What is the highest body temperature? The meaning of the word "temperature"
I already told you once in a section about this and even provided comprehensive evidence in the form of photographs in this article. Why did I talk about mermaids, yes because mermaid is a mythical creature found in many stories and fairy tales. And this time I want to talk about mythical creatures
that existed at one time according to legends: Grants, Dryads, Kraken, Griffins, Mandrake, Hippogriff, Pegasus, Lernaean Hydra, Sphinx, Chimera, Cerberus, Phoenix, Basilisk, Unicorn, Wyvern. Let's get to know these creatures better.
Video from the channel "Interesting Facts"
1. Wyvern
Wyvern-This creature is considered a "relative" of the dragon, but it only has two legs. instead of the front one there are bat wings. It is characterized by a long snake-like neck and a very long, movable tail, ending with a sting in the form of a heart-shaped arrow or spear tip. With this sting, the wyvern manages to cut or stab the victim, and under the right conditions, even pierce it right through. In addition, the sting is poisonous.
The wyvern is often found in alchemical iconography, in which (like most dragons) it personifies primordial, raw, unprocessed matter or metal. In religious iconography it can be seen in paintings depicting the struggle of Saints Michael or George. The wyvern can also be found on heraldic coats of arms, for example, on the Polish coat of arms of the Latskys, the coat of arms of the Drake family or the Enmity of Kunvald.
2. Asp
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Aspid- In the ancient Alphabet Books there is a mention of the asp - this is a serpent (or snake, asp) “winged, with a bird’s nose and two trunks, and in the land in which it is committed, that land will be devastated.” That is, everything around will be destroyed and devastated. The famous scientist M. Zabylin says that the asp, according to popular belief, can be found in gloomy northern mountains and that he never sits on the ground, but only on a stone. The only way to speak and exterminate the destroyer serpent is with a “trumpet voice” that makes the mountains shake. Then the sorcerer or healer grabbed the stunned asp with red-hot pincers and held it “until the snake died.”
3. Unicorn
Unicorn- Symbolizes chastity, and also serves as an emblem of the sword. Tradition usually represents him as a white horse with one horn protruding from his forehead; however, according to esoteric beliefs, he has a white body, a red head and blue eyes. early traditions The unicorn was depicted with the body of a bull, in later legends with the body of a goat, and only in later legends with the body of a horse. Legend claims that he is insatiable when pursued, but obediently lies down on the ground if a virgin approaches him. In general, it is impossible to catch a unicorn, but if you do, you can only hold it with a golden bridle.
“His back was curved and his ruby eyes glowed; at the withers he reached 2 meters. Just above his eyes, almost parallel to the ground, his horn grew; straight and thin. His manes and tail were scattered in small curls, and drooping and unnaturally for albinos black eyelashes cast fluffy shadows on pink nostrils." (S. Drugal "Basilisk")
They feed on flowers, especially rosehip flowers, and honey, and drink morning dew. They also look for small lakes in the depths of the forest in which they swim and drink from there, and the water in these lakes usually becomes very clean and has the properties of living water. In Russian "ABC books" of the 16th -17th centuries. The unicorn is described as a terrible and invincible beast, like a horse, all the strength of which lies in the horn. The horn of the unicorn was attributed healing properties(according to folklore, a unicorn uses its horn to purify water poisoned by a snake). The unicorn is a creature of another world and most often foreshadows happiness.
4. Basilisk
Basilisk- a monster with the head of a rooster, eyes of a toad, wings bat and the body of a dragon (according to some sources, a huge lizard) which exists in the mythologies of many peoples. His gaze turns all living things to stone. Basilisk - is born from an egg laid by a seven-year-old black rooster (in some sources from an egg hatched by a toad) into a warm dung heap. According to legend, if the Basilisk sees its reflection in the mirror, it will die. The Basilisk's habitat is caves, which are also its source of food, since the Basilisk only eats stones. He can only leave his shelter at night because he cannot stand the crowing of a rooster. And he is also afraid of unicorns because they are too “pure” animals.
“He moved his horns, his eyes were so green with a purple tint, his warty hood was swelling. And he himself was purple-black with a spiky tail. The triangular head with a black-pink mouth opened wide...
Its saliva is extremely poisonous and if it gets on living matter, it will immediately replace carbon with silicon. Simply put, all living things turn into stone and die, although there are disputes that the Basilisk’s gaze also petrifies, but those who wanted to check this did not return...” (“S. Drugal “Basilisk”).
5. Manticore
Manticore- Story about it creepy creature can be found even in Aristotle (IV century BC) and Pliny the Elder (1st century AD). The manticore is the size of a horse and has human face, three rows of teeth, a lion's body and a scorpion's tail, red eyes, bloodshot. The manticore runs so fast that it covers any distance in the blink of an eye. This makes it extremely dangerous - after all, it is almost impossible to escape from it, and the monster feeds only on fresh human meat. Therefore, in medieval miniatures you can often see an image of a manticore with a human hand or foot in its teeth. In medieval works on natural history, the manticore was considered real, but living in deserted places.
6. Valkyries
Valkyries- beautiful warrior maidens who fulfill the will of Odin and are his companions. They invisibly take part in every battle, granting victory to those who are awarded it by the gods, and then take the dead warriors to Valhala, the castle in the heavenly Asgard, and serve them at the table there. Legends also call heavenly Valkyries, who determine the fate of every person.
7. Anka
Anka- In Muslim mythology, wonderful birds created by Allah and hostile to people. It is believed that anka exist to this day: there are simply so few of them that they are extremely rare. Anka is in many ways similar in its properties to the phoenix bird that lived in the Arabian desert (one can assume that anka is a phoenix).
8. Phoenix
Phoenix- In monumental sculptures, stone pyramids and buried mummies, the Egyptians sought to find eternity; It is quite natural that it was in their country that the myth of a cyclically reborn, immortal bird should have arisen, although the subsequent development of the myth was carried out by the Greeks and Romans. Adolf Erman writes that in the mythology of Heliopolis, the Phoenix is the patron of anniversaries, or large time cycles. Herodotus, in a famous passage, expounds with marked skepticism the original version of the legend:
“There is another sacred bird there, its name is Phoenix. I myself have never seen it, except as a drawing, for in Egypt it appears rarely, once every 500 years, as the inhabitants of Heliopolis say. According to them, it flies when it dies father (that is, she herself) If the images correctly show her size and size and appearance, her plumage is partly golden, partly red. Her appearance and size resemble an eagle.
9. Echidna
Echidna- half-woman, half-snake, daughter of Tartarus and Rhea, gave birth to Typhon and many monsters (Lernaean Hydra, Cerberus, Chimera, Nemean Lion, Sphinx)
10. Sinister
Sinister- pagan evil spirits of the ancient Slavs. They are also called krixes or khmyri - swamp spirits, which are dangerous because they can stick to a person, even move into him, especially in old age, if the person has never loved anyone in his life and has not had children. Sinister has an indefinite appearance (speaks, but is invisible). She can turn into a little man, a small child, or an old beggar. In the Christmas game, the evil one personifies poverty, misery, and winter darkness. In the house, evil spirits most often settle behind the stove, but they also love to suddenly jump on a person’s back or shoulders and “ride” him. There may be several more evil ones. However, with some ingenuity, you can catch them by locking them in some kind of container.
11. Cerberus
Cerberus- one of Echidna's children. A three-headed dog, on whose neck snakes move with a menacing hiss, and instead of a tail he has poisonous snake.. Serves Hades (god of the Kingdom of the Dead) stands on the threshold of Hell and guards its entrance. He made sure that no one left the underground kingdom of the dead, because there is no return from the kingdom of the dead. When Cerberus was on earth (This happened because of Hercules, who, on the instructions of King Eurystheus, brought him from Hades) the monstrous dog dropped drops of bloody foam from his mouth; from which the poisonous grass aconite grew.
12. Chimera
Chimera- V Greek mythology a monster spewing fire with the head and neck of a lion, the body of a goat and the tail of a dragon (according to another version, the Chimera had three heads - a lion, a goat and a dragon) Apparently, Chimera is the personification of a fire-breathing volcano. IN figuratively chimera - fantasy, unfulfilled desire or action. In sculpture, chimeras are images of fantastic monsters (for example, chimeras of the cathedral Notre Dame of Paris) but it is believed that stone chimeras can come to life to terrify people.
13. Sphinx
Sphinx s or Sphinga in ancient Greek mythology, a winged monster with the face and breasts of a woman and the body of a lion. She is the offspring of the hundred-headed dragon Typhon and Echidna. The name of the Sphinx is associated with the verb "sphingo" - "to squeeze, suffocate." Sent by Hero to Thebes as punishment. The Sphinx was located on a mountain near Thebes (or in the city square) and asked everyone who passed a riddle (“Which living creature walks on four legs in the morning, on two in the afternoon, and on three in the evening?”). The Sphinx killed the one who was unable to give a solution and thus killed many noble Thebans, including the son of King Creon. The king, overcome with grief, announced that he would give the kingdom and the hand of his sister Jocasta to the one who would deliver Thebes from the Sphinx. Oedipus solved the riddle, the Sphinx in despair threw herself into the abyss and fell to her death, and Oedipus became the Theban king.
14. Lernaean Hydra
Lernaean Hydra- a monster with the body of a snake and nine heads of a dragon. The hydra lived in a swamp near the city of Lerna. She crawled out of her lair and destroyed entire herds. The victory over the hydra was one of the labors of Hercules.
15. Naiads
Naiads- Every river, every source or stream in Greek mythology had its own leader - a naiad. This cheerful tribe of patronesses of waters, prophetesses and healers was not covered by any statistics; every Greek with a poetic streak heard the carefree chatter of naiads in the murmur of waters. They belong to the descendants of Oceanus and Tethys; they number up to three thousand.
“No one can name all their names. Only those who live nearby know the name of the stream.”
16. Rukhh
Rukhh- In the East, people have long been talking about the giant bird Rukh (or Ruk, Fear-rah, Nogoi, Nagai). Some people even met her. For example, the hero of Arabian fairy tales, Sinbad the Sailor. One day he found himself on a desert island. Looking around, he saw a huge white dome without windows or doors, so large that he could not climb onto it.
“And I,” Sinbad narrates, “walked around the dome, measuring its circumference, and counted fifty full steps. Suddenly the sun disappeared, and the air darkened, and the light was blocked from me. And I thought that a cloud had come over the sun (and it was summer time), and was surprised, and raised his head, and saw a bird with a huge body and wide wings flying through the air - and it was she who covered the sun and blocked it over the island. And I remembered one story that was told long ago by people wandering and traveling, namely: on some islands there is a bird called Rukh, which feeds its children with elephants. And I became convinced that the dome I walked around was the Rukhh egg. And I began to marvel at what the great Allah has created. And at this time the bird suddenly landed on the dome, and hugged it with its wings, and stretched out its legs on the ground behind it, and fell asleep on it, may Allah be praised, who never sleeps! And then I, untying my turban, tied myself to the feet of this bird, saying to myself: “Perhaps she will take me to countries with cities and populations. It will be better than sitting here on this island." And when the dawn rose and the day rose, the bird took off from the egg and soared into the air with me. And then it began to descend and landed on some ground, and, having reached the ground, I I quickly got rid of her legs, afraid of the bird, but the bird didn’t know about me and didn’t feel me.”
Not only the fabulous Sinbad the Sailor, but also the very real Florentine traveler Marco Polo, who visited Persia, India and China in the 13th century, heard about this bird. He said that the Mongol Khan Kublai Khan once sent loyal people to catch a bird. The messengers found her homeland: the African island of Madagascar. They did not see the bird itself, but they brought its feather: it was twelve steps long, and the diameter of the feather shaft was equal to two palm trunks. They said that the wind produced by the wings of Rukh knocks a person down, her claws are like bull horns, and her meat restores youth. But try to catch this Rukh if she can carry off a unicorn along with three elephants impaled on her horn! author of the encyclopedia Alexandrova Anastasia They knew this monstrous bird in Rus', they called it Fear, Nog or Noga, and gave it even new fabulous features.
“The bird-leg is so strong that it can lift an ox, flies through the air and walks on the ground with four legs,” says the ancient Russian “Azbukovnik” of the 16th century.
The famous traveler Marco Polo tried to explain the mystery of the winged giant: “They call this bird on the islands Ruk, but they don’t call it in our language, but it’s a vulture!” Only... greatly grown in the human imagination.
17. Khukhlik
Khukhlik in Russian superstitions there is a water devil; mummer. The name hukhlyak, hukhlik, apparently comes from the Karelian huhlakka - “to weird”, tus - “ghost, ghost”, “dressed strangely” (Cherepanova 1983). The appearance of the hukhlyak is unclear, but they say that it is similar to the shilikun. This unclean spirit most often appears from water and becomes especially active during Christmas time. Likes to make fun of people.
18. Pegasus
Pegasus- V Greek mythology winged horse. Son of Poseidon and the gorgon Medusa. He was born from the body of the gorgon killed by Perseus. He received the name Pegasus because he was born at the source of the Ocean (Greek “source”). Pegasus ascended to Olympus, where he delivered thunder and lightning to Zeus. Pegasus is also called the horse of the muses, since he knocked Hippocrene out of the ground with his hoof - the source of the muses, which has the property of inspiring poets. Pegasus, like a unicorn, can only be caught with a golden bridle. According to another myth, the gods gave Pegasus. Bellerophon, and he, taking off on it, killed the winged monster chimera, which was devastating the country.
19 Hippogriff
Hippogriff- in the mythology of the European Middle Ages, wanting to indicate the impossibility or incongruity, Virgil speaks of an attempt to cross a horse and a vulture. Four centuries later, his commentator Servius claims that vultures or griffins are animals whose front part is eagle-like and the back part lion-like. To support his statement, he adds that they hate horses. Over time, the expression “Jungentur jam grypes eguis” (“crossing vultures with horses”) became a proverb; at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Ludovico Ariosto remembered him and invented the hippogriff. Pietro Michelli notes that the hippogriff is a more harmonious creature, even than the winged Pegasus. In "Roland Furious" it is given detailed description hippogriff, as if intended for a textbook of fantastic zoology:
Not a ghostly horse under the magician - a mare
Born into the world, his father was a vulture;
Like his father, he was a wide-winged bird, -
He was in front of his father: like that one, zealous;
Everything else was like the uterus,
And that horse was called a hippogriff.
The borders of the Riphean mountains are glorious for them,
Far beyond the icy seas
20 Mandrake
Mandrake. The role of Mandrake in mythopoetic ideas is explained by the presence of certain hypnotic and stimulating properties in this plant, as well as the similarity of its root with bottom human body(Pythagoras called Mandrake a “human-like plant”, and Columella called “half-human grass”). In some folk traditions Based on the type of Mandrake root, they distinguish between male and female plants and even give them appropriate names. In old herbalists, Mandrake roots are depicted as male or female forms, with a tuft of leaves growing from the head, sometimes with a dog on a chain or an agonizing dog. According to legends, anyone who hears the groan made by the Mandrake as it is dug out of the ground must die; to avoid the death of a person and at the same time satisfy the thirst for blood supposedly inherent in Mandrake. When digging Mandrake, they tied a dog, which was believed to die in agony.
21. Griffins
Griffin- winged monsters with a lion's body and an eagle's head, guardians of gold. In particular, it is known that the treasures of the Riphean Mountains are protected. From his scream, the flowers wither and the grass withers, and if there is anyone alive, then everyone falls dead. The griffin's eyes have a golden tint. The head was the size of a wolf's with a huge, terrifying-looking beak a foot long. Wings with strange second joint to make folding them easier. In Slavic mythology, all approaches to the Irian Garden, Alatyr Mountain and an apple tree with golden apples are guarded by griffins and basilisks. Whoever tries these golden apples will receive eternal youth and power over the Universe. And the apple tree itself with golden apples is guarded by the dragon Ladon. There is no passage here for either foot or horse.
22. Kraken
Kraken- this is the Scandinavian version of Saratan and the Arabian dragon, or sea serpent. The Kraken's back is one and a half miles wide, its tentacles can cover the most big ship. This huge back protrudes from the sea, like huge island. The Kraken has a habit of darkening the sea water by spewing some liquid. This statement gave rise to the hypothesis that the Kraken is an octopus, only enlarged. Among Tenison's youthful works one can find a poem dedicated to this remarkable creature:
From time immemorial in the depths of the ocean
The giant Kraken sleeps soundly
He is blind and deaf, over the carcass of a giant
Only from time to time a pale ray glides.
Giant sponges sway above him,
And from deep, dark holes
Polyps innumerable choir
Extends tentacles like hands.
The Kraken will rest there for thousands of years,
So it was and so it will be in the future,
Until the last fire burns through the abyss
And the heat will scorch the living firmament.
Then he will wake up from sleep,
Will appear before angels and people
And, emerging with a howl, he will meet death.
23. Golden dog
golden dog.- This is a dog made of gold that guarded Zeus when he was pursued by Kronos. The fact that Tantalus did not want to give up this dog was his first strong offense before the gods, which the gods later took into account when choosing his punishment.
“...In Crete, the homeland of the Thunderer, there was a golden dog. She once guarded the newborn Zeus and the wonderful goat Amalthea who fed him. When Zeus grew up and took away the power over the world from Cronus, he left this dog in Crete to guard his sanctuary. The king of Ephesus, Pandareus, seduced by the beauty and strength of this dog, secretly came to Crete and took it away on his ship from Crete. But where to hide this wonderful animal? Pandarey thought about this for a long time during his journey across the sea and finally decided to give the golden dog to Tantalus for safekeeping. King Sipila hid the wonderful animal from the gods. Zeus was angry. He called his son, the messenger of the gods Hermes, and sent him to Tantalus to demand the return of the golden dog. In the blink of an eye, fast Hermes rushed from Olympus to Sipylus, appeared before Tantalus and said to him:
- The king of Ephesus, Pandareus, stole a golden dog from the sanctuary of Zeus in Crete and gave it to you for safekeeping. The gods of Olympus know everything, mortals cannot hide anything from them! Return the dog to Zeus. Beware of incurring the wrath of the Thunderer!
Tantalus answered the messenger of the gods this way:
- It is in vain that you threaten me with the wrath of Zeus. I have not seen a golden dog. The gods are wrong, I don’t have it.
Tantalus swore a terrible oath that he was telling the truth. With this oath he angered Zeus even more. This was the first insult inflicted by tantalum on the gods...
24. Dryads
Dryads- in Greek mythology, female tree spirits (nymphs). they live in a tree which they protect and often die along with this tree. Dryads are the only nymphs who are mortal. Tree nymphs are inseparable from the tree in which they live. It was believed that those who plant and care for trees enjoy the special protection of dryads.
25. Grants
Grant- In English folklore, a werewolf, who most often appears as a mortal in the guise of a horse. At the same time he walks hind legs, and his eyes are full of fire. Grant is a city fairy, he can often be seen on the street, at noon or towards sunset. Meeting with a grant portends misfortune - a fire or something else in the same spirit.
[:ru] High temperature bodyindicates that the body has a cold or that some inflammatory or infectious processes are occurring in it.What to do if the temperaturelasts several days? What treatment will be effective and how to overcome the disease without harming yourself?
The temperature has risen: Is this normal?
The human body temperature indicates general condition body and is an indicator of the ratio of heat exchange between external environment and internal organs and tissues. A normal temperature is considered to be between 36.5 and 37.2 degrees. The hypothalamus is responsible for metabolic processes and thermoregulation of the body. It is also interesting that the temperature can fluctuate by 0.5-1 degrees during the day, which is the norm.
The most high body temperature– 42 degrees, and this mark is critical for human health and even life. The danger is that metabolic processes in the brain tissue are disrupted. The lowest body temperature is considered to be 27 degrees. In this state, a coma can occur, however, medicine knows of cases when a person managed to survive hypothermia up to 16 degrees. If the mark reaches 37 ºС, this is considered within normal limits and indicates that the body has begun to fight the onset of the disease.
Fever: reasons
High fever occurs in response to internal stimuli, including infections, viruses and various kinds inflammatory processes. Also, symptoms such as weakness and constantly elevated body temperature may indicate the development of cancer, which is an unconditional reason to consult a doctor.
An elevated temperature is almost always observed. Wonderingwhat is the temperature at, it is worth considering what kind of infection has struck the body. For example, with sinusitis or laryngitis, this increase will not be significant, within a few degrees, while sore throat, bronchitis, pharyngitis and other diseases can cause the thermometer to jump to 39 ºС.How long does the temperature last?– depends on individual characteristics body. On average, signs of the disease are observed from 3 to 5 days.
The reasons for a sharp rise in temperature can be quite serious. You should be wary of diseases such as hypertension, damage to the central nervous system, stroke and others.
How to reduce fever at home
Any cold causes discomfort to the patient, so the first priority is to improve your well-being. Among the proven traditional methods of treatment:
- rubbing with an alcohol solution;
- vinegar wraps;
- cold compresses on the forehead.
The patient should be allowed to sweat thoroughly - dressed in warm clothes, covered with a blanket and given hot drink. This can be broth, or tea based on raspberries, linden or chamomile flowers. Instead of sugar, it is better to use natural honey.
Correct temperature treatmentlies in simple actions, which are also good as disease prevention. Wet cleaning and ventilation of rooms is a good old way to maintain health and vigor.
Another “grandmother’s method” that allows you to quickly cure a patient is drinking plenty of fluids. The body fights the disease, resulting in dehydration. Therefore, even if the patient does not have a desire to drink water, it should be done in any case. In addition, toxins will be released from the body faster with fluid, which will contribute to a speedy recovery.
Citrus fruits also protect our health. Their use helps saturate the body with vitamin C and other essential substances, which improves immunity and does not allow the disease to linger for a long time.
How to bring down the temperaturewith the help of drugs?
In cases where traditional methods in the fight against high fever are powerless, time-tested medications are used. Paracetamol remains the undisputed leader in the fight against this unpleasant symptom. It is prescribed even to small children, as well as to patients with complications of the disease.
The simultaneous use of aspirin and analgin also gives an antipyretic effect, but it is worth remembering that using these strong drugs without consulting a doctor can be dangerous.
To get sick less often, it is recommended to take a preventive course of natural products 1-2 times a year. medicines, such as Imupret. Its herbal composition allows you to maintain the body’s strength without harm, so that you think as little as possible about how to bring down the temperature and what to do if you are caught by a cold at the most inopportune moment.[:ua]
Body temperature- an indicator of the thermal state of the human body, which demonstrates the relationship between the heat generation of various organs and tissues and the heat exchange between them and the external environment. Make sure that the average human body temperature is in the range between 36.5 and 37.2°C - this is a nutritional requirement. Is your body temperature normal?”
In the human body, thermoregulation is controlled by the hypothalamus. In addition to the fact that body temperature can fluctuate by up to 0.5 - 1°C, the constant temperature of organs in the human body varies by a few degrees.
The maximum body temperature considered critical is 42°C. It is not safe because in the tissues of the brain the exchange of speech is disrupted. If the body temperature drops to 27°C, coma may occur, or rare episodes may occur, if people have survived with a hypothermic body up to 16°C.
In general, an increase in temperature above 37°C is a normal phenomenon and is a reaction to any disruption in the body. In other words, this is a sign that the body has recognized the illness and has begun to fight it. The increased temperature is divided into three types: low body temperature - up to 38°C, middle - up to 40°C and high - above 40°C.
Causes of elevated temperature
Body temperatureis moving towards internal causes such as infection, viruses and inflammation: abscesses, mononucleosis, pneumonia, , meningitis, malaria, hepatitis and appendicitis. Also, periods of elevated temperature can occur with swelling (various types of cancer with metastases).
When the temperature moves slightly ahead. So when і Be careful not if the temperature rises (otherwise it won’t move), but if , , the temperature can reach 39°C.
Changes in body temperature are also characteristic of illnesses of the immune system: black sheep and SNID.
A sharp increase in body temperature is often a sign of stroke, thyrotoxic crisis, malignant hyperthermia and disorders of the central nervous system.
It becomes clear that the temperature rises not only in such obvious episodes, Or the flu, or whatever, if it’s difficult to recognize the cause without medical help. For example, the temperature may increase as a reaction to antifungal drugs, penicillin antibiotics and sulfonylamides. Also, the temperature often rises after blood transfusion and surgery.
What are the reasons for low temperature? can the bodies be? This rarely occurs, but the skin’s body reacts to stimuli differently. This can happen through intoxication of the body, lack of sleep and stress, lack of vitamin C or vitality.
It’s not uncommon that when you have a cold you may decreased body temperature, This phenomenon can indicate problems with the immune system, dehydration of the body or the like. Polite nobles how to raise body temperature in home minds:
- drink hot tea with sparkling spices;
- practice physical exercises (squatting, squatting, jogging);
- take a warm bath.
How to raise the temperature
Many people begin to relieve a cold because they begin to feverishly raise their temperature. Increased body temperature helps to effectively combat infectious diseases. On the right is that many microbes and viruses tend to multiply at temperatures above 37°C. Moreover, at a temperature of 38°C interferon vibrates, kills viruses and promotes the appearance of antibodies.
At the same hour when it gets up early high temperature - this reduces the activity of the central nervous system. Heat can lead to fever, impaired blood circulation in internal organs (legs, liver, neck), lead to decreased arterial pressure, cardiac and respiratory failure.
- beat with compresses;
- rubdowns;
- antipyretic infusions.
For example, you can rub the body with otto and water in a ratio of 1:1. Since there is no pain, you can relieve the heat by regularly wiping your body with wet wipes or a sponge. In this case, the water is not to blame for being cold, but here it is the same as the temperature of the sick person’s body.
When the temperature rises, the human body consumes a lot of liquid, so it is important to drink plenty: water, tea, non-licorice compote and fruit juice. It is good to reduce the temperature of freshly squeezed lemon, carrot and beet juices, infusions of chamomile, linden, thyme and string.
If the temperature does not go away, use folk remedies to bring down the fever-reducing medications based on paracetamol. Well, it’s best to urgently call a doctor to immediately determine the cause of the high temperature and diagnose the illness.
Thermodynamic definition
History of the thermodynamic approach
The word "temperature" arose in those days when people believed that hotter bodies contained more special substance - caloric, than in less heated ones. Therefore, temperature was perceived as the strength of a mixture of body matter and caloric. For this reason, the units of measurement for the strength of alcoholic beverages and temperature are called the same - degrees.
Determination of temperature in statistical physics
Temperature measuring instruments are often calibrated on relative scales - Celsius or Fahrenheit.
In practice, temperature is also measured
The most accurate practical thermometer is the platinum resistance thermometer. Developed latest methods temperature measurements based on measurements of laser radiation parameters.
Temperature units and scale
From the fact that temperature is kinetic energy molecules, it is clear that it is most natural to measure it in energy units (that is, in the SI system in joules). However, temperature measurement began long before the creation of the molecular kinetic theory, so practical scales measure temperature in conventional units - degrees.
Absolute temperature. Kelvin temperature scale
Concept absolute temperature was introduced by W. Thomson (Kelvin), and therefore the absolute temperature scale is called the Kelvin scale or thermodynamic temperature scale. The unit of absolute temperature is kelvin (K).
The absolute temperature scale is called so because the measure of the ground state of the lower temperature limit is absolute zero, that is, the lowest possible temperature, in which, in principle, it is impossible to extract thermal energy from a substance.
Absolute zero is defined as 0 K, which is equal to −273.15 °C.
The Kelvin temperature scale is a scale that starts at absolute zero.
Important has the development based on the thermodynamic Kelvin scale of International practical scales based on reference points - phase transitions pure substances determined by primary thermometry methods. The first international temperature scale was adopted in 1927 by ITS-27. Since 1927, the scale has been redefined several times (MTSh-48, MPTS-68, MTSH-90): reference temperatures and interpolation methods have changed, but the principle has remained the same - the basis of the scale is a set phase transitions pure substances with certain values of thermodynamic temperatures and interpolating instruments calibrated at these points. The ITS-90 scale is currently in effect. The main document (Regulations on the scale) establishes the definition of Kelvin, the values of phase transition temperatures (reference points) and interpolation methods.
Temperature scales used in everyday life - both Celsius and Fahrenheit (used mainly in the USA) - are not absolute and therefore inconvenient when conducting experiments in conditions where the temperature drops below the freezing point of water, which is why the temperature has to be expressed negative number. For such cases, we introduced absolute scales temperatures
One of them is called the Rankine scale, and the other is the absolute thermodynamic scale (Kelvin scale); their temperatures are measured in degrees Rankine (°Ra) and kelvins (K), respectively. Both scales start at temperature absolute zero. They differ in that the price of one division on the Kelvin scale is equal to the price of a division on the Celsius scale, and the price of one division on the Rankine scale is equivalent to the price of division of thermometers with the Fahrenheit scale. Freezing temperature of water at standard atmospheric pressure correspond to 273.15 K, 0 °C, 32 °F.
The Kelvin scale is tied to the triple point of water (273.16 K), and the Boltzmann constant depends on it. This creates problems with the accuracy of interpretation of high temperature measurements. The BIPM is now considering the possibility of moving to a new definition of Kelvin and fixing the Boltzmann constant, instead of reference to the triple point temperature. .
Celsius
In technology, medicine, meteorology and in everyday life, the Celsius scale is used, in which the temperature of the triple point of water is 0.008 °C, and, therefore, the freezing point of water at a pressure of 1 atm is 0 °C. Currently, the Celsius scale is determined through the Kelvin scale: the price of one division on the Celsius scale is equal to the price of a division on the Kelvin scale, t(°C) = T(K) - 273.15. Thus, the boiling point of water, originally chosen by Celsius as a reference point equal to 100 °C, has lost its significance, and modern estimates The boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure is about 99.975 °C. The Celsius scale is practically very convenient since water is very common on our planet and our life is based on it. Zero Celsius is a special point for meteorology because it is associated with freezing atmospheric water. The scale was proposed by Anders Celsius in 1742.
Fahrenheit
In England and especially in the USA, the Fahrenheit scale is used. Zero degrees Celsius is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and 100 degrees Celsius is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
The current definition of the Fahrenheit scale is as follows: it is a temperature scale in which 1 degree (1 °F) is equal to 1/180th the difference between the boiling point of water and the melting temperature of ice at atmospheric pressure, and the melting point of ice is +32 °F. Temperature on the Fahrenheit scale is related to temperature on the Celsius scale (t °C) by the ratio t °C = 5/9 (t °F - 32), t °F = 9/5 t °C + 32. Proposed by G. Fahrenheit in 1724 year.
Reaumur scale
Transitions from different scales
Comparison of temperature scales
Description | Kelvin | Celsius | Fahrenheit | Rankin | Delisle | Newton | Reaumur | Roemer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute zero | 0 | −273,15 | −459,67 | 0 | 559,725 | −90,14 | −218,52 | −135,90 |
Melting temperature of Fahrenheit mixture (salt and ice in equal quantities) | 255,37 | −17,78 | 0 | 459,67 | 176,67 | −5,87 | −14,22 | −1,83 |
Freezing point of water (Normal conditions) | 273,15 | 0 | 32 | 491,67 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 7,5 |
Average human body temperature¹ | 310,0 | 36,6 | 98,2 | 557,9 | 94,5 | 12,21 | 29,6 | 26,925 |
Boiling point of water (Normal conditions) | 373,15 | 100 | 212 | 671,67 | 0 | 33 | 80 | 60 |
Melting titanium | 1941 | 1668 | 3034 | 3494 | −2352 | 550 | 1334 | 883 |
Surface of the Sun | 5800 | 5526 | 9980 | 10440 | −8140 | 1823 | 4421 | 2909 |
¹ The normal average human body temperature is 36.6 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F. The commonly quoted value of 98.6°F is an exact conversion to Fahrenheit of the 19th century German value of 37°C. However, this value is not within the normal range average temperature human body, since temperature different parts bodies are different.
Some values in this table are rounded.
Characteristics of phase transitions
To describe phase transition points various substances The following temperature values are used:
- Annealing temperature
- Sintering temperature
- Synthesis temperature
- Air temperature
- Soil temperature
- Homologous temperature
- Debye temperature (Characteristic temperature)
See also
Notes
Literature
Temperature on Wikimedia Commons |
Fever body is not a disease, but a symptom. Its appearance indicates that the body is fighting some disease. Elevated body temperature is defensive reaction, which is a manifestation of activation protective forces body.
Definition
Body temperature above 38°C is elevated.
Body temperature is measured in the rectum (rectal), under the tongue (sublingual) or in the armpit(axillary). Temperature measured rectally is approximately 0.4°C higher than sublingual and axillary. In general, an increase in body temperature of more than 41°C is dangerous.
Reasons
In most cases, the cause of fever is some kind of bacterial or viral infection. The following diseases, conditions or factors can increase body temperature:
- Infections of the urinary system, gastrointestinal tract
- Blood poisoning (sepsis), infected postoperative and post-traumatic wounds
- Rheumatism
- Malaria
- Malignant tumors
- Increased thyroid function, autoimmune diseases
- Fever of unknown origin, without infection
- Sunstroke
- Extreme fluid loss
- Taking medications
- Infection of postoperative wounds
- Chronic mental disorders
- In women after ovulation, there may be a slight increase in body temperature (by 0.5°C)
Symptoms (complaints)
Types of elevated body temperature:
- subfebrile: from 37° to 38°
- moderately elevated: up to 39°
- high temperature: more than 39°
The highest body temperature during the day is observed in the evening. In children, fever is observed especially often. A rise in temperature is accompanied by chills. When you sweat, your temperature drops. Fever is often accompanied by headaches and pain in the limbs (“everything hurts”).
Signs of increased body temperature may include:
- Fatigue, general pain, weakness, depression
- Mild chills, at high temperatures - severe chills
- Headache, pain in limbs and muscles
- Decreased appetite
- Dry skin and lips
- Rapid heartbeat
- Shallow and rapid breathing
- Sweating - when the temperature drops - causing loss large quantity liquids
Diagnosis (examination)
- Medical history including complaints
- Axillary and rectal body temperature measurement
- General examination of the patient
- Taking blood to determine the cause of fever
- Collection of stool, urine and sputum samples
- Depending on the complaints presented to the patients, an x-ray (of the lungs or paranasal cavities), ultrasound, gynecological examination, examination of the gastrointestinal tract (EGD, coloscopy), urine examination, lumbar puncture, etc.
Therapy (treatment)
In case of prolonged presence of elevated body temperature (more than 4 days), very high temperature and severe course of the disease, you should consult a doctor.
The choice of the necessary medication should only be made by a doctor. Before starting treatment, he must determine the cause of the fever. What is important is eliminating the cause. For example, for pneumonia or pyelitis, antibiotics are prescribed.
General events
- It is not necessary to lower the body temperature to 38.5 ° C, with the exception of children who are prone to seizures during fever, elderly and weakened people and people with weakened immune system(for example, AIDS patients).
- Bed rest
- Drink plenty of fluids, because... at high temperatures, a lot of liquid is lost: starting from 37°, for each degree of elevated temperature you additionally need to drink from 0.5 to 1 liter of liquid. This is especially important for children preschool age and elderly people, because They quickly become dehydrated.
- Children (especially infants) do not need to be swaddled very warmly, otherwise heat accumulation will occur.
- In case of fever, wet compresses on the calf muscles (for children - “vinegar socks”) help, while the legs are wrapped in cool compresses for 20 minutes.
Medicines
- Fever-reducing medications (for example, paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid) in tablets or powder. For children, it is possible to use these medications in the form of rectal suppositories.
- Antibiotics are prescribed only for bacterial infections. They do not reduce body temperature.
Possible complications
A patient who cannot drink must be urgently hospitalized. Reasons high temperature bodies, of unknown origin and observed over a long period of time, must be diagnosed by a doctor.
If infectious diseases are not treated adequately, blood poisoning may develop.
Children under 5 years of age are prone to seizures with fever.