What are the biological resources by degree? Biological resources of the planet
Introduction……………………………………………………….………………3
The concept of biological resources, their meaning and varieties.….……..……………..4
How to evaluate biological resources? …………………………………………………………………….……6
Mass and structure of biological resources…………………………………..……….…….8
Man and economy in the Earth’s biomass…………………………………….11
Productivity of the biosphere …………………………………………………….13
Human provision with biological resources…………………………………….15
State of biological resources in Russia……………………………..16
This is interesting…………………………………………………………………………………..17
References…………………………………………………………….19
Introduction
Bioresources are not an unfamiliar concept, but not quite a familiar one. Most often the phrase “natural resources” is associated with mineral raw materials, although everyone knows what forests, meadows or fish are and often speak, for example, about forest or fish resources. Meanwhile, all wildlife can also be considered as complex whole system interconnected biological resources. A person in his physical form is also a part of it.
The importance of biological resources for human life is obvious and hardly needs separate explanations, and assessing their quantity, ability to reproduce and a person’s place in the system is a vitally important and, finally, simply a very exciting task.
The concept of biological resources, their meaning and varieties.
Biological resources - variety natural resources And component national wealth of any country.
Biological resources mean all living components of the biosphere that form the natural environment.
That is biological resources these are the sources and prerequisites for obtaining necessary for people material and spiritual benefits contained in objects of living nature.
Biological resources are renewable quantitatively (through reproduction, growth, etc.) but practically cannot be restored qualitatively, since the loss of any living species, much less a large one, systematic group- irrevocable.
Biological resources are divided into two large groups:
1. Plant resources;
2. Animal resources.
Sometimes an intermediate group is identified - soils, although more often soils are considered as an independent resource
Currently on the planet there are:
· more than 500 thousand plant species,
· about 1.5 million species of animals, 2/3 of them are insects.
The diversity of flora and fauna is one of the the most important features planets. The role and importance of plants and animals in human life and activity is difficult to overestimate, but one of their features must be highlighted in a separate line:
they are the most important genetic resource used by humans for improvement various fields his life and work.
Plants are the basis of life on Earth, a necessary and essential component of the habitat of humans and animals. They constitute the main biomass of the planet and ensure the circulation of substances in the biosphere. They carry out photosynthesis, without which the existence of the biosphere is impossible: 6CO2 + 6H2O ’ C6H12O6 + 6O2. Contribute to the formation soil cover, influence chemical composition soils and fertility. They have soil-protective, climate-regulating, sanitary, hygienic, cultural and aesthetic significance. They are the main stabilizer of the carbon-oxygen balance of the atmosphere. (Plants annually extract 160 billion tons from the atmosphere. carbon dioxide and release about 100 billion tons. oxygen). Are the source food products for people and animals. They are a source of technical and medicinal raw materials, a subject of aesthetic pleasure and relaxation. They are a source of building materials and other various and necessary for a person of things.
Among huge amount There are 2 main types of plants:
· woody and herbaceous vegetation (sometimes also shrubs).
How to evaluate biological resources?
Bioresources are living matter The earth is mainly flora and fauna.
To assess biological resources in reality general level The most commonly used concepts are:
· Biomass – the mass of all living organisms;
· Phytomass – total weight plants;
· Zoomass – total mass of animals;
· Bioproductivity – increase in biomass per unit of time.
Bioresources are probably the most difficult object to evaluate.
Firstly, bioresources are fundamentally different in terms of their use, and the assessment of total biomass in itself provides little information (unlike, for example, the assessment of oil reserves or even hydrocarbons in general). For example, forest is a building material, fuel and at the same time a source of oxygen and the main natural purifier of the atmosphere. Finally, it is a place of rest, i.e. recreational resource.
In addition, in some regions - both Russia and other countries - it still remains economic importance hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs and other crafts. Habitat continues to feed the person. The biological resources of the World Ocean, primarily fish, are also mainly a source of food. It turns out that on 70% of the Earth’s surface occupied by the ocean, a “primitive”, “appropriating” type of economy dominates, albeit with the use of modern technical means.
Secondly, it is difficult to distinguish between bio and agricultural resources. The expansion of agricultural areas can only occur at the expense of living nature - forests, steppes, peat bogs. In this case, do we consider it as a biological resource in the form in which it exists now, or as an agricultural resource - potential or already existing (for example, natural pasture)? Now more than a third of the earth's land surface is occupied by agricultural land. Agricultural crops can be considered part of the total phytomass of the Earth, and domestic animals can be considered part of its zoomass.
Thirdly, biological resources are renewable and at the same time vulnerable. Their volume is variable and depends on many factors. In addition, the volume-to-productivity ratio for different types biological resources vary sharply.
Therefore for economic activity Biomass is “interesting” only in relation to its quality, possible use and growth rate.
Mass and structure of biological resources
The total amount of biomass on Earth in terms of dry matter (i.e. without taking into account the water component most mass of living organisms) is estimated at 1.3 trillion. tons Moreover, from the point of view of statistics (but not economics, not biology, not ecology), one could assume that all of it is located on land.
The entire biomass of the World Ocean is about 35 billion tons (less than 3% of the Earth's biomass), of which fish, which accounts for 85% of our seafood consumption, is only 0.5 billion tons. It would probably be interesting to compare, at least by mass, the resources of water, air and living matter on Earth.
Thus, per 1 kg of living matter there are almost 4000 cubic meters. m of air and more than 100 liters only surface water V liquid phase, which, in turn, constitutes an insignificant share of all water resources.
And to a first approximation, we can say that living matter on Earth is provided with the necessary air and water with a significant supply - naturally, under the condition careful attitude to natural resources.
In the structure of biomass on land, the main part belongs to phytomass, in other words, plants. In terms of dry matter, this is almost 1.24 trillion. tons In the same way, from the point of view of “global” statistics (but not real life, which requires taking into account many details), we can say that almost all of the Earth’s biomass is the phytomass of land and, mainly, forests. The forest accounts for 87% of the phytomass (65% is actually forest areas, 22% – forested areas and plantings within other natural areas) – more than 1 trillion. tons Animal mass sushi accounts for “only” 30 billion tons, or 3 × 10 13 kg.
The table below shows how unevenly the earth's biomass is distributed.
Resource type | Weight, tons | % of the Earth's biomass | Surface area, ha | Biomass per unit area, t/ha |
Biomass of the Earth as a whole | 1,300 billion | 100,0% | 51 billion | 25 ,5 |
Land biomass | 1,265 billion | 97,7% | 15 billion | 84 ,4 |
Phytomass of sushi | 1,237 billion | 95,5% | 15 billion | 82,5 |
incl. forests | 1,077 billion | 83,1% | 4.5 billion | 239,3 |
incl. the rest of the land | 160 billion | 12,4% | 10.5 billion | 15, 2 |
Zoomass sushi | 28 billion | 2,2% | 15 billion | 1,9 |
Biomass of the world's oceans | 35 billion | 2,7% | 36 billion | 1,0 |
incl. fish | 0.5 billion | 0,04% | 0.014 (14 kg) |
Tab.2. Structure of the Earth's biomass and its distribution over the earth's surface
Simply put, for 1 kg of meat on Earth there are 50 kg of trees, grass and leaves. Particular example with a bull in a meadow quite accurately illustrates the global relationship.
The most “significant” of biological resources is forest, which is most often considered as a source of wood. We partially covered this issue in an article devoted to land resources.
The total forest area on Earth is estimated at 4.5 billion hectares (45 million sq. km, or 30% of the earth's land area), and timber reserves at 350 billion cubic meters. m, in other words, on average - 75-80 cubic meters. m per 1 hectare of forest area.
Knowing the density of the tree, you can notice the discrepancy between the phytomass of forests - more than 1 trillion. tons and approximately four times less wood mass. In this case, allowance should be made for the fact that not all forest phytomass, not all parts of a tree, and not even all trees can be classified as “wood,” as well as for the approximate nature of all such calculations in general.
The most important components of the human environment are. These are plants, animals, fungi, algae, bacteria, as well as their combinations - communities and ecosystems (forests, meadows, aquatic ecosystems, swamps, etc.). Biological resources also include organisms cultivated by humans: cultivated plants, domestic animals used in industry and agriculture strains of bacteria and fungi.
Thus, biological resources- This natural springs obtaining material goods necessary for a person (food, raw materials for industry, material for breeding cultivated plants, farm animals, microorganisms, for recreational use).
Due to the ability of organisms to reproduce, all biological resources are renewable, but humans must maintain conditions under which the renewal of these resources will occur. At modern system the use of biological resources, a significant part of them is threatened with destruction.
The most important biological resources are the resources of flora and fauna. Man is inextricably linked with living nature. His current apparent independence and isolation from nature is in fact only a consequence of the fact that man, in the process of evolution, has gone beyond the boundaries of its resource cycle. However, nature will live without man, but man without nature will die. This is precisely the importance of natural biological resources.
Biological resources are the basis of human life. This is his food, shelter, clothing, source of breathing, environment for rest and recuperation. Depletion of biological resources can lead to mass starvation and other unpredictable consequences. To maintain the stability of biological resources, a sufficiently highly developed base for their reproduction is necessary. The human population is growing, and the amount of arable land on which necessary agricultural products are grown per capita is decreasing. Even if we assume that total area agricultural land will not decrease, then in this case the amount of fertile land per capita will decrease due to the increase in the number of people.
Today, for every inhabitant of the planet, including children, there is 0.28 hectares of fertile land (Table 2). By 2030, the area under cultivation is expected to increase by 5% (total!), while the world's population is projected to increase to 8 billion. This will lead to a reduction in the amount of land per capita to 0.19 hectares. Almost all of Asia, China in particular, will try to feed itself on a much smaller per capita basis of fertile soil area.
Table 2. Provision of land and arable land (ha/person) in some countries of the world
Land availability |
Arable landlessness |
|
Australia |
||
Argentina |
||
Brazil |
||
Great Britain |
||
Need in food resources a person provides mainly by growing various varieties of cultivated plants and raising domestic animals. This is done by such branches of agriculture as plant growing, including field growing, fruit growing, meadow growing, vegetable growing, melon growing, forestry, floriculture, and livestock farming - fur farming, fishing and other types of fishing. Thanks to these industries, people provide themselves with food, and industry with plant and animal raw materials.
Plants create the necessary environment for human life and serve an inexhaustible source various food products, technical and medicinal raw materials, building materials and so on. It is plants that are the primary link in natural food chains, and therefore represent the primary link (producers) in relation to the animal world (consumers).
Biological resources are objects of nature that humanity uses in their original form, and also uses to create material wealth. Along with this concept, there is also the concept of “conditions”.
They differ from natural resources in that they themselves influence human activity and life, but in this moment are not involved in any production. IN Lately the line between them is becoming thinner. For example, now air is considered a biological resource. Although previously it was considered only a natural condition.
Biological resources: classification
They differ in several ways. Among them are: atmospheric, plant, water, soil, energy, animal and other resources. The classification by exhaustibility is widely known and interesting. It orients humanity towards using, first of all, priority reserves, towards replacing some reserves with others. These include, firstly, inexhaustible biological resources as the safest in terms of consequences for environment. For this reason, humanity is obliged to look for ways to use them in to the fullest. Secondly, they include renewable resources, including slowly recovering plant resources (for example, peat deposits).
Their use is promising for the world's population. So, this classification divides biological resources into inexhaustible and exhaustible. Among the latter, a distinction is made between renewable, non-renewable (dissipated and destroyed) and relatively renewable. In addition, natural reserves are replaceable (for example, metals for plastic) and irreplaceable (for example, water and air).
Biological resources of Russia
Not all natural reserves are distributed evenly throughout the world. Thus, Russia has the largest in the world land resources. Its area is huge - 17 million km². However, there is not so much land suitable for arable land, pastures and hayfields - only 13%. But in terms of forest reserves, Russia ranks first among other countries in the world. They make up 40% of the entire country. And coniferous forests predominate. Also on its territory there is widespread vegetation of the zone temperate climate, tundra, desert and steppe. Animal world presented fur-bearing animals(squirrel, arctic fox, fox, muskrat, sable) and fish (sea, freshwater).
Biological resources of the World Ocean
This source of natural resources is extremely important for the planet. After all, the growing shortage of food products makes us turn to it more and more often. Species diversity There are much fewer plants and animals living in the world's oceans than on land. However, their number and biomass reaches several tens of billions of tons. Leading place In terms of scale of application and importance, nekton ranks. Up to 85% of its biomass is fish. The remaining share comes from cephalopods. The next complex of ocean animals and plants is benthos, which is used to a lesser extent. It is presented bivalves, echinoderms, crustaceans, some algae. The third complex is plankton. It is inhabited by some crustaceans, molluscs and
At school my favorite subjects were geography and biology. Therefore, as in those years, now I love to study these disciplines, as well as conduct conversations on relevant topics. And so, when I saw this question, I simply could not pass it by.
What are biological resources
We humans love to categorize everything. Therefore, we divide our entire planet into spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, etc.). One of these areas is the biosphere. So, biological resources are that part of the biosphere that is important and/or suitable for human use. That is, almost all of it.
There are 2 main indicators that characterize bioresources: biomass and bioproductivity. The first reflects the total volume of biological resources. The second is the speed of their reproduction.
Why are these indicators so important? Of course, to ensure people's lives. Without taking these indicators into account, it is impossible to adequately distribute resources among the population.
The amount of biological resources varies from country to country. It, in turn, is determined by determining the ratio of the volume of fertile land to the number of people living on the territory. This figure is very high in Australia, and low in Japan. And there are places where it is almost zero (states located in deserts).
What are biological resources?
As we found out above, biological resources are all living things that are suitable for human consumption. Namely:
- all kinds of plants (including trees);
- plant fruits (vegetables, fruits, cereals, etc.);
- animals (their meat and skin);
- microorganisms.
Resources from each of the above categories are very important for the normal existence of a person. Even microorganisms are necessary for us. For example, humanity has learned to use them for treatment infectious diseases(antibiotics).
![](https://i2.wp.com/s3.travelask.ru/system/images/files/001/223/013/wysiwyg/3-953x636.jpg)
Biological resources are extremely important for humanity and even have higher value than almost everyone else. The general well-being of people largely depends on their volume in the country, although in modern world not always (example - Japan).
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations or any other biotic components of ecosystems having actual or potential utility or value to humanity (Convention on Biological Diversity.)
EdwART. Terms and definitions for environmental protection, natural resource management and environmental safety. Dictionary, 2010
Biological resources
living sources of obtaining material goods necessary for humans (food, raw materials for industry, material for the selection of cultivated plants, farm animals and microorganisms, for recreational use).
EdwART. B.r. - the most important component of the human environment, these are plants, animals, fungi, algae, bacteria, as well as their combinations - communities and ecosystems (forests, meadows, aquatic ecosystems, swamps, etc.). To B.r. also include organisms that are cultivated by humans: cultivated plants, domestic animals, strains of bacteria and fungi used in industry and agriculture. Due to the ability of organisms to reproduce, all B.r. are renewable, but a person must maintain conditions under which the renewability of B.R. will be. With the modern system of using B.r. a significant part of them is threatened with destruction., 2010
Dictionary of environmental terms and definitions
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biological resources- A set of living organisms that have real or potential value for people... Dictionary of Geography
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biological resources- biologiniai ištekliai statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Gyvosios gamtos sudedamosios dalys, tinkamos bet kurios rūšies populiacijai ir žmogaus poreikiams tenkinti. atitikmenys: engl. biological resources; living resources vok… Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Biological resources- genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations or any other biotic components of ecosystems having actual or potential utility or value to humanity... Environmental law of Russia: dictionary of legal terms
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES WATER- WATER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES (WATER BIORESOURCES)… Legal encyclopedia
terrestrial biological resources- — EN terrestrial biological resource Any source of supply derived from plants, animals or other wildlife inhabiting land or ground, which may be used by humans for food, clothes and … Technical Translator's Guide
Dilijan region of distribution of wood resources. Specific difference... Wikipedia
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Books
- Biological resources of Kamchatka and their rational use: Monograph, Smetanin A.N.. Regional flora and fauna are described. An original classification has been developed natural ecosystems. The bioresource potential has been studied: plant resources, animal resources, marine...
- Biological resources of Kamchatka and their rational use, A. N. Smetanin. Regional flora and fauna are described. An original classification of natural ecosystems has been developed. The bioresource potential has been studied: plant resources, animal resources, marine...