions. As an experiment, such companies will appear in May. We are talking about perhaps the most large-scale changes in the field of data collection and their administration by shifting part of the administrative functions and responsibilities onto the shoulders of authorized operators
Mikhail Klimentyev/press service of the President of the Russian Federation/TASS
Please export
According to the Russian Export Center, the volume of project support by the organization will reach $34.7 billion by 2019. By this time, almost 8 thousand companies will receive support for entering foreign markets. The center was created for small companies, although now its portfolio includes flagships of industry and agribusiness
OOO " Publishing House Rodionova"/TASS
Trade with Ukraine has become more active
The highest volume of Ukrainian exports still goes to Russia, although for us this figure is not at all critical. And trade turnover even began to grow. However, there is still a long wait for a foreign economic miracle, if it is possible at all.
TASS
Russia from an importer becomes an exporter of cars
Import passenger cars to Russia in the six months of 2017 decreased in units by 8% year-on-year, while exports of passenger cars from the Russian Federation in the first half of 2017 increased by almost 30%, to 43.2 thousand units. Such and even twice as large export volumes were observed during the Soviet era.
Dmitry Izosimov
The city takes innovation: successful strategies for conquering foreign markets
Exporter Day was held in Tyumen as part of the Innovation Week InnoWeek 2017. Its main event was the conference “Business in modern conditions" The expert and business community, representatives of regional authorities and foreign countries spent several hours discussing the external context of the development of the Russian economy, directions for improving export policy and algorithms for developing foreign markets
SPIEF: politics loses to economics
The forum demonstrates that economic interests have prevailed over political considerations. Companies are not ready to sacrifice long-term projects for temporary ones political problems. It is interesting that, under the guise of sanctions, the Americans strengthened their position in trade with Russia
TASS
Sanctions "Cheburashki" know no boundaries
The flow of sanctioned products entering Russia in transit through Belarus and Kazakhstan is not weakening. And although the authorities are making Herculean efforts to put obstacles in the way of smugglers, the benefits of this business seem to outweigh the risks. And in African countries It’s time to open new printing houses to print certificates for vegetables and fruits, which, when they reach us, find themselves in the position of a well-known fairy tale hero: "The boxes floated across the seas and oceans for a long time and eventually ended up in a fruit store very big city"When we opened them that time, we found Cheburashka, and here we have fruits of unknown origin
Russia as a driver of the Chinese economy
Trade turnover between Russia and China in the first quarter increased by 3.6% in annual terms, after a contraction of 27.8% in the previous year. At the same time, the total volume of China's foreign trade decreased in annual terms by 5.9% in the first quarter of 2016.
Zuma\TASS
New Silk Road. One way road
On last week A train from distant Spain arrived in the Chinese city of Yiwu. Freight trains on the world's longest railway route between Madrid and Yiwu are now operating at half capacity. They go from China to Spain filled to capacity, and come back half empty
Zuma\TASS Zuma\TASS Photo: Yuri Smityuk/TASS
Fewer good and different products
Russia expects even more difficult year from the point of view of foreign economic conditions and market conditions, therefore, the decrease in export and import volumes will continue. Moreover, in order to reduce the balance of payments, we will have to give up half of the usual foreign goods
“Moscow started to get nervous”: why does Russia need Iranian oil?
At the ongoing 11th meeting of the Permanent Iranian-Russian Commission on Trade and Economic Cooperation, the parties discussed ways to develop economic cooperation. There are a lot of projects, but only a few of them have prospects for moving into practice
What will the trade war between Ukraine and Belarus lead to?
Ukraine got involved in a new interstate conflict, this time with Belarus. Kyiv is introducing, in fact, prohibitive duties on the import of Belarusian goods in response to similar restrictive measures from its northern neighbor
Definition
Benefits of participating in international trade
Modern theories international trade
Mercantilism
Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage
David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
Leontief's paradox
Product life cycle
Michael Porter's theory
Rybczynski's theorem
Samuelson and Stolper theory
territory;
Gained benefits:
production technology, that is, the ability to produce a variety of products.
David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage
Specialization in the production of a product that has maximum comparative advantage is also beneficial in the absence of absolute advantages. A country should specialize in exporting goods in which it has the greatest absolute advantage (if it has an absolute advantage in both goods) or the least absolute disadvantage (if it has an absolute advantage in neither product). Specialization in certain types goods is beneficial for each of these countries and leads to an increase in total production, trade is motivated even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods over another country. An example in this case would be the exchange of English cloth for Portuguese wine, which brings income to both countries, even if the absolute costs of production of both cloth and wine in Portugal are lower than in England.
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
According to this theory, a country exports a product for the production of which it uses intensively a relatively abundant factor of production, and imports goods for the production of which it experiences a relative shortage of factors of production. The necessary conditions existence:
countries participating in international exchange have a tendency to export those goods and services for the production of which they mainly use production factors that are available in abundance, and, conversely, a tendency to import those products for which there are no factors;
the development of international trade leads to the equalization of “factor” prices, that is, the income received by the owner of a given factor;
It is possible, given sufficient international mobility of factors of production, to replace the export of goods by moving the factors themselves between countries.
Foreign trade is
Leontief's paradox
The essence of the paradox was that the share of capital-intensive goods in exports could grow, while labor-intensive goods could decline. In fact, when analyzing trade balance USA, the share of labor-intensive goods did not decrease. The solution to Leontief's paradox was that the labor intensity of goods imported by the United States is quite high, but price labor in cost product is significantly lower than in export supplies USA. Capital intensity of labor in USA significant, together with high labor efficiency this leads to significant influence labor prices in export supplies. The share of labor-intensive supplies in US exports is growing, confirming the Leontief paradox. This is due to the growth in the share of services, labor prices and the structure of the American economy. This leads to an increase in the labor intensity of the entire American economy, not excluding exports.
Product life cycle
Some types of products go through a cycle consisting of five stages:
product development. Organization finds and implements new idea product. At this time, sales volume is zero, costs grow.
Export
Export (English export) in economics is the export abroad of goods sold to a foreign buyer or intended for sale on a foreign market.
Exporting also includes the export of goods for processing in another country, the transportation of goods in transit through another country, the export of goods brought from another country for sale in a third country (re-export), etc. Indirect export is export with the participation of intermediaries.
Sources
wikipedia.org - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
glossary.ru - Glossary.ru
Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .
See what “Foreign trade” is in other dictionaries:
International trade- trade between countries, consisting of export (export) and import (import) of goods and services. Foreign trade is carried out mainly through commercial transactions formalized by foreign trade contracts. In English: Foreign trade See also:… … Financial Dictionary
International trade- trade of a country with other countries. international trade the totality of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade is a system of international commodity-money relations, consisting of foreign trade of all countries of the world.... ... Wikipedia
INTERNATIONAL TRADE- trade of one country with other countries, component foreign economic relations. It is divided into export (export) and import (import) of goods. The sum of exports and imports forms foreign trade turnover. Foreign trade is based on international... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
INTERNATIONAL TRADE- (foreign trade) See: trade. Economy. Dictionary. M.: INFRA M, Ves Mir Publishing House. J. Black. General editor: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000. FOREIGN TRADE trade with other countries, export of goods from the country and import... ... Economic dictionary