How to make a shark fin. Famous shark fin soup
Amundsen-Scott (eng. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station) is a permanently inhabited US Antarctic station at the South Pole, operating since 1956. Located at an altitude of 2835 meters above sea level. The first station in the depths of Antarctica (not on the coast of the mainland). The station was built in November 1956 for scientific purposes by order of the US government.
Chronology
When opened (in 1956 as part of the International Geophysical Year), the station was located exactly at the South Pole, but at the beginning of 2006, due to ice movement, the station was approximately 100 meters from the geographic south pole. The station got its name in honor of the discoverers South Pole- Roald Amundsen and Robert Scott, who achieved their goal in 1911-1912. The station is located at an altitude of 2835 m above sea level, on a glacier that nearby reaches a maximum thickness of 2850 m (2005). Average annual temperature- about −49 °C; varies from −28 °C in December to −60 °C in July. average speed wind - 5.5 m/s; gusts of up to 27 m/s were recorded.
Foundation of the station (1957-1975)
The original station - now called Old Pole - was founded in 1956-1957 by an 18-man US Navy expedition that landed there in October 1956 and wintered there for the first time in Antarctic history in 1957. Because climatic conditions were not known before, the base was built under the ice to overcome any weather conditions. The most low temperature in 1957 it was recorded at −74 °C (−102 °F). Surviving such low temperatures, combined with low humidity and low air pressure, is only possible with proper protection. The station, abandoned in 1957, is covered with snow (like any structure at the South Pole) at a rate of 60-80 mm per year. Now it is buried quite deeply and is completely closed to visitors, since all the wooden floors have been crushed by the snow. On January 4, 1958, the Transantarctic Expedition arrived at the station British Commonwealth with famous climber Edmund Hillary. It was the first expedition to use road transport and the first to reach the Pole by land, since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912. The expedition moved from the New Zealand station "Scott Bays".
Dome (1975-2003)
The aluminum unheated “tent” is a landmark of the pole. There was even a post office, a shop and a pub. Any building at the pole is quickly surrounded by snow and the design of the dome was not the most successful. A huge amount of fuel was wasted to remove snow, and delivery of a liter of fuel costs $7. The 1975 equipment is completely outdated.
New scientific complex(since 2003)
The unique design on stilts allows snow not to accumulate near the building, but to pass under it. The sloped shape of the bottom of the building allows the wind to be directed under the building, which helps blow snow away. But sooner or later the snow will cover the piles, and then it will be possible twice...
Amundsen-Scott station: travel seasonality, life at the station, reviews of tours to the Amundsen-Scott station.
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“Place of residence - South Pole” - this is what the inhabitants of the American polar base “Amundsen-Scott” could rightfully write in their personal questionnaire. Founded in 1956 and continuously inhabited year-round ever since, Amundsen-Scott Station is an example of how humans can adapt to the most unfavorable living conditions. And not only adapt - build a comfortable home that can withstand the harsh climate of Antarctica for many years. In the era of commercial expeditions to the South Pole, Amundsen-Scott became a host home for tourists who came to trample underfoot the extreme southern point of the Earth. Travelers spend only a few hours here, but during this time they manage to get acquainted with the amazing life of the station and even send a postcard home with the stamp “South Pole”.
A little history
Amundsen-Scott is the first Antarctic station in the interior of the continent. It was founded in 1956, 45 years after the conquest of the South Pole, and bears the name of the glorious pioneers of the icy continent - the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and the Englishman Robert Scott. At the time of its founding, the station was located exactly at 90° south latitude, however, by now, due to the movement of ice, it has slightly deviated from the South Pole point, which is now located about 100 meters from the station.
The original station was built under the ice, and scientific activity was carried out there until 1975. Then a domed base was erected, which served as a home for polar explorers until 2003. And then a large-scale structure appeared here on jack piles, which made it possible to raise the building as it was covered with snow. According to forecasts, it will last another 30-45 years.
The interiors here are no different from ordinary American “public places” - only massive doors that close like a safe indicate that this is happening in Antarctica.
Climate of the Amundsen-Scott station
The Amundsen-Scott station is located at an altitude of 2800 meters above sea level, which, taking into account the high rarity of the air in the South Pole region, turns into an actual 3500 meters, corresponding to the high mountain regions of the Earth.
The polar day lasts here from September 23 to March 21, and the peak “ tourist season"falls in December - January, when the temperature is most suitable for expeditions. At this time of year the thermometer does not show below -30 °C. Well, in winter there is about -60 °C and complete darkness, illuminated only by the northern lights.
Life at Amundsen-Scott Station
From 40 to 200 people permanently live on the Amundsen-Scott - scientists, researchers and professional polar explorers. IN summer period life here is in full swing - after all, outside the window it is a comfortable -22...-30 °C, and the sun shines around the clock. But for the winter, a little more than fifty people remain at the station - to maintain its operation and continue Scientific research. Moreover, from mid-February to the end of October, access here from outside world closed.
The station is literally crammed with high-tech equipment: there is an 11-kilometer antenna for observing cosmic storms, a super-powerful telescope and a drilling rig embedded more than two kilometers into the ice, used for experiments on neutrino particles.
What to see
Tourists are allowed into the Amundsen-Scott station only for a few hours. The interiors are no different from ordinary American “public places” - only massive doors that close like a safe indicate that this is happening in Antarctica. A dining room, a gym, a hospital, a music studio, a laundry and a store, a greenhouse and a post office - this is all the simple life.
“... A black flag tied to a sleigh runner, nearby are the remains of a camp, traces of sleighs and skis going in both directions, clear prints of dog paws... Then we understood everything. The Norwegians were ahead of us and were the first to reach the Pole. This is a terrible disappointment, and I am very sorry for my faithful comrades. We changed our minds a lot, argued a lot among ourselves. Tomorrow we must go further - to the Pole, and then hurry home with maximum speed what they are capable of. The end of all our dreams; the return will be sad” (entry from the diary of R. F. Scott dated January 18, 1912).
Two attempts by the British to conquer the South Pole - in 1902 and 1909. - turned out to be unsuccessful. Robert Scott managed to advance to latitude 82° 17’, Ernest Shackleton - to 88° 23’. By the way, the news that Shackleton, former member Scott's 1902 campaign, going on an independent expedition, became an unpleasant surprise for the latter. He wrote several letters to Shackleton, in which he demanded not to use the shore of McMurdo Sound for the base, since he considered this his exclusive right. After Shackleton was forced to land there, having found nothing more or less suitable around him, Scott began to consider him his personal enemy. I wonder what the captain would do navy Scott if Shackleton had achieved his goal? Let us recall that just in 1909 a scandal began over the other pole, the North: Robert Peary, having learned that he had lost the competition to Frederick Cook, used all his connections and a lot of money to throw the more successful competitor into the mud.
But Shackleton “left the race” 180 km before the finish, and in 1910 the British government and the Royal Geographical Society equipped another expedition to Antarctica, and Robert Falcon Scott, leading it, got a second chance. At the end of June, the expedition ship Terra Nova set sail. There were 65 people on board. Scott took with him 33 sled dogs and 15 short Chinese (or perhaps Mongolian or Buryat) horses, as well as two motor sleighs. On board there was a lot of scientific equipment, sufficient supplies of fuel, food and warm clothing.
And in September of the same year, the famous Fram, led by Roald Amundsen, set off for the shores of Antarctica. It was a real sensation. Amundsen dreamed of conquering North Pole and specifically for this purpose, he turned to Fridtjof Nansen many times with a request to provide him with this proven vessel, which also brought good luck. However, Nansen himself was not averse to repeating the attempt to reach the Pole and therefore hesitated, but finally agreed to hand over the Fram to Amundsen. He prepared for the voyage - across the Atlantic, around Cape Horn, further along Pacific Ocean to the Bering Strait, and then drifting, like Nansen, along with the ice through central part Arctic.
And suddenly on September 9, during the approach to Madeira, Amundsen announced to the crew a change in his plans. He later claimed that he decided to go to the southernmost point of the planet spontaneously, having suddenly learned that the North Pole had already been conquered by one of the Americans. In fact, since Cook and Peary's victorious telegrams were sent, whole year- there could be no talk of any surprise. Most likely, for some time he was actually preparing to drift in the Arctic Ocean, but nevertheless he made the decision to sail to Antarctica long before September 1910. By hiding his true plans, he gained time, and by announcing them, he instilled nervousness in English. Scott received a message about Amundsen's plans in October, when the British were in Australia.
Scott's expedition arrived in Antarctica, on the shore of his favorite McMurdo Sound, in January 1911. Around the same time, but to the east, in Whale Bay, embedded in ice shelf Ross, the Fram has appeared. Almost everyone considered it extremely dangerous to land on the surface of the glacier, especially close to its edge, which constantly breaks off. Risk? Undoubtedly. But Amundsen calculated everything. He knew that in the area of Whale Bay the edge of the glacier had been stable for several decades, more precisely since 1841, when it was discovered by James Clark Ross. At the same time, the Norwegian base turned out to be almost 100 km closer to the pole than Scott’s camp.
The Fram was quickly unloaded. Instead of resting, Amundsen and several companions immediately set off on a campaign to 80° south. w. There he set up a food warehouse. Along the route, beacons were installed at regular intervals - poles with flags, and supplies of food for dogs were also made. At the end of February, Amundsen led another detachment. This time warehouses were built at 81° and 82° south. w. In total, 3 tons of food for people and dog food were delivered to warehouses before the onset of the Antarctic winter. During the winter, several strong and light sleds were made, the weight of the boxes was extremely lightened: the boards were planed to a minimum thickness. The tents were painted black - a little gloomy, but very noticeable. Amundsen tried to take into account every little detail. According to the great Norwegian, victory is brought not by so-called luck, but by careful consideration of all possible difficulties and dangers and, of course, preparedness for them.
It cannot be said that Scott prepared poorly: like the Norwegians, the British did not waste time and made several reconnaissance and preparatory trips along the future route. In the Antarctic spring, both teams set off for the Pole. But the British left on November 1, and Amundsen on October 20, and the latter’s camp was located much closer to the pole. Amundsen took several dozen sled dogs on the journey; the British again relied on horsepower. There just weren't enough of them. The unfortunate equids were not at all adapted to moving on ice; By the end of the first half of the distance they had all died. By the way, the motor sleigh ended up on Ice continent an even more unreliable means of transportation. In general, soon people had to drag the sleigh up the mountain themselves. At the beginning of January 1912, when about 240 km remained to the target, Scott sent back the last auxiliary detachment, and he himself and four companions went on the assault. The British reached the South Pole on January 17, but there was already a tent there with a Norwegian flag and a note from Amundsen. The Norwegians reached the Pole on December 14, having overtaken their competitors by more than a month, and were now finishing their return journey. For the British it became a terrible blow, and for the immensely ambitious Scott - a real shock.
But I had to go back. At first, everything went well: the five moved from warehouse to warehouse, and the temperature did not drop below -30 ° C. However, every day the headwind
was getting stronger. And then misfortunes began in a continuous series. Junior officer Edgar Evans, a big guy and a jokester, taken by Scott into the assault group despite serious violations of discipline, severely cut his hand at the pole, and this had a catastrophic effect on his state of mind. Soon he fell into a crack and received severe bruises, as well as a severe concussion. Evans rapidly lost strength and died on February 17. It became more and more difficult to walk, the weather deteriorated - winter began. Frost in the forties, and a terrible wind that knocked you off your feet. Frostbite began; Lawrence Oates, who was no longer able to walk, was particularly badly affected. One day, at one of the intermediate camps, Oates crawled away in a snowstorm and did not return. Nobody stopped him. This happened on March 17th.
There was not much left to the coastal base, but there was even less strength, and food and fuel were running out. To top off all the troubles, there was a monstrous snowstorm that did not allow me to take a single step. Scott's diary is evidence of the gradual fading of hope for salvation. The last entry in it is dated March 29: “Since the 21st, a continuous storm has been raging... Every day we were ready to go - the warehouse is only 11 miles - but there is no way to leave the tent, the snow is blowing and swirling. I don’t think we can now hope for anything else... It’s a pity, but I don’t think I’ll be able to write. R. Scott."
Only the next summer, eight months later, the members of the English expedition found Scott’s tent, which had withstood all the winds. The bodies of Robert Scott, Edward Wilson and Henry Bowers lay in sleeping bags. Scott was the last to die: only his bag was not closed. Next to him they found notebooks, a camera, and film cassettes. Among the things were geological samples.
What about the winners? The entire route - to the Pole and back, about 3 thousand km in total - took Amundsen and his comrades 99 days. On the way back, the Norwegians were inspired by victory, while the British, on the contrary, were crushed by the monstrous burden of defeat. The British walked, and the Norwegians were carried by the remaining dogs. Amundsen and his comrades managed to cover the entire route before the weather worsened; Scott and his companions were caught by winter halfway to the shore. And finally, the same initial head start - a 100 km advantage and an earlier start on the road. These are, perhaps, all the reasons for the victory of some and the defeat of others - remember Amundsen’s statement about luck.
Subsequently, many accused Amundsen of cruelty to dogs. The fact is that food warehouses could not be installed along the entire route. Amundsen decided to use his dogs not only as draft force, but also as a source of food (an Eskimo dog produces about 25 kg of meat), which also does not need to be transported. He calculated when each dog should be shot in order to turn it from a means of transportation into food. Cruel? Of course - in relation to the dogs who faithfully served people. What about people? It is probably worth admitting that Amundsen was right in choosing best option- from the point of view of human survival. The Norwegian himself believed that this circumstance was the main factor in reaching the South Pole and safely returning to the coastal base.
For a very long time the British considered Robert Scott to be the true conqueror of the Pole.
3264FIGURES AND FACTS
Main characters
Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer; Robert Scott, English officer, polar explorer
Other characters
Englishmen E. Evans, L. Oates, E. Wilson, G. Bowers; Norwegians O. Wisting, H. Hansen and others.
Time of action
Route
From Whale Bay and the shores of McMurdo Sound, respectively, to the South Pole
Target
Conquering herself southern point planets
Meaning
Conquest of the South Pole. Ahead of Scott, Amundsen proved that there are no trifles in organizing expeditions
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Many people dreamed of reaching the South Pole, among them the French navigator Jean-Baptiste Charcot, famous explorer The Arctic and Antarctic (he died in 1936 during another expedition to Greenland).
Nansen also dreamed of being the first to reach the pole in Antarctica, intending to go to the southern polar seas on his beloved Fram. In 1909 Englishman Ernest Shackleton and his comrades penetrated into the very heart of the continent and were forced to turn to the coast just 100 miles from the Pole due to an acute shortage of food.
In October 1911, in the frosty Antarctic spring, two expeditions, Norwegian and British, rushed to the South Pole almost simultaneously. One was led by Roald Amundsen (1872-1928), a polar explorer who had already spent the winter on a ship in Antarctic waters at the end of the 19th century. And he managed to become famous in the Arctic, having overcome the labyrinth of the Canadian archipelago on the tiny boat “Yoa” in 1903-1906.
The second is Captain First Rank, Commander of the Order of Victoria, Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912). Scott was a naval officer who managed to command both cruisers and battleships in his time.
At the very beginning of the 20th century, he spent two years on the Antarctic coast, leading a research wintering camp. Headed by Scott small detachment made an attempt to penetrate into the interior of the continent, and in three months they managed to advance almost 1000 miles towards the pole. Returning to his homeland, he began to prepare for the next expedition. When their ship "Tera Nova" was on the way to Antarctica, the British learned that the "Fram" was heading there at full speed with the Amundsen expedition on board and the goal of the Norwegians was the same South Pole!
The further competition went under the motto: “who will win?” Amundsen extremely skillfully chose the place of wintering and future launch - as much as 100 miles closer to the pole than Scott. On their route, which passed at an angle to the route of the British, Amundsen’s people did not encounter either terrible cold or deadly prolonged snowstorms. The Norwegian detachment completed the round trip in a much shorter time, without going beyond the short Arctic summer. And here we can only pay tribute to the organizer of the expedition.
And so on January 17, 1912, Robert Scott and his comrades came to geographical point South Pole. Here they saw the remains of someone else's camp, traces of sledges, dog paws and a tent with a flag - exactly a month before them, their rival reached the Pole. With his characteristic brilliance, without a single casualty, without serious injuries, following the route schedule he had drawn up almost to the minute (and, what looks absolutely fantastic, predicting with the same accuracy the timing of the return to the coastal base), Amundsen demonstrated another and far from my last achievement.
The following entry appeared in Scott’s diary: “The Norwegians were ahead of us. A terrible disappointment, and I feel pain for my faithful comrades. None of us could sleep as a result of the blow we received...”
The British detachment set off on the return journey, following from one intermediate warehouse with food and fuel to another. But they were stopped forever by the endless March snowstorm.
Their bodies were discovered more than seven months later by a rescue team that went out to search for them. Next to Scott's body was a bag containing diaries and farewell letters. There were also 35 pounds of samples collected during the route on the rocks framing the Antarctic glaciers. The British continued to carry these stones even when death was already staring them in the eye.
The last line in the diary was a phrase that later spread throughout the world: “For God’s sake, don’t leave our loved ones...”
Admitting to his wife that there was no chance of salvation, Robert Scott asked her to interest their son in natural history, so that in the future he would continue his work as a traveler-naturalist. Dr. Peter Scott (he was not even a year old when his father set off on his last expedition) became an outstanding biologist and ecologist, one of the leaders of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
On the coast of the mainland near the base of the British expedition, on the top of a high hill facing the majestic ice Ross Barrier, a three-meter cross made of Australian eucalyptus rose.
On it is a gravestone inscription in memory of the five victims and the final words of the classic of British poetry: “Fight, seek, find and do not give up!”
Amundsen, having learned about the death of Scott and his companions, wrote: “I would sacrifice glory, absolutely everything, to bring him back to life. My triumph is overshadowed by the thought of his tragedy. It haunts me!”
Amundsen and Scott, Scott and Amundsen... Today at the very point that brought great victory alone and fatal defeat another, conducts scientific research at an Antarctic station called Amundsen-Scott.
Broad-shouldered, weather-beaten crewmen emerge from the holds of local fishing boats, dhows, hauling silkies and a variety of hammerheads onto the decks. The smaller ones are transferred from boat to boat, while the true giants, like tiger sharks and bull sharks are dragged to the pier by hand in teams of several people.
Armed with huge steel hooks, workers drag each shark across the harbor to a concrete slab that serves as a display platform for today's auction. The sharks are arranged there in orderly rows. Their pectoral fins point towards the sky. All this is reminiscent of the strict order of white crosses in a military cemetery. I counted 98 sharks on the slab. And this is the catch of just one vessel per night. After the auction, the sold sharks are loaded into refrigerated trucks. A few minutes later the next boat arrives, unloading more sharks onto the slab. Trading lasts from evening until morning. I witnessed over 1,000 shark carcasses being auctioned off in one night.
Shark fin is a valuable ingredient in shark fin soup, a gourmet dish popular with Far East. As a photographer, I have been following the shark and shark fin trade for over ten years. Saudi Arabia, however, has not yet come to my attention as one of the main suppliers of sharks in the region. After studying the fisheries department's obscure reports, I discovered that the region had recently become one of the world's leading exporters of sharks.
Silky sharks at auction awaiting a buyer at the port Arabian Sea. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
According to my observations, the richest catches have always been famous coastal waters Oman. Every night, freezer trucks loaded with sharks and shark fins leave Arab ports and speed across the desert. They're heading along Persian Gulf to the metropolis of Dubai, where night shark fin auctions are held. The city is now one of the top five suppliers of fin destined for Hong Kong, the global epicenter of the shark trade.
Shark meat is laid out to dry in the hot desert sun in Al Khaluf, Oman. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
Scuba divers who have explored the length and breadth of the Arabian Peninsula have found evidence that shark fishing occurs everywhere, even in some marine reserves. “Ghost” gillnets (lost or discarded by fishermen) are covered with a blanket Coral reefs and coastal rocks. The design of gill nets eliminates species selection: in addition to sharks, they catch everything from endangered species sea turtles to the whales. Gillnets are illegal in most countries around the world, but in this region their use has become an epidemic and the consequences are outrageous. In conversation with me, some fishermen expressed concern about the recent sharp decline in shark catches. With the exception of a few geographic anomalies where sharks still thrive, my expeditions have confirmed that underwater meetings happening to sharks less and less often.
Traders dump bags of dried shark fins onto the sidewalk at a Dubai fish market to attract shoppers. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
Today, the Arabian shark population is on the verge of a sharp decline. Fortunately, the region is home to some of the most advanced and dedicated marine ecologists. Thanks to their efforts, there is still hope for the future of Arabian sharks. Can Saudi Arabia shed its reputation as a major supplier of shark fins and become a global leader in shark conservation? I want to believe.
A giant hammerhead shark awaits shipping to Dubai for auction. This species of shark has one of the largest and most expensive fins on the market. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
All photographs in this series were taken between 2008 and 2012.
Red Sea: a curious silky shark pokes its nose into the protective dome of the camera. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
A dock worker removes a toothy hammerhead shark from a dhow fishing boat. Although IUCN ( International Union Nature Protection) classifies sharks as endangered species; they are fished in some Arab countries continues. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
Workers drag a silky shark to an auction slab in Mirbat harbor, Oman. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
Fox sharks and poppy sharks are much cheaper than other species, so they are just lumped together. They will be sold at the end of the day at reduced prices. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
A carcass cutter cuts dorsal near a shark at the fish market in Dubai. Photo: Thomas P. Peschak
The dorsal fin of a milk shark is cut off with a short chop at a cutting facility on the remote coast of Sharqiya in Oman.
And this is Hong Kong:
Aquameridian & Mission Blue Oceanic conservation activist Sharon Kwok holds a photo dead shark without fins on the roof of a factory building in Hong Kong, China, where shark fins are dried. The delicacy is very popular in China, where it is made into soup, but the brutal extermination of sharks is increasingly criticized environmental organizations. (EFE/Paul Hilton)
An environmental organization discovered about 10 thousand shark fins on the roof of one of the multi-storey factory buildings in Hong Kong. The owners dried their goods before selling them on the market.
Hong Kong is the largest market for this delicacy. It is estimated that around 50% of the world's shark fins are sold in Hong Kong.
The attention of environmental organizations is increasingly turning to the topic of sharks, which are brutally exterminated for their fins in some countries where this is not yet prohibited. For example, they are mined in China to make a local delicacy soup. One of the largest markets for their fishery is Hong Kong - on January 2, journalists and activists of non-profit organizations raided the roof of one of the local factories with a large batch of shark fins left to dry in the sun. It is believed that they were all obtained “wrongly,” by cutting them off from living individuals, which were then released into the ocean to die.
Photo: Thousands of shark fins dry on the roof of a manufacturing building on January 2, 2013 in Hong Kong. AFP PHOTO / Antony DICKSON (Photo credit should read ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty Images)
Shark fins are used to make soup, which is served only in gourmet restaurants. In addition, fin dishes are considered beneficial for human health.
However, animal rights activists condemn shark fishing. They say that after catching a shark, fishermen often cut off only the fin, and leave the fish itself in the ocean to die a painful death.
ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty
With the exception of a few species, the shark fin trade in Hong Kong is legal but frowned upon by the public. Therefore, fin traders try to dry their future “goods” away from the eyes of curious people.
Local resident Lyon Winchhiu inherited a shop selling dried seafood from his parents. He has worked here since he was 14 and says the nutritious meat from shark fins is good for bones. In his store, a kilogram of fins can cost from 100 to 1000 US dollars, depending on the type of shark and the size of the fin.
A bowl of soup with such a fin will cost $70-$150 in a restaurant.) ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty
Factory workers lay out a new batch of shark fins. (ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty Images)
Activists photograph dried shark fins. (ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty Images)
The shark fin trade is estimated to be worth $1.2 billion annually. (EPA/PAUL HILTON)
Photo: Shark fins sold at a market stall on January 2, 2013 in Hong Kong. ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty
Work process on the roof of a factory. (REUTERS/Bobby Yip)
Another activist poses with a photo of a dead shark without fins in the middle of a drying rack. (ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty Images)
ANTONY DICKSON/AFP/Getty
Shark melt soup