What wind speed is considered storm m s. Wind speed, strength and direction
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Alexander Pushkin “Tavrida. 1821.”
Who has seen the land where the oak groves and meadows are enlivened by the luxury of nature, where the waters rustle and sparkle merrily and the peaceful shores caress...
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Geographical position is the position of any geographical object (natural or man-made) relative to the surface of the Earth and in relation to other objects with which it interacts.
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Crimea is an amazing treasury, a natural museum keeping the secrets of thousands of years. A.S. Griboyedov
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Crimea on the map
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Crimean peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - its area is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all its unique geographical location. The most southern point Crimea (44° 23") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula. The easternmost (36°39") is Cape Lantern on the Kerch Peninsula. The area of the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.
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Crimea is rightly called a natural pearl. Here, at the junction of moderates and subtropical latitudes, a variety of landscapes were formed, including mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, stretching from the South Coast sub-Mediterranean to the semi-desert Sivash region...
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Crimea is located in the latitudinal zone of the globe, located at equal distances from the equator and North Pole(about 5 thousand kilometers each). In the north, the peninsula is attached to the mainland by the narrow (7-23 km) Perekop Isthmus. From the west and south, the peninsula is washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Kerch Strait (the border with Asia!) and in the northeast by the Sea of Azov and its Sivash Bay.
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The CLIMATE of most of Crimea is a temperate climate: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, characteristic of deciduous forests- in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and bushes.
Crimea, especially its mountainous part, thanks to comfortable climate, saturation clean air, toned with phytoncides, sea salts, a pleasant aroma of plants, and has great healing powers. The earth's interior also contains healing mud and mineral waters.
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Reservoirs of Crimea
In Crimea there are 1657 rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km in length. The Salgir River alone is more than 200 km long. The river network is developed extremely unevenly on the peninsula. There are also more than 300 lakes and estuaries. Almost all the lakes are saline and are located along the coast, in the low-lying steppe part and several desalinated lakes.
Koyashskoye Lake Churbashskoye Chokrakskoye Terekly (Salty) Ak-Mechetskoye Liman and others.
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MOUNTAINS OF CRIMEA Mount Demerdzhi Mountain system formed by three mountain ranges stretching from Cape Aya in the vicinity of Balaklava in the west to Cape St. Ilya near Feodosia in the east. Length Crimean mountains about 160 km, width about 50 km. The outer ridge is a series of cuestas, gradually rising to heights of about 350 m. The inner ridge reaches a height of 750 m. highest point stretching along the Southern Coast of the Black Sea Main Ridge - Mount Roman-Kosh
1545 m high, located on Babugan-yayla. Mount Ai-Petri
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Slide 14 Vegetable world The Crimean peninsula is extremely diverse: according to some sources, it has 2,400 wild species of higher plants, according to others - 2,775. You can find such plants as: Walnut
, hawthorn, beech and others.
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The connection between the unique geographical location of Crimea and the uniqueness of the peninsula’s fauna is no less obvious than for the flora, although the animals are more dynamic. In addition to the species characteristic of the nearby southern regions, we find animals of the Mediterranean range everywhere on the peninsula. You can meet such animals as: stingray, owl, dolphin, red deer and others.
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Evpatoria Diana's Grotto Rock of the Holy Apparition Catherine's Mile Ocheretai Bay
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Sudak Simeiz Yalta Gurzuf Kerch Peschane
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Slide 20 According to the 2001 census, the population of Crimea is 2.031 million people, of which the four largest autonomy - Sevastopol (365.8 thousand people), Simferopol (364 thousand people), Kerch (157.2 thousand people) and Evpatoria (122 thousand people) - 41%. The share of the urban population of Crimea is 63%, living in rural areas is 37% (according to the previous census of 1989, this ratio was 70% to 30%).
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Over 80 nationalities live in Crimea, the most numerous of them are Russians (65-70%), Crimean Tatars (18%), Ukrainians (10-15%). According to official data compiled as a result of the census at the beginning of 2014. The population of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol is 2 million 734 thousand people.
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1. The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta. 2. Another interesting animal of Crimea can be considered South Russian tarantula . Its bite can cause anaphylactic shock , and besides, the bite itself is very painful, despite the fact that the size of the spider is only 3.5 cm. 3. The shallowest sea in the world is the Sea of Azov. It washes the shores of Crimea. Maximum depth
Sea of Azov - 15 meters.
The Crimean Peninsula, or Crimea, is located in the south of the Russian Federation. Its eastern shores are washed by the waters of the Sea of Azov, and its western and southern shores by the waters of the Black Sea. The peninsula is a part of land almost isolated from the mainland, connected to the continent only in the north by the narrow, up to eight kilometers wide, Perekop Isthmus. Crimea includes two more peninsulas: Kerch, located between the Black and Azov seas in the east, and Tarkhankut, occupying the western tapering part of Crimea. The Crimean peninsula cannot be called small. Its surface area is slightly less than twenty-seven thousand square kilometers, and even a small country can be located on such territory. Such an impressive size provides Crimea with a variety of landscapes: there are mountains, lakes, and small rivers
, and steppe plains occupying its main part. In the west, on Tarkhankut, the plains give way to limestone ledges, and the surface of the Kerch Peninsula, located in the east, is predominantly hills. Crimea borders Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia. Its capital, business and cultural life
and the largest transport hub is the city of Simferopol. The city's population is about four hundred thousand inhabitants. amazing land endowed with fertile lands and magnificent sea coast, and majestic, unique in their beauty, mountain ranges. The climate throughout the peninsula is mild and somewhat heterogeneous. On the southern coast of Crimea it is close to Mediterranean and subtropical, and in the northern part of the peninsula it is continental. Summer on the peninsula is sunny and quite hot, with rare but heavy rains. It usually begins in mid-May and continues until the end of September. The air in these places is not characterized by high humidity, so even hot summer days do not cause significant discomfort. Autumn in Crimea is rainy, but warm, almost windless, gradually turning into winter with little snow with rare, not severe frosts.
The Crimean mountains stretch for one hundred and fifty kilometers, starting near the city of Sevastopol and ending near the city of Feodosia. They consist of three, almost parallel to each other, ridges, steep from the south and gently descending into valleys from the north. The height of the main ridge almost everywhere exceeds a thousand meters above sea level. The gentle slopes of the mountains are covered with oak, juniper, pine and beech forests and woodlands with rare species bushes. The pine forests of Crimea, occupying about 13% of the forest area, are of particular value.
Over seven hundred square kilometers of the Crimean territory are nature reserves, replete with rare species of flora and fauna. Many of these species are found only in this area.
There are about one hundred and fifty rivers on the peninsula, the total length of which reaches about six thousand kilometers. Almost all rivers, the largest of which are the Salgir River, with a length of two hundred and four kilometers, and the Chatyr-Lyk River, with a length of one hundred and six kilometers, originate in the mountains. In summer, many Crimean rivers dry up, but in the event of heavy rainfall they quickly turn into swift, powerful streams, easily carrying down huge boulders and uprooting centuries-old trees. In the spring, when the snow melts in the mountains, these seemingly harmless water sources can instantly become a stormy roaring mudflow, sweeping away everything in its path. The most high-water rivers in Crimea - Belbek, Biyuk-Karasu and Chernaya.
Mountain streams, passing through narrow gorges, form waterfalls, the most picturesque of which is the powerful Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall. Even in dry times it almost never runs out. The Golovkinsky waterfall is very beautiful, falling from a twelve-meter height into a gorge, surrounded by lush vegetation, found only in these places. The Yalta waterfall, formed by the Uchan-Su river not far from the city of Yalta, is gaining full force, mainly in the spring. At this time he is simply magnificent.
There are over three hundred lakes and estuaries on the peninsula, including many mud lakes. The lakes of Crimea, located along the coast, are predominantly salty. On the Tarkhankut Peninsula there is a fairly large freshwater lake, Ak-Mechetsky. Mountain lakes are mainly artificial reservoirs.
Crimea is one of those corners globe, where all the factors that contribute to the maximum comfort of existence of all life on the planet are miraculously combined. The reason for this is favorable climate and convenient location of the peninsula.
Crimea - the golden mean of the earth
This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas on the globe.
K. Paustovsky.
Each of us has the inalienable right to love our motherland and claim that there is no land more beautiful, more fertile, more unique. Only a fool would argue, but a wise person would agree, although he would add: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful...”
Crimeans behave only this way and not differently: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, Crimeans agree that there are still blessed corners of the earth somewhere. They don’t ask: “Why did you come to us, and not we to you?” Without a doubt, Crimeans - wise people, they say in such cases: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is beautiful, let me tell you about it.”
Let's open the map and get our bearings. The southernmost point of Crimea (44° 23") is Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at latitude 45, midway between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone has some other thoughts on this matter, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At latitude 45, by the way, is the geographical center of France, such European cities like Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, the Canadian city of Montreal, American cities Minneapolis and Portland. Their latitude is fine, but their longitude...
The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the easternmost (36°39") is Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula. So, Crimea is located near 30° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open the world map, don’t be lazy. At what length is it bent in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30" east longitude. At approximately this longitude there are St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, the highest point in Africa - Kilimanjaro volcano, Northern and South poles. They were lucky with the longitude, but only Crimea had a lucky latitude.
If you look at the sky, it will point to Crimea. Milky Way in Ukrainian it is called Chumatskiy Shlyakh. The nebula pointing to the south seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who went to the Crimea for salt.
Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What is Crimea like? Of course - in the heart. A heart shocked by the Creator's Plan. A heart delighted with the incomprehensible wisdom and endless beauty of Nature. Crimea also looks like arms outstretched for hugs and like a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. A cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all, Crimea is like a flower dropped by the Creator on Earth.
Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but so is my Crimea! Let me tell you about it in a little more detail.
The area of the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes, it is smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta and 165 (!) times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. We will not compare Crimea with such small states as San Marino.
In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, but in Crimea there are two of them: the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. The Black Sea forms three large bay: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; There are three large bays near the Sea of Azov: Kazantipsky, Arabatsky and Sivashsky.
Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Perekop Isthmus. The Kerch Strait, whose width is 4-5 km, separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula - the western tip Krasnodar region Russia. Total length The borders of the peninsula exceed 2500 km, the coasts are slightly indented, except for a very winding coastline parts of the peninsula near Sevastopol. In the coastal strip of the Crimean plain there are 50 estuary lakes with a total area of 53 thousand km2. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but the Crimean lakes are valuable because they are filled with brine, a concentrated salt solution that has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.
At the beginning of the 20th century. About 40% of table salt was mined in Crimea Russian Empire. It is well known that D.I. Mendeleev said that using oil as fuel is tantamount to burning banknotes. To paraphrase the words of the great chemist, we can say that using Crimean salt as table salt is like salting soup with gold. Ecologically chaste chemical industry of the peninsula on Saki and Krasnoperekopsky chemical plants from lake and Sivash salt it produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, bromine. However, the medicinal use of the Crimean estuaries is much better known, but this will be a separate discussion.
Once upon a time, palaces were erected by monarchs and their entourage on the southern coast of Crimea. Ruler of the next time historical period It was here that Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill were invited to the division of the post-war world. Why did the highly respected guests of Crimea choose it over all other places on Earth? Yes, because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose undeniable advantages are caused by several reasons.
The first is the mentioned equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which determines the longitude summer day, and not a measly 12 hours in the tropics, and sufficient quantity beneficial warmth - precisely warmth, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.
The second is the union of sea and mountains. Hot on sunny days In summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the evening, cool hours it is replaced by warm air from the mountains
The third is the unique position of the peninsula relative general circulation atmosphere, the predominance of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of sweltering heat carried by air currents from Africa, and, naturally, minimal exposure to cold weather air masses from the north, from which mountains serve as an additional barrier.
The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create a subtropical paradise on the South Coast, without simultaneously erecting an insurmountable barrier between warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.
Perhaps in some other place on Earth the expression “golden mountains” is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in Crimea. Crimean marls serve as raw materials for the production of cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, and beautiful white buildings are built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesos to the present day. Due to their high strength, rich color shades and good polishing properties, diabases of igneous origin are used for the manufacture of monuments and facing slabs. In Karadag and other places one can find such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, and brocade jasper.
Why are there gems? Even clay in Crimea is precious. Crimean bentonite, formed from volcanic ash, popularly called keel, soap earth or mountain soap, has a very unusual properties. Previously it was used for wine clarification, soap making, laundry and bleaching, but today it is used in high technology.
The flat plateaus of the Crimean Mountains combine the properties of plains and mountains, representing another “golden mean” of Crimea. Unprotected from the merciless sun, the yayls seem to the uninitiated to be a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: underlain by porous limestones, they absorb precipitation like a sponge in order to, together with the shady forests, drop by drop accumulate water that feeds the Crimean rivers.
Crimea has everything, but in order not to jinx it, its residents like to grumble just in case. So how can you find a reason to grumble about this? paradise difficult enough, then out of habit they become annoyed at the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1657 rivers on the peninsula and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of the watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the sources of the Argun, but slightly less than the Nile.
However, we must honestly say that natural water resources the peninsulas were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We've heard a lot of bad things about global projects land reclamation, most likely, this is the case. Probably a turn northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth environmental disaster, but turn south river to the south, i.e. the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many of the problems of the peninsula.
Crimean drinking water generally weakly mineralized, which is beneficial for human body, but if you are used to water enriched wastewater industrial giants, do not be prematurely upset. After all, Crimea has everything, even black water. Water saturated with hydrogen sulfide mineral spring Adzhi-Su in the village of Kuibyshevo, Bakhchisarai region, forms a black sediment of biologically active hummins and bitumens, healing in hot medicinal baths. In total, more than a hundred healing springs have been discovered in Crimea. mineral waters, replete with many trace elements - from fluorine to radium.
Geographical location, climate, steppe areas on mountain tops, clear and black waters - everywhere we talk about the combination of opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, it will turn out dirty grey colour. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official clarification: Crimea is the Golden Mean, not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.
Combining steppe and subtropics, Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements them with a zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe, half-mountain, but a unique natural phenomenon for which it is difficult to find analogues. Uniting different beginnings, Crimea preserves their originality and complements them with new, unique qualities. Natural Sciences unanimously prove the island origin of Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and give scientific arguments - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic plant and animal species found only on the peninsula.
Among the natural massifs of Crimea, man-made landscapes are scattered in a bizarre mosaic: intertwining architectural styles of many centuries and peoples of the city, town and village, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. Since 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in Crimea. Almost 40 species are grown in open and closed ground vegetable crops. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the borders of the autonomous republic.
Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Alushta, Sudak and the urban village of Nizhnegorsk produce rose, lavender and sage oils. One of the leading industries in Crimea is food. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea with refrigerators, canning and ship repair plants was built in Sevastopol. However, the high level of development Food Industry peninsula is determined not only by highly commercial agriculture peninsulas and resource-rich seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in summer time. Thus, the issue of warmly treating guests is raised on a grand scale in Crimea.
Crimea is the unity of sea, steppe and mountains. Worth filming steppe Crimea a layer of soil from the surface of the earth, and on the surface there will be a wonderful, easy-to-cultivate construction material- limestone-shell rock. Buildings with a layer of shell rock in their walls, like the sea, keep warm in winter and cool in summer.
One should not think, however, that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. Iron ores of the Kerch basin lie so shallow that they are being developed open method. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so when smelting alloy steels, this element is added in minimal quantities or not at all.
Since the mid-60s. industrial development of deposits is underway natural gas on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. An extensive system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most populated areas, convert thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country’s unified gas pipeline system.
The top of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high-tech industries: electronics, automotive, defense, construction of supertankers.
The comprehensive development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communications. There are two railway lines in Crimea. Maritime transport carries out small coastal connections in the Azov-Black Sea basin and distant international flights. However, the main transport of the autonomous republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger traffic. In the early 60s. The mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta came into operation, making it possible to communicate with the capital of the republic South coast on convenient and inexpensive transport.
Environmental Safety Crimean industry has long traditions. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful at that time in Europe power plant powered by wind, was built in Balaklava. The generator blades had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a solar power plant with a capacity of 5 MW. total area mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several environmentally friendly projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy to generate electricity, solar and geothermal energy to supply heat to residential buildings, resorts and hotels.
Intercity trolleybus service very clearly demonstrates the level environmental requirements to the development of Crimean industry.
We could talk for a very long time about Crimean science, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, marine physics, helioseismology.
People of many nationalities inhabit Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called “Crimeans”. Crimeans are hardworking, smart, hospitable and prone to fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and incredibly beautiful. In a word, they are the same as the rest of the people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the planet’s inhabitants: they are more patient with the geographical boasting of visitors. Crimeans listen carefully to their guests, treat them to amazing Crimean wines, feed them dishes made from organic Crimean products, take them to caves, nature reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea excursions... Next - the entire contents of the book.
The population of Crimea increases many times in summer and early autumn. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. According to 1998 data, 363.8 thousand people lived in the capital of Crimea, Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Considering the small number of the endemic species described above, we propose to include it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) charm of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.
Alas, this is not always possible, because in holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their region in the coat of arms.
Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
The columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, a memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonese, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. The griffin is a symbol of the guardian and defender of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. The rising sun at the top is a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.
In general, everything that is reflected in the words is embodied wise writer: “Everyone is rewarded according to his faith...”
© Chapters from the book "All about Crimea. With love." Publishing house "World of Information", 2002 (text - G. Dubovis, responsible for the issue A. Ganzha, R. Tsyupko, editor T. Esadze)
Take a look at the map of our Motherland. In the extreme south of the European part, a peninsula juts out deeply, resembling an irregular quadrangle. It's small. Its area is only about 26 thousand square meters. km – 14 times less. In the north it is narrow (up to 8 km) connected to the mainland, in the south and west it is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, in the northeast and east by the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait.
In the distant geological past, in the south of the Russian Plain there were extensive seas: Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic. The bottom of the Pontic sea-lake began to rise, and its waters finally gathered in two basins: the Black Sea and the Caspian, which were first connected by the Kuma-Manych Strait. They then connected with Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, then separated from it.
The modern Black Sea arose about 10 thousand years ago. It is one of the most deep seas our country. Along its shores stretches a strip of coastal shallow water - a continental sandbank with depths of up to 200 m. This sandbank descends in several more or less steep ledges to the central part of the bottom. The maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2245 m.
The Black Sea is warm. In summer, surface waters in the open sea warm up to 24-25°, and in shallow coastal waters to 28-29°. Winter temperature surface waters open sea 6-7°. The temperature of the waters of the coastal part generally remains around 0° with slight fluctuations. In this regard, in its coastal part the sea freezes only in especially cold winters.
Located inland, desalinated by the rivers flowing into it, the Black Sea is a basin of medium salinity. The salinity of its surface waters is 16-18 ppm, that is, 16-18 parts by weight of salt per 1000 parts by weight of water. deep waters The Black Sea is saturated with hydrogen sulfide and therefore lifeless.
Its organic world is very unique. Here are found fish that previously inhabited the Pontic sea-lake - Pontic relics, which include beluga, sturgeon, sturgeon, sprat, some species of gobies, etc. There are fish that, in the cold eras of the past, descended from temperate latitudes to the south, penetrated into the Mediterranean Sea, and from it into the Black Sea. Representatives of this so-called boreal-Atlantic group of fish are sprats, salmon, glossy flounder, dogfish shark, and sea fox ray.
Representatives of the Arctic fauna - seals - are also found, although rarely. In 1934, a seal was spotted near Batumi.
The most numerous and diverse fish of the Mediterranean fauna are: mullet, mackerel, mackerel, red mullet, bonito, sea bass, sea crucian carp, flounder, stingray - sea cat.
Small fish also live: pipefish, seahorse, stickleback.
Two species of Mediterranean fish are poisonous. This is a sea ruff (scorpionfish) and sea Dragon. At the ruff at the base of the second ray dorsal fin there is a gland that produces a toxic fluid that causes a painful inflammatory process.
Big and a daring predator is a swordfish. In a state of irritation, she attacks not only fishing scows, but even passing ships.