How to find out the wind rose in a certain territory. Wind rose - what is it? Types, examples, meaning and history of diagrams
Many people associate this unusually beautiful scientific term with romance, adventure and travel. Wind rose... What is it, who invented it and when? Where is this diagram used? And how to draw a compass rose correctly? Our article will tell you about all this.
and how it is measured
One of the most important phenomena in nature is wind. In ancient times, people could not explain the essence of this phenomenon, so they often personified it in the form of various deities. Today scientists can say with full responsibility what wind is and what its nature is. Representatives of such sciences as physics, meteorology, and geography are studying this phenomenon. The wind rose helps scientists systematize and present in a condensed form the results of long-term observations of this phenomenon in a specific area.
We have known since school that wind is a horizontal flow of air that arises as a result of an uneven distribution of atmospheric pressure and moves parallel to the earth's surface. It is characterized by such parameters as force, direction and speed. The strength and speed of the wind are measured using a special device - an anemometer, and its direction - with a weather vane.
In order to determine the wind regime in a particular area (that is, where and how often it blows throughout the month or year), a special diagram was invented - a wind rose. What it is? And how to compose it correctly? This will be discussed further.
Wind rose: pictures and description
Artists, poets and even tattoo artists have long had their eye on this beautiful scientific term. At the same time, its original meaning is quite prosaic and everyday. The term is widely used in geography, meteorology, climatology, wind energy, construction and some other areas of scientific and practical human life. So, compass rose - what is it?
A wind rose is a special type of vector diagram that characterizes the wind pattern in a specific area and for a certain period of time (a month, a year or several years). Outwardly, such a diagram resembles a polygon, divided into eight (or more) points - along the main cardinal directions. What does a classic compass rose look like? The photo below will give you a visual idea of this.
Any wind rose is built on the basis of real meteorological observations. By the length of the rays of the polygon, you can easily determine the direction of the prevailing winds in a particular area (village, city, region). So, for example, if in village N 120 out of 365 days a year the wind blows from the north, then the corresponding ray on the graph will be the longest.
History of the compass rose
Meteorologists came up with a funny legend about a certain girl, Rose, who worked at a weather station and had a rather “windy” character. This is where the term “Compass Rose” supposedly comes from.
In fact, the history of this symbol goes back to ancient times. It was originally used by sailors as their professional emblem. The wind was an important assistant for any experienced sailor. Knowing its direction and seasonal characteristics, the captain accurately corrected the course and confidently led his ship on long voyages.
It is worth noting that the first full-fledged wind roses began to appear on portolans (marine navigation charts) of the 15th century. Before this, they looked more like stylized arrows on a regular compass.
Such a concept as a “wind rose” also exists in heraldry. For example, this element can be found on some city coats of arms, as well as on the emblems of such well-known organizations as the CIA or NATO.
Recently, the image of a compass rose has been very popular in the form of a tattoo. This design, applied to the skin, is considered an excellent amulet for travelers, truckers and, of course, sailors.
Types and examples of using compass roses
There are two main varieties of this mathematical diagram. This is a classic graphic and numerical compass rose. The last diagram is supplemented with corresponding numerical values indicating the number of days in a year on which the wind blew in a certain direction.
The most commonly used diagrams in meteorology are 8-beam or 16-beam diagrams. But sometimes you can also find wind roses consisting of 360 rays. Many diagrams are generated using special computer programs. They look something like this.
The wind rose chart is used in various scientific disciplines and areas of human activity. Among them:
- meteorology;
- geography;
- climatology;
- urban planning;
- ecology;
- agronomy;
- forestry and park management.
The wind rose is certainly taken into account when laying highways, constructing runways, and planning residential areas. They are also used in weather forecasts.
Drawing “Wind Rose”. How to build it correctly
To compile the most basic wind rose, you will need little: a simple pencil, a ruler, weather observation data and a calculator for calculations.
First you need to draw four axes on paper: two main (north-south and west-east) and two additional (northwest - southeast and northeast - southwest). Next, you should choose the appropriate scale for your future diagram and start plotting on each of the axes the number of days on which the wind blew in a given direction. For example, if the north wind was observed 15 days a year, then 15 divisions should be marked on the corresponding ray of the diagram.
After this, you can begin the most enjoyable part of the work - building the wind rose itself. To do this, you need to connect the points on all axes of the diagram (in the case of a standard 8-ray diagram there should be eight of them) into a single figure. At the end, for greater clarity, this figure should be shaded with some color.
You can build a compass rose very quickly and easily using the standard Microsoft Excel program. To do this, you need to select a special chart type - “Red chart”.
Finally
Wind rose - what is it? Now you can definitely give a detailed answer to this question. This is a vector diagram characterizing the wind regime for a particular territory. The construction of wind roses is actively practiced in meteorology, geography, ecology, agronomy, construction, forestry, etc.
For the correct functional placement of buildings and structures on an industrial site, taking into account ventilation and proper lighting, as well as compliance with sanitary and fire safety requirements, a wind rose is constructed on the general plan in the upper right corner, which is a graph of the frequency of winds as a percentage for a given point. In areas with snow cover of more than 50 cm, two wind roses are built on one graph - for summer and winter; in other areas, they are limited to building wind roses for the summer period.
The wind rose is constructed using data taken from SNiP 01/23/99 Construction Climatology. Basic principles of design". The graph is constructed according to eight points (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) on a scale of 1 cm - 5-10% repeatability. On the plotted graphs, arrows show the prevailing wind directions.
Determination of the type and dimensions of the main production building
Instructions for the construction design of enterprises, buildings and structures of light industry recommend locating sewing, shoe and leather goods production in multi-storey buildings 3-4 floors high.
Garment factories should be designed with a 6x6 m column grid for all floors except the last; for the upper floor the grid of columns is 12x6 or 18x6 m. The height of the floors is usually taken to be 4.8 m.
Industrial buildings of the leather, haberdashery and footwear industry (with the exception of fittings shops of an enterprise for the production of haberdashery products and technochemical shops of shoe factories, which are located in separate one-story buildings with a grid of columns 12x6 or 18x6 m with a room height of 4.8 m) should be designed multi-story with a grid columns 6x6.9x6.12x6 m, floor height 4.8 m.
Based on the conditions for ensuring proper natural illumination, the width of multi-storey buildings usually does not exceed 24-27 m. The ratio of the length of the building to its width should be no more than 6. These buildings are usually erected in prefabricated reinforced concrete structures according to the standard series II-20.
The total area of the main production building is determined based on the number of workers in one shift and the average statistical indicator of the norm per worker for the number of production, which are accepted:
for clothing production – (56) sq.m. for 1 person;
shoe production – (56) sq.m. for 1 person;
for leather and haberdashery production and production of artificial leather – 6 sq.m. for 1 person.
for leather and fur production - up to 10 sq.m. for 1 person.
An example of determining the type and size of the main production building of a sewing enterprise with a number of workers of 2000 people (working mode: two shifts)
Number of workers in the main specialty per shift:
2000 2= 1000 people
Area of the main production building:
1000 x 6= 6000 sq.m.
The number of storeys of the building – we accept – 3.
The area of one floor is 6000 3= 2000 sq. m.
The width of the building is 24m.
Building length: 2000 24= 83.3; we take 84 m, which is a multiple of the column spacing - 6 m.
The dimensions of the main production building are 24x84 m (excluding the area of utility premises).
The tasks of the process engineer include only calculations of the space required for household and administrative premises and their rational layout that meets production requirements; At the same time, issues of internal equipment of household premises are not addressed.
The design of household premises is carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.09.04-87 “Administrative and domestic buildings. Design standards", a methodological manual of the department "Planning elements of domestic premises and principles of their calculation" and these instructions.
Household and administrative office premises of clothing, footwear and leather goods factories are located in extensions to production buildings, in separate buildings, and for clothing enterprises they can be located inside production buildings. The width of the constructed household premises is 6, 9 or 12 m; free-standing - 12 or 18 m; grid of columns – 6x6 m; floor heights are 3.0 and 3.3 m. The length of attached utility rooms can exceed the width of the production building, but not more than 6 m.
The work is performed in the following sequence:
the composition of the workforce is determined;
establish the sanitary characteristics of production processes and the need for living quarters for various groups of workers;
calculation determines the required area;
taking into account the total area required to accommodate these premises, as well as the area of corridors and stairs, the dimensions and number of floors of the auxiliary building are finally established;
draw out the layout of household and administrative and office premises together with the plan of the adjacent floor of the main production building and a conventional, graphic representation of sanitary equipment.
EXAMPLE OF PREPARING DATA FOR CALCULATING THE RESIDENTIAL PREMISES OF A GARMENT FACTORY
Based on the total number of workers (for the building), for example, 2000 people, we determine the number of workers per shift:
2000 2=1000(persons)
We accept the number of shop employees as 5% of the payroll of workers whose premises are located directly in the outbuildings:
0.05x2000= 100 (persons)
Assuming that 10% of men work in clothing factories, we will compile a table. 2.
Table 2.
COMPOSITION OF WORKERS AT ENTERPRISES
Assuming that 5% of these men are mechanical repair workers working the first shift:
0.05x200= 10 (persons)
compile table 3.
Table 3.
COMPOSITION OF WORKERS AT ENTERPRISES BY Shift
Name production |
Number of workers |
|||||
2nd shift | ||||||
Note: in table. 2 and 3 did not include 100 people of administrative office staff, who also work on the first shift, but for them, in addition to office premises, household premises are provided in the AHC.
Cyclone. The purpose of the lesson. Updating knowledge. Synoptic map. During the classes. Equipment. Lesson objectives. Indicate typical weather signs with numbers. Atmospheric fronts. Anticyclone. Methods and forms of organization. Address to my students. Setting goals and motivating learning activities. Signs of weather in atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric fronts, cyclones, anticyclones. Is the industrial zone of the city built correctly?
“Wind Geography” - Physical Education Minute. Types of winds. Beaufort scale. Samum (Arabic for “poisonous”). Day breeze. Why does the wind blow? Winter monsoon. Trade winds. Direction of the wind. Complete practical work assignments. Night breeze. Let's consider the characteristics of the wind. The meaning of wind. Air movement in a horizontal direction. Wind observations. Direction of the wind. Summer monsoon. The sphericity of the Earth. Warm air rises.
“Types of winds” - Types of wind. Direction of the wind. Wind direction and strength. Difference in atmospheric pressure. A method for constructing a wind rose. Build a compass rose. How is wind strength determined? Land. Breeze. What conclusions can be drawn from this wind rose? What is wind? How the monsoon is formed. What role does the wind play in human life? Weather vanes. An idea of the causes of wind formation. Origin of the breeze. Wind. Check yourself.
“Formation of wind” - Air shell. Beaufort scale. Rose of Wind. Formation of night breeze. Eol. Typhoon. Windmills. Monsoon. Strong wind. Did you know. Atmosphere. Hurricanes. J.W. Waterhouse "Gust of Wind". Calm. Simoom. Formation of daytime breeze. Night breeze. Sailboat. Bora. Graphic diagram. Constructing a wind rose. Black blizzard. Decorative weather vane. Day breeze. Weather vanes. Signs. Breeze. K.I. Chukovsky "From two to five."
“Atmospheric fronts, cyclones, anticyclones” - Anticyclone. Scheme of the formation of a warm front. Knowledge about the atmospheric front. The formation diagram of which front is shown. Predominance of clear or partly cloudy weather. Cyclone. Paths of passage of cyclones. Scheme of cold front formation. Lesson outline. View from space. Atmospheric front. Air circulation. Influence on the climate of Russia. What is a cyclone?
“Pressure and Wind” - Why the wind blows. Low blood pressure. Pressure and wind. Heating the air. The wind will blow from land to sea. Now you and I know what wind is. What is atmospheric pressure? For each area, it is important to know which winds blow more often and which winds blow less often. Aneroid barometer. What does air pressure depend on? There is another wind called monsoon. For the first time, atmospheric pressure was measured by the Italian scientist E. Torricelli.
The wind rose is a special pie chart based on vectors, it reflects the direction of the wind, which changes throughout the year. Such graphs are used very often in climatology, meteorology, and they are also very often necessary when planning the construction of buildings and runways. Externally, the image of a compass rose can be seen quite often in heraldry. Its most common location is on NATO symbols. So, let's look at how to build a compass rose.
Preparing for the Image
Most often, for educational purposes, a wind rose is built only during local history lessons in schools, technical schools and other educational institutions. You can build a wind rose for a specific area. Very often, such a task is given to students in grades 7-9 at school, with which they do an excellent job.
If you want to carry out independent work on constructing a wind rose, then you will need information about the year-round wind direction in a certain area. It is necessary to collect information data throughout the month. You can either do this yourself or seek help from the meteorological service.
Now we draw the basis for the future diagram, in order to then organize the obtained observation results. We draw a coordinate system, the main axes of which will indicate the well-known cardinal directions, namely east, north, south and west. Now we draw intermediate lines between these lines and designate them as northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast. Now on each axis we lay out even divisions that will symbolize a certain number of days. Very often one division means one day, in each case it can be different. This is how you can understand how to make a compass rose.
We depict a compass rose
After this preparatory work is completed, you can begin to build the wind rose itself. We count how many days the wind blows in each direction, and then plot the corresponding number of divisions on each of the lines. After a certain number of lines have been laid down, you can carefully connect the resulting points with straight lines. Thus, the result should be a closed polygon. If there are windless days in a given area, they can be marked with a circle in the center of the diagram. If during a given period of time no wind was observed at all in the specified territory, then the line connecting the points should be interrupted.
These are the steps you need to follow if you want to learn how to make a compass rose. Now, after you have completed the steps above, you should receive a compass rose for your region for a certain period. The long lines on it will show the prevailing direction of the winds that blow on the area.
Automatic rose creation
Thus, you can build a compass rose manually. However, there is another way by which you can build a compass rose automatically using Excel. To understand how to build a wind rose, you need to create a file and enter into it in the form of a table all the data regarding the direction of the winds and the number of days. You should get several columns that will indicate the number of windy days and the names of the directions.
Now, using the “Insert” - “Chart” command, you will need to select the position called “Radar chart”. The result of these actions should be the appearance of a graphical image of the resulting diagram.
Thus, it is very simple to construct a wind rose for any part of the globe; it is enough to correctly calculate the number of windy days and their direction. This image is similar in outline to a rose, which is why the graphic representation of the wind direction is called a wind rose.
Each plant and each variety has its own principles of growth, and only by following them can we get the desired result. But what happens if they are not followed or taken into account, I will show you today using the example of the Thunberg barberry Orange Rocket.
The family of Rocket varieties has a very interesting shape, dictated by the properties inherent in this group of varieties - their shoots grow only vertically upward. However, they are quite thin and there are a lot of options for conditions when the cypress shape of the bush will be disrupted and the bush will become more similar to other varieties. One of these conditions may be failure to take into account or incorrect calculation of wind flows on the site.
We often hear that a plant needs a well-protected place from the winds, but we don’t always understand how to determine this place. And everything is quite simple. As a rule, different winds prevail in our area; a simple weather forecast or an architectural/geographical encyclopedia will help to look at them and compile wind directions. It is enough to simply combine the plan of your site with the finished compass rose. But seasonality is also important. And now is the time to walk around your site and experimentally find out where and how the most powerful destroyer of ideas blows - the autumn wind.
So, I present to you the subject and his living conditions. Do not pay attention to the coordinate arrows of the program, when I created the drawings I did not notice them. This Thunberg barberry bush, Orange Rocket, was planted against the wall of the garage to cover an unsightly place - an empty section of a brick wall. Everything follows all the rules of design - walking along the path from the barn to the house or to the street, it is located in the center of the view triangle. With its cypress shape and bright color, it distracts us from the empty wall, transferring all attention to the shrub composition near the house. The gaze passes from its center to the top, then to the hydrangea, goes down to the bottom and passes through the flower garden to the kitchen windows, repeating the spiral of the golden ratio. And everything is fine? No. not great.
We'll start with spring. The spring growth is just perfect, not too strong winds block the house and the high river bank, while the summer winds are not too strong yet. This is the biggest advantage of our site - when it is windy outside, the yard is quite quiet and calm. Now it is possible and necessary to carry out sanitary cutting of frozen branches, but I am not at the dacha. Summer and the bush almost meet our requirements, although the flaws of previous years are visible.
Summer is gaining momentum, and with it some of last year's branches are bowing under the weight of growth. But the closer it gets to autumn, the stronger the winds become, the streams they reflect are reflected by the house and the bush begins to lean away from the wall. And this is quite natural if you look at its flows. Now it seems that everything can be corrected by pruning, although even with this shape of the bush, not everything is tragic.
But then today comes, the wind changes to stronger and the bush is painful to look at. The wind currents tousled him as much as they could.