How does atmospheric air warm up? Geography 6. Atmospheric heating
The meaning of BERG LEV SEMENOVICH in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia
BERG LEV SEMENOVICH
Berg, Lev Semenovich, - zoologist and geographer. Born 1876; Graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University, receiving a gold medal for the essay: “Fragmentation and formation of parablast in pike” (“News of the Society of Natural History Lovers”, 1899). In 1899, together with Elpatievsky and Ignatyev, he explored the salt lakes of the Omsk district. He was in charge of fisheries in the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea, then on the Volga (in Kazan); is in the service of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 1899 - 1907 he explored the Aral Sea ("Scientific results of the Aral Expedition"), in 1903 - Lake Balkhash; then visited Lake Issyk-Kul. In 1909, he defended a dissertation at Moscow University for a master's degree in geography under the title: "The Aral Sea. Experience in a physical-geographical monograph" (St. Petersburg, 1908), for which he was awarded a doctorate in geography.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
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- BERG LEV SEMENOVICH
(1876-1950) physical geographer and biologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). He developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the ideas of V.V. Dokuchaev about natural ... - BERG LEV SEMENOVICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Lev Semenovich, Soviet physical geographer and biologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946; corresponding member 1928), honored worker of science... - A LION in Miller's Dream Book, dream book and interpretation of dreams:
Seeing a lion in a dream means that you are controlled by enormous forces. If you subjugate a lion, you will be a winner in... - A LION in the Directory of Constellations, Latin names.
- BERG in the Lexicon of non-classics, artistic and aesthetic culture of the 20th century, Bychkova:
(Berg) Alban (1885-1935) One of the three main representatives of the so-called. "New Vienna school" of the 20th century. (along with A. Schoenberg and ... - A LION in the Dictionary of Russian Surnames:
L. S. Lev (Kharkov) asks to reveal the origin of his last name and sadly adds: “As long as I’ve been living, I haven’t yet met anyone with the same last name... - A LION
- the monetary unit of Bulgaria, consisting of 100 ... - A LION in the Encyclopedia Biology:
, carnivorous mammal family felines. It lives in Africa and the Girsky reserve in India. The African lion lives in savannas, the Asian lion... - A LION in the Bible Dictionary:
- a majestic and formidable, strong and fearless predatory animal. Since time immemorial, he has been considered the king of beasts. Lions were abundant in ancient times... - A LION in the Bible Dictionary:
(abbreviation) The third book of Moses. ... - A LION in the Bible Encyclopedia of Nikephoros:
(Genesis 49:9) - a wild and predatory animal, well known to everyone, and therefore does not require special detailed description. The appearance of the lion is majestic, its fluttering... - A LION in the Dictionary of Heraldic Terms:
- a symbol of power, strength, courage and... - A LION in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
- A LION in biographies of Monarchs:
The legendary king of Laconia from the Agid family, who ruled in the first half. VI century BC Son of Eurycrates II. Leo continued the war... - A LION
Lev is the Russian Metropolitan, who is identified with the first Metropolitan of Kyiv (989 - 1004 - 1008). Considered the author of a polemical work about... - BERG in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Berg - several noble families of the Bergs, recorded in various parts of the genealogical books of Russian provinces and descending from the Estonian and Livonian ... - A LION in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
mammal of the cat family. Body length up to 2.4 m, tail up to 1.1 m; weighs up to 280 kg. Few in number; preserved only in... - BERG in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Alban (1885-1935) Austrian composer. Representative of the new Viennese school. Evolved from musical romanticism to expressionism. One of the creators of serial technology... - A LION \
differs from other species of the cat genus (Felis) in the absence of spots and stripes in adulthood, a mane of long hair dressing her head... - A LION V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Felis leo L.) - differs from other species of the cat genus (Felis) by the absence of spots and stripes in adulthood, a mane of ... - BERG in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- BERG
(Berg) Alban (1885 - 1935), Austrian composer. Representative of the new Viennese school. The compositions contain features of musical romanticism and expressionism. One of … - A LION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
I lion, m. 1. soul. Large predatory animal of the family. cats with short gray-yellow fur and long manes in males. ... - A LION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
2, leva, m. Monetary unit in ... - A LION
TOLSTOY (f. Astapovo), village. mountains type in Russia, Lipetsk region. Railway knot 9.2 t.zh. (1998). In 1910 L.N. died here. ... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
XIII (1810-1903), Pope since 1878. Author of the encyclical Rerum Novarum. In. honor Part Petersburg AN... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
X (1475-1521), Pope from 1513. Under him, nepotism and speculation in indulgences flourished. In 1520 he excommunicated M.... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
IX (Leo) (1002-54), Pope from 1049. Promoted the Cluny reform. In an effort to annex South to the papal possessions. Italy, fought unsuccessfully for... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VI the Wise (866-912), Byzantine. Emperor since 886, from the Macedonian dynasty. Issued decrees (novels) that revised old legislation. norms, and Vasiliki. Led... - A LION in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
III (c. 675-741), Byzantine. Emperor since 717, founder of the Isaurian dynasty. Repelled the onslaught of the Arabs in 718 near Constantinople, in 740 - ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Fed. Fed. (Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert) (1793-1874), count (1856), grew up. general-feldm. (1865). Member of Otech. war of 1812, abroad Russian hikes armies 1813-14, ... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Paul (b. 1926), Amer. biochemist. Studied the role of transport. RNA in protein biosynthesis. Received recombinant DNA molecules of two different viruses... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Lev Sem. (1876-1950), physical geographer and biologist, academician. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). He developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the ideas of V.V. Dokuchaeva about... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Berg) Alban (1885-1935), Austrian. composer. Rep. new Viennese school. Evolved from muses. romanticism to expressionism. One of the creators of the serial... - BERG in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Axel Iv. (1893-1979), scientist in the field of radio engineering and radio electronics, academician. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), administrative engineer. (1955), Hero of Social. Labor (1963). Tr. ... - A LION in Collier's Dictionary:
(Panthera leo), a predatory mammal of the cat family, widespread in Eastern, Central and South Africa; also found in the protected Gir forest... - A LION in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Lev 2, l'eva (den. ... - A LION in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Lev, (Lvovich, ... - A LION in the Spelling Dictionary:
Lev 2, l'eva (den. ... - A LION in the Spelling Dictionary:
lion 1, lion (animal) and lion, lion (name; constellation and zodiac sign; about who was born under this ... - A LION in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
1 large predatory feline with short yellowish fur and long mane in males. Fights like l. whoever ... - LION in Dahl's Dictionary:
husband. lioness female beast of prey sultry Africa and Asia, a genus of cats called the king of beasts, Felis leo. A lion does not crush mice. ... - BERG in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
Aksel Ivanovich (1893-1979), Russian scientist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), engineer-admiral (1955), Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Proceedings on radio engineering. Active… - A LION
lion, m. 1. A large predatory mammal of the cat family, yellowish in color, with a lush mane in males. Mighty lion, thunderstorm of the forests. Krylov. ... - A LION in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
leva, m. (Bulgarian lev). Monetary unit in Bulgaria. We paid two... - SUKHORUKOV, LEONID SEMYONOVICH in the Wiki Quote Book:
Data: 2009-04-23 Time: 13:56:17: ""This article must be combined with the article by Leonid Semenovich Sukhorukov. Please complete this page with the missing... - MIKHAIL SEMYONOVICH SOBAKEVICH in the Wiki Quote Book:
Data: 2009-01-10 Time: 14:01:04 Mikhail Semenovich Sobakevich is the hero of the poem “Dead Souls”. * ? And the face of a robber! ? Sobakevich said. ... - MEDVEDENKO, SEMYON SEMYONOVICH in the Wiki Quote Book:
Data: 2008-11-01 Time: 11:28:21 Medvedenko Semyon Semenovich, character in the comedy “The Seagull.” - * Why? "" (Thinking.)"" I don’t understand... Are you healthy, father... - LEONID SEMYONOVICH SUKHORUKOV in the Wiki Quote Book:
Data: 2009-04-23 Time: 13:56:55: ""This article must be combined with the article by Sukhorukov, Leonid Semenovich. Please complete this page with the missing... - BERG-PRIVILEGE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
- a legislative act of December 10, 1719, which determined the policy of the Russian government in the mining industry; was practical guide for the Berg College...
Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) Berg(March 2 (15), 1876 - December 24, 1950) - Russian and Soviet zoologist and geographer.
Corresponding member (1928) and full member (1946) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, president of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1940-1950), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951 - posthumously). Author of fundamental works on ichthyology, geography, and theory of evolution.
Family
Born in Bendery into a Jewish family. His father, Simon Grigorievich Berg (originally from Odessa), was a notary; mother, Klara Lvovna Bernstein-Kogan, is a housewife. He had younger sisters Maria (April 18, 1878) and Sophia (December 23, 1879). The family lived in a house on Moskovskaya Street.
The first wife of L. S. Berg (in 1911-1913) - Paulina Adolfovna Katlovker (March 27, 1881-1943), younger sister famous publisher B. A. Katlovker. Children - geographer Simon Lvovich Berg (1912, St. Petersburg - November 17, 1970) and geneticist, writer, Doctor of Biological Sciences Raisa Lvovna Berg (March 27, 1913 - March 1, 2006). In 1922, L. S. Berg remarried Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova, a teacher at the Petrograd Pedagogical Institute.
He died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad. He was buried on the Literatorskie bridge of the Volkovsky cemetery. The tombstone (sculptor V. Ya. Bogolyubov, architect M. A. Shepilevsky) was created in 1954.
Education and scientific career
1885-1894 - studied at the second Chisinau gymnasium, from which he graduated with a gold medal. In 1894 he was baptized into Lutheranism to obtain the right to higher education within the Russian Empire.
1894-1898 - student of the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University. (His graduate work“Fragmentation and formation of parablast in pike” was awarded a gold medal)
1899-1902 - supervisor of fisheries in the Aral Sea and Syr Darya.
1903 - studied for 10 months at oceanographic courses in Bergen (Norway).
1903-1904 - supervisor of fisheries in the middle reaches of the Volga. Lived in Kazan.
November 1904 - November 1913 - head of the fish department of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1909 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geography for his dissertation “The Aral Sea”.
1913-1914 - acting professor of ichthyology and hydrology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.
January 1917-1950 - Professor of the Department of Physical Geography of Petrograd, and then Leningrad University. Since 1928 - Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1918-1925 - Professor of Geography at the Geographical Institute in Petrograd (Leningrad).
1922-1934 - Head of the Department of Applied Ichthyology at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy.
1934-1950 - head of the laboratory of fossil fish at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1934 he became a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Since 1946 - full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
1940-1950 - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
1948-1950 - Chairman of the Ichthyological Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Contribution to science
The scientific heritage of Lev Semenovich Berg is very significant.
As a geographer, he, having collected extensive materials about nature different regions, made generalizations on climatic zonation globe, a description of landscape zones of the USSR and neighboring countries, created the textbook “Nature of the USSR”. Berg, the creator of modern physical geography, is the founder of landscape science, and the landscape division he proposed, although supplemented, has survived to this day.
Berg is the author of the soil theory of loess formation. His works made a significant contribution to hydrology, lake science, geomorphology, glaciology, desert science, the study of surface sedimentary rocks, issues of geology, soil science, ethnography, and paleoclimatology.
Lev Semenovich Berg
Geographer, ichthyologist, climatologist.
“...It was an unusually backward county town“,” Berg recalled, “there were no pavements, and by autumn all the streets were covered with a layer of liquid mud, on which it was possible to walk only in special extra-deep galoshes, which I have never seen since then; obviously they were made specifically for the needs of the residents of Bendery. There was no street lighting in the city, and on dark autumn nights one had to wander through the streets with hand torch. Among the secondary educational institutions there was one pro-gymnasium, for some reason for women. Of course, no newspapers were published in the city.”
Only the gold medal with which Berg graduated from the Chisinau gymnasium allowed him to enter Moscow University.
Lectures by outstanding scientists D. N. Anuchin, A. P. Bogdanov, V. I. Vernadsky, M. A. Menzbier, K. A. Timiryazev helped Berg early determine his scientific interests. The anthropologist and ethnographer D. N. Anuchin and the geologist A. P. Pavlov had a particular influence on him.
In 1898, Berg graduated from the university.
Unfortunately, I was unable to get a job in any scientific or educational institution in Moscow. Only the recommendation of Academician Anuchin helped Berg get a position as a fisheries supervisor in the Aral Sea. Without wasting time, he went to the provincial town of Akmolinsk.
The Aral Sea was real back then. Water from the Amu Darya had not yet been diverted through ditches into the desert, and the skeletons of the ships of the former fishing flotilla did not stick out among the dry sands. Berg studied the huge reservoir for several years. He managed to take a new approach to explaining nature Aral Sea and painted a fairly convincing picture of the development of the sea, closely connected with the history of the Turan Lowland and the dry riverbed of the Uzboy, through which part of the Amu Darya waters once flowed into the Caspian Sea. In his work “The Question of Climate Change in Historical Era,” Berg refuted the prevailing ideas about drying out at that time. Central Asia and about the progressive change in its climate towards increasing desertity.
In 1909, for his work on the Aral Sea, which Berg presented as his master's thesis, he was immediately awarded a doctorate. Reviews were provided by D. N. Anuchin, V. I. Vernadsky, A. P. Pavlov, M. A. Menzbier, G. A. Kozhevnikov, V. V. Bartold and E. E. Leist, undoubtedly the best specialists that time.
From 1904 to 1914, Berg headed the department of fish and reptiles of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. During these years, he completed and published a number of excellent studies on the fish of Turkestan and the Amur region.
In 1916, Berg was elected professor at Petrograd University.
The main works of this period are devoted to the origin of the fauna of Lake Baikal, the fish of Russia, the origin of loess, climate change in the historical era and the division of the Asian territory of Russia into landscape and morphological areas.
Revolutionary events were interrupted for a long time field studies Berg.
The scientist’s first major works published after the revolution were “Nomogenesis, or evolution based on patterns” and “Theories of evolution” (1922). Berg wrote both of these books while sitting in his coat in an unheated room, heating the freezing ink on the fire of a smokehouse. In these works devoted to the theory of evolution, Berg distinguished three directions:
criticism of the main evolutionary teachings and, first of all, Darwinian,
development of our own hypothesis about the causes of evolution, based on the recognition of a certain initial expediency and “autonomous orthogenesis” as the main law of evolution, acting centripetally and independently of external environment, And
generalization of the laws of macroevolution, such as irreversibility, increasing the level of organization, long-term continuation of evolution in the same direction, convergence, etc.
Berg's evolutionary work was caused by the crisis that Darwinism experienced in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Berg never shared Charles Darwin's views on the causes of evolution. He believed that variability in nature is always adaptive, and organisms do not react gradually to changes in external conditions, but, on the contrary, sharply, abruptly, en masse. Thus, Berg attached decisive importance to variability rather than to natural selection. Of course, “Nomogenesis” (“a set of patterns”), developed by Berg, caused a lot of objections. Berg's assertion that in biological evolution there is no place for chance, and everything happens naturally, sounded too provocative. But historically, Berg's works turned out to be extremely important, if only because both acutely posed the problem of the direction of evolution and the role of internal factors in phylogenesis, polyphyly, convergence and parallelism. The view of the majority of Berg's opponents was well expressed by Professor N. N. Plavilshchikov. “The book Nomogenesis,” he wrote, “is one of the latest attempts to overthrow the theory of selection. Of course, nothing good came out of this attempt and could not come out, despite the monstrous erudition of the author and the well-known wit of his conclusions: two and two are always four. Deny the theory of selection... Could there be another explanation for the expediency in the structure of organisms?..."
This, however, can be answered in the words of Herbert Spencer: humanity goes straight only after exhausting all possible crooked paths.
As a natural scientist, Berg always sought to give his arguments the form of strictly empirical constructions. “To find out the mechanism of formation of adaptations is the task of the theory of evolution,” he wrote. As for living matter, Berg generally believed that it was conceivable only as an organism. “Naive are the dreams of those chemists who thought that by performing protein synthesis in a flask, they would get “ living matter“. There is no living matter at all, there are living organisms.”
“Darwin’s theory sets out to explain the mechanical origin of expediency in organisms,” he wrote in his work “The Theory of Evolution.” – We consider the ability to react appropriately as the main property of the organism. It is not necessary to find out the origin of expediencies evolutionary teaching, but to the discipline that will undertake to talk about the origin of living things. This question, in our opinion, is metaphysical. Life, will, soul, absolute truth - all these are transcendental things, the knowledge of the essence of which science is not able to give. We don’t know where and how life came from, but it is carried out on the basis of laws, like everything that happens in nature. Transmutation, whether it occurs in the sphere of dead or living nature, occurs according to the laws of mechanics, physics and chemistry. IN world of the dead matter is dominated by the principle of randomness, i.e. large numbers. The most probable things happen here. But we do not know what principle underlies an organism in which the parts are subordinate to the whole. Likewise, we do not know why organisms generally increase in their structure, i.e., progress. How this process occurs, we begin to understand, but Why“Science can answer this now just as little as in 1790, when Kant expressed his famous prophecy.”
Under pressure from the criticism that his views on evolution were subjected to, Berg returned to questions of geography and ichthyology. One after another, his books “The Population of Bessarabia” (1923), “The Discovery of Kamchatka and Bering’s Kamchatka Expeditions” (1924), “Fundamentals of Climatology” (1927), “Essays on the History of Russian geographical science"(1929), "Landscape-geographical zones of the USSR" (1931), "Nature of the USSR" (1937), "The system of fishes and fishes" (1940), "Climate and life" (1947), "Essays on physical geography" ( 1949), “Russian discoveries in Antarctica and modern interest in it” (1949).
The breadth of Berg's views can be judged by the content of his books.
Essays on physical geography, for example, include sections: “On the supposed separation of continents”, “On the supposed connection between the great glaciations and mountain building”, “On the origin of the Ural bauxites”, “On the origin of iron ores type Krivoy Rog", "The level of the Caspian Sea beyond historical time", "Baikal, its nature and the origin of its organic world." And in the book “Essays on the History of Russian Geographical Discoveries,” he touches not only on the history of these discoveries themselves, but also on such a seemingly unusual topic as “Atlantis and the Aegean,” in which he comes to a conclusion unexpected for his contemporaries. “I would place Atlantis not in the area between Asia Minor and Egypt,” he writes, “but in the Aegean Sea - south to Crete. As is known, in our time it is recognized that the subsidence that gave rise to the Aegean Sea occurred, geologically speaking, quite recently, in Quaternary times, perhaps already within human memory.”
In 1925, Berg again visited his beloved Aral Sea. These studies of his were associated with work at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy, where Berg headed the department of applied ichthyology from 1922 to 1934.
In 1926, Berg visited Japan as part of a delegation from the USSR Academy of Sciences. He went there specifically through Manchuria and Korea in order to get as complete an idea as possible about the nature of these countries. And in next year Berg represented Soviet science in Rome at the Limnological Congress.
There was incredible hard work main feature Berg. During his life he managed to complete over nine hundred scientific works. He worked constantly, which is probably why he managed so much. In everything he followed a certain system. He was a convinced vegetarian, never smoked, and only walked to work. Tremendous erudition allowed Berg to feel at home in any field of science.
“...Science leads to morality,” he wrote in the book “Science, its meaning, content and classification,” “for it, demanding evidence everywhere, teaches impartiality and justice. There is nothing more alien to science than blind admiration for authority. Science honors its spiritual leaders, but does not create idols out of them. Each of these provisions can and, indeed, has been challenged. The motto of science is tolerance and humanity, for science is alien to fanaticism, admiration for authority, and therefore despotism. The consciousness of the scientist that in his hands is the only objective truth accessible to man, that he has knowledge supported by evidence, that this knowledge, until it is scientifically refuted, is mandatory for everyone, all this makes him value this knowledge extremely highly, and, in the words of the poet , “...for the power, for the livery, don’t bend your conscience, your thoughts, your neck.” The high moral significance of science lies in the example of selflessness set by a dedicated scientist. It is not in vain that the crowd, which strives for wealth, fame and power and the material benefits associated with all this, looks at the scientist as an eccentric or a maniac.”
Whatever topic Berg worked on, he always tried to expand it broadly and give clear conclusions.
In this regard, the book “Fishes of the Amur Basin” (1909) is indicative.
It would seem that this is a narrow zoological summary, giving a description of the fish found in the Amur River system. But three small chapters of this work - “The General Character of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Amur Basin”, “Fishes of the Amur from the Point of View of Zoological Geography” and “The Origin of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Amur” - are of lasting interest to geographers and naturalists. TO natural phenomena Berg approaches their complex relationships, paints a vivid picture of the origin of modern landscapes of the Amur basin, and draws on not only ichthyological material. Actually, identifying the causal relationships of phenomena is the main task and method of its research.
Berg's work on paleoclimatology, paleogeography, biogeography, and especially climate change during the historical period is very significant. They are all written in simple language, some are popular in the best sense of the term. For example, the book “Climate and Life” can be read and understood by anyone who is interested in issues of climate and life. Berg's books about Russian travelers and explorers went through many editions. Working in the archives, he sometimes found absolutely remarkable facts, which allowed him to boldly assert back in 1929 that “... the Russians, within the boundaries of the USSR alone, mapped and studied an area equal to one-sixth of the land surface, that vast spaces were explored in the border areas with Russia regions of Asia, that all the shores of Europe and Asia from the Varanger Fiord to Korea, as well as the shores of a large part of Alaska, have been mapped by Russian sailors. Let us also add that many islands have been discovered and described by our sailors in the Pacific Ocean.”
Geographical works brought Berg wide fame.
Mountains of Norway, deserts of Turkestan, Far East, European part Russia - everything was reflected in his system of views on the world. He did a tremendous amount of work in the field of regional studies; his profound works on natural zones became the property of not only professional geographers, but also botanists and zoologists. He was one of the first to deal with issues of scientific geographical zoning, having done remarkable work on the zoning of Siberia and Turkestan, Asian Russia and the Caucasus. He owns the capital summary “Pisces” fresh water USSR and neighboring countries." Of the 528 species of fish found in the rivers and lakes of our country, 70 species were first discovered and described by Berg. He created a scheme for dividing the entire world, separately the Soviet Union and Europe, into a number of zoogeographical regions based on the distribution of certain species of fish. In search of ways for fish to develop, Berg began studying fossils. And here he achieved excellent results, writing the outstanding work “The System of Pisciformes and Fishes, Living and Fossils” (1940, 1955, Berlin, 1958).
The university textbooks created by Berg are written in excellent, lively language. He always opposed abstruse terminology, through which one had to wade through as if through a thorny thicket. He even wrote a special article in which he sharply opposed such complicated terminology as, for example, “differential centrifugation of the dermal pulp of infected rabbits” or “anthropodynamic impulses.” The latter, by the way, just means human influence. Berg never tired of recalling the words of Lomonosov: “What we love in the Latin, French or German style is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian.”
In 1904, Berg was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, and thirty-six years later he became its president. Academician since 1946. In 1951 he was posthumously awarded the State Prize.
Death found the scientist with a book in his hands.
From the book The Most Famous Russian scientists author Prashkevich Gennady MartovichLev Semenovich Berg Geographer, ichthyologist, climatologist. Born on March 14, 1876 in the city of Bendery (Bessarabia) in the family of a notary. “... It was an unusually backward county town,” Berg recalled, “there were no pavements, and by autumn all the streets were covered with a layer of liquid mud,
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BE) by the author TSBBerg Axel Ivanovich Berg Axel Ivanovich [b. 29.10 (10.11).1893, Orenburg], Soviet radio engineer, engineer-admiral, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946; corresponding member 1943), Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Member of the CPSU since 1944. In 1914 he graduated from the Naval Corps. As a submarine navigator
From the book 100 great composers author Samin DmitryBerg Alban Berg (Berg) Alban (9.2.1885, Vienna, - 24.12.1935, ibid.), Austrian composer. One of the most prominent representatives of expressionism in music. He studied composition under the guidance of A. Schoenberg, who had a significant influence on the formation of B.’s creative principles.
From the book 100 Great Adventurers author Muromov IgorBerg Fedor Fedorovich Berg Fedor Fedorovich, Russian surveyor. He studied at Dorpat (now Tartu) University. In the 20s compiled a military-statistical description of Turkey. Led (1823, 1825) expeditions
From the book Lexicon of Nonclassics. Artistic and aesthetic culture of the 20th century. author Team of authorsBerg Eizhen Augustovich Berg Eizhen Augustovich (1892, Riga, - 20.9.1918), an active participant in the October Revolution of 1917 and Civil War. Member of the Communist Party since 1917. Born into a fisherman's family. During World War I he was a driver on the battleship Sevastopol. After the February
From the book Berlin. Guide by Bergmann Jurgen From the book Art Museums of Belgium author Sedova Tatyana Alekseevna From the book Field Marshals in the History of Russia author Rubtsov Yuri Viktorovich From the book Popular History of Music author Gorbacheva Ekaterina GennadievnaAlban Berg (1885–1935) One of the most prominent representatives of expressionism in music, Berg expressed in his work the thoughts, feelings and images characteristic of expressionist artists: dissatisfaction social life, feelings of powerlessness and loneliness. Hero of it
From the book Big Dictionary of Quotations and catchphrases author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich From the author's book From the author's bookPRENZLAUER BERG C?fe Anita Wronski, Knaackstr. 26-28. The pub opens early. Senefelderplatz metro station on line U2. Kommandantur Knaackstra?e / corner Rykestra?e. Hippie Italian restaurant. Senefelderplatz metro station on line U2. Restauration 1900, Husemannstr. 1. Fried pork legs and brisket, as well as vegetarian dishes,
From the author's bookMuseum Mayer van den Berg The charm of this private collection lies not only in the fact that it bears the imprint of the taste and character of its collector, a passionate lover of art, but also in the fact that it is housed in an old patrician house from the 15th century with dark oak
From the author's book From the author's bookAlban Berg Austrian composer, teacher, representative of the new Viennese school Alban Berg was born in 1885. He was a student and follower of A. Schoenberg, with whom he studied from 1904 to 1910. Berg began his path in musical art with the piano sonata opus 1 (1908) and
From the author's bookBERG, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1823–1884), poet-translator, journalist, historian 213 In Holy Rus', roosters are crowing, Soon there will be a day in Holy Rus'. Authorship is presumed. The couplet is given in the 2nd edition (1892) of V. G. Korolenko’s essay “On an Eclipse.” In M. Gorky's version: “On the Holy
(1876 - 1950)
L. S. Berg is a famous geographer and naturalist encyclopedist. Scientific interests The bergs were unusually wide. It is difficult to name any of the physical-geographical disciplines critical issues which would not have received deep and original development in his works.
Berg surprisingly combined a physical geographer who created major works on natural zones and natural complexes; limnologist - researcher of a number of large lakes; climatologist who developed a geographical direction in the study of climate; soil scientist - creator of the original soil theory of the origin of loess; lithologist - author of the concept of biogeochemical formation of sedimentary rocks; geomorphologist who proposed the first relief zoning scheme for the entire Asian part of our country; paleogeographer At the same time, Berg is a major zoologist who created classic works in the field of ichthyology, an outstanding zoogeographer and evolutionary biologist. Along with all this, he is a prominent historian of geography, a wonderful teacher high school And
A man of phenomenal memory and enormous erudition, who combined brilliant abilities of analytical and synthetic thinking with organization and discipline in his work, Berg created so many scientific works in geography and biology, that it was not without reason that its productivity was compared with the activities of an entire research institute.
L. S. Berg was born in 1876 in small town Bendery in Bessarabia in a poor family of a notary. He received his secondary education in Chisinau, and in 1894 he entered Moscow University in the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
While still a student, he began to specialize in ichthyology. In 1898 he carried out work on the embryonic development of pike. For this work Berg was awarded a gold medal.
Immediately after graduating from the university in 1898, Berg, together with P. G. Ignatov, made his first geographical expedition to the salt lakes of the Omsk district.
The report on this trip, written by Berg and Ignatov, is the first monograph in Russian geographical literature devoted to the physical and geographical characteristics of salt lakes. Already in this work, published in 1901, Berg acts as a landscape geographer: he divided the entire studied territory into natural areas - formations, as he called them then.
In 1899, Berg entered the service as a supervisor of fisheries in the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea.
Since 1897, the Turkestan Department of the Russian Geographical Society began its activities in Tashkent, and the young scientist became one of its most active employees. The project for studying the Aral Sea, put forward by Berg, was accepted, and the Geographical Society took over material support work.
The Aral expedition, the only employee of which during the three years of its existence (1900 - 1902) was Berg, ended with a monographic description of the Aral. Berg collected the richest geological, zoological and botanical collections, soil and water samples, and compiled a complete meteorological journal. The results of the research were published in special works published from 1901 to 1916 by the Turkestan department of the Society. Such prominent scientists as V.V. Bartold, A.A. Kaminsky, N.I. Andrusov collaborated in this publication.
Thanks to these studies and the wide publication of their results, the Aral Sea, until then very little known, became one of the most studied bodies of water in the world.
Berg found the Aral at a time when its level was rising. The entire set of hydrographic and geomorphological studies of the Aral Sea and the Aral Sea region allowed Berg to refute the belief of his contemporaries about the progressive drying out of the climate and substantiate the idea of periodic fluctuations in the climate of Central Asia.
Big scientific work did not prevent Berg from doing an excellent job of protecting the fish resources of the region.
Already in the first year of his stay in the Aral, he gave a complete description of fish and fishing in the Aral and Syr Darya and drew up new fishing rules. Thanks to his energy, the predatory extermination of the most valuable fish species was stopped here.
In 1903, Berg organized a large expedition to study Lake Balkhash and visited Lake Issyk-Kul.
In 1904, he transferred to Kazan to the position of supervisor of the fisheries of the Front Volga. The result of his service here was a description of fisheries in the Volga basin. In 1905, Berg was invited to the post of curator of the department of fish and lower vertebrates of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
This period of his activity was marked by the creation of such first-class works in the field of ichthyology as “Fishes of Turkestan” (1905), “Fishes of the Amur Basin” (1909), “Fishes” in the series “Fauna of Russia” (1911, 1912, 1914). At the same time, he is preparing the first edition of his classic work “Fishes of the Fresh Waters of Russia”.
With unflagging interest, Berg continued to work in the field of geography. In 1904, he published an essay on the physical and geographical characteristics of Lake Issyk-Kul and a preliminary report on a trip to Lake Balkhash. In 1907, he traveled through the Big and Small Badgers deserts and in the same year took a trip to the upper reaches of the Isfara River, a tributary of the Syr Darya, to find out whether the glaciers of the Tien Shan, feeding the tributaries of the Aral Sea, were reducing or increasing their area. Berg was able to show that climate humidification, expressed in a rise in the level of the Aral Sea, also affected glaciers.
In 1908, Berg completed the monograph “The Aral Sea,” in which he summed up everything that had been achieved by the Aral Expedition, and in 1909 he submitted this work for the degree of Master of Geographical Sciences. The Academic Council of Moscow University, which included leading scientists -
V.I. Vernadsky, D.N. Anuchin, M.A. Menzbier and others - awarded him the degree of Doctor of Geography.
His fascination with the question of the origin of the fauna of Baikal, which did not leave him throughout his life, dates back to this time.
In 1912 - 1913 Berg conducted physical and geographical observations in the Chernigov province. One of the most important results of these works was the soil theory of loess formation. In 1913, Berg was elected the first professor of ichthyology at the newly organized faculty of fisheries science at the Agricultural Institute [Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev] and moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Here he taught courses in general and special ichthyology and hydrology. With the same energy, he continued his studies in geography. In the same year, in a collection dedicated to the seventieth birthday of D. N. Anuchin, his article “The Experience of Dividing Siberia and Turkestan into Landscape and Morphological Regions” was published, which laid the foundations of Berg’s doctrine of geographical zones.
In 1917, Berg moved to Petrograd again, this time permanently. He took part in organizing first the Higher Geographical Courses and then the Geographical Institute. From the department of this institute, he taught a course on regional studies and for the first time expounded the doctrine of geographical zones.
In 1925, the institute was transformed into the geographical department of Leningrad University, and Berg headed the department of physical geography. He was its head until the end of his days.
In 1922, the first edition of Berg's book Climate and Life was published, in which he summarized his work in the field of historical climatology. His work at the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces at the Academy of Sciences, as well as at the State Hydrological Institute, where he headed the lake department, dates back to the same time.
At the same time, Berg became head of the department of applied ichthyology at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy. On the basis of this department in 1929, the All-Union Institute lake and river fisheries, where Berg headed the ichthyology laboratory.
Along with conducting extensive geographical and ichthyological research, Berg paid great attention to evolutionary theory during these years. A significant place in his scientific work was also occupied by the development of questions of the history of geographical knowledge. In 1924, he published the first edition of a study on the discovery of Kamchatka.
In 1926 Berg took part in
IIIInternational Pacific Congress, which took place in Japan. In 1927 he was a memberInternational Limnological Congress in Rome. The publication of his “Fundamentals of Climatology” dates back to this time.In 1928 and 1930 Berg led an expedition to Lake Issyk-Kul; in 1929 he studied Lake Ladoga.
In 1928, Berg was elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the biological department.
Since 1934, Berg resumed work at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he headed the department of fossil fish.
In 1940, he published the book “The System of Pisciformes and Fishes, Living and Fossils.”
Living in Leningrad, Berg took an active part in the work of the Geographical Society of the USSR, of which he had been a member since 1904. In 1934, he was elected an honorary member of the Society.
In 1940, he was elected president of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
In 1941, at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Berg was evacuated by the Academy of Sciences to Western Siberia. Here, not far from the places where 43 years ago he first began studying nature, he again studied the climate and ichthyofauna of Western Siberian lakes.
During the war years, he worked a lot on the history of geographical discoveries. In 1946, three of his books were published, representing major works in this area: “The Discovery of Kamchatka and Bering’s Kamchatka Expeditions. 1725 - 1742" (ed. 3), "Essays on the history of Russian geographical discoveries" and "The entire Union Geographical Society for a Hundred Years. 1845 - 1945".In 1946, Berg was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the geographical department. In 1947, under his chairmanship, there wasII
All-Union Geographical Congress, convened by the Geographical Society of the USSR in connection with the centenary of its existence.
In 1949, three volumes of the monograph “Fishes of Fresh Waters of the USSR and Adjacent Countries” were published. This book was awarded the 1st degree Stalin Prize in 1951. This work of Berg, according to ichthyologists, constituted an era in the development of ichthyology. In 1950, L. S. Berg died. Everyone who wrote about him paid tribute to his enormous contribution to science. A modest worker, a man who passionately loved his homeland, who had a reverent feeling not only for people, but also for all living things, he deservedly enjoyed such ardent love from his contemporaries, which rarely falls to anyone's lot. The main work of Berg's life was the doctrine of geographical zones. Berg fully realized the importance of zoning as geographical law: in soil science - V.V. Dokuchaev, in plant geography - G.I. Tanfilyev, in zoogeography - N.A. Severtsov and M.A. Menzbier, in climatology - A.I. Voeikov. Berg was the first to approach the characterization of zones as a geographer, that is, in a comprehensive manner. Using data from soil science, climatology, phyto- and zoogeography, geomorphology and hydrology, he showed that the boundaries of the zones of soil scientists, climatologists, phyto- and zoogeographers in general outline coincide, i.e. that earth's surface is divided into vast natural zones, within which soils, climate, vegetation and fauna are combined in a natural way.
The idea of the connection and interaction of individual elements of the geographical environment was clearly expressed by V. V. Dokuchaev.
Berg embodied this idea in major concrete geographical works on natural areas.
Considering geographical zones in their development, Berg emphasized the multi-temporal changes in individual elements that make up the landscape. Climate change plays the role of the leading factor in the shift of zones according to Berg.
In 1925, Berg wrote: “Climatic and plant zones usually coincide, but sometimes no coincidences are observed (for example, the forest-steppe zone in botanical-geographical terms does not correspond to the forest-steppe zone that could be distinguished climatologically)... Climatological zones are more likely. .. could be called soil, because soil, according to Dokuchaev, is a mirror of climate. However, soils and vegetation cannot keep up with climate change: modern climate
is more humid than the climate of prehistoric times, and the soil and plant covers have not yet had time to come into full compliance with the climate (which is clearly visible, for example, in the forest-steppe or in places in the semi-desert).”
Significant clarifications were made by Berg on the issue of post-glacial displacement of geographical zones on the territory of the Soviet Union. In particular, in his opinion, in the sub-Atlantic time “... the climate became more humid, the zones began to shift to the south; forests began to encroach on the steppes. This process continues to this day.” Especially To develop the problem under consideration, Berg has a two-volume monograph “Geographical Zones of the Soviet Union”. In this work, Berg essentially made the first attempt to establish the approximate boundaries of geographical zones on the territory of the Soviet Union, using mainly the results of climatological, soil and botanical research. The main content of this work is the consideration of the physical and geographical conditions of individual zones - climate, relief, soils, vegetation and wildlife in their interrelation.
The extremely careful selection of material, accurate and clear descriptions made this work by Berg an invaluable source for becoming familiar with the main features of the nature of the geographical zones of the Soviet Union.
Along with studying the nature of entire landscape zones as complexes of a higher order, Berg reflected in his work the division of these zones into units of lower taxonomic rank, which he called landscapes of the 1st and 2nd orders. Berg wrote: “...Deserts temperate climate There is landscape zone
, the sands in these deserts are a geographical landscape of the 1st order, and the hilly sands are a geographical landscape of the 2nd order, or a geographical individual, an individual.”
Berg devoted a lot of attention to clarifying the very concept of landscape and largely contributed to the introduction of this term as a scientific and geographical concept into general use. He wrote: “...In geography, under the name of geographical landscape we understand the basic unit of our science, the direct object of its study, a geographical individual or specimen.” “The landscape is, as it were, a community of a higher order, connecting and uniting, on the one hand, communities of organisms (biocenoses), i.e. plants (phytocenoses), animals (zoocenoses) and, to to a certain extent , humans, and on the other - complexes of inorganic phenomena: relief forms, accumulations of water, climatic factors
; Landscape elements also include bodies such as soils, which are a derivative of both the organic world and the inorganic parts of the earth’s crust.”
In 1945, Berg proposed calling landscapes aspects, which was not widely accepted by geographers. However, it was important to further clarify the very concept of aspect (landscape) in his last works. natural boundaries, represent a natural whole, where the parts influence the geographical aspect, and the whole, that is, the aspect, influences its constituent elements. The features of relief, climate, water, soil and plant cover and fauna characteristic of a given geographical aspect, as well as to a certain extent the nature of human agricultural activity, are typically repeated throughout the geographical zone to which this aspect belongs.”
In accordance with this, Berg defined geography as a science that deals with the study of the natural regions into which the earth's surface is divided. “The drawing of natural boundaries,” he says, “is the beginning and the end of every truly geographical work. In order to be able to accurately draw boundaries, you need to know what and how the space within a given natural area is filled.”
With studying geographical zonation are closely related to those that have become widely famous research Berg on the problem of loess, which he considers as a zonal phenomenon. In 1947, Berg particularly fully outlined and substantiated his theory of the origin of loess, which he put forward back in 1916 and called soil, or eluvial. According to this theory, “loess and loess-like rocks have the same origin: they are formed
in situ(in place) from a variety of fine-earth, but necessarily carbonate) rocks as a result of weathering and soil formation in a dry climate.”To substantiate his views, Berg drew on extensive material on the mechanical, chemical, mineralogical composition of loess and loess-like rocks, the stratigraphy of these deposits, their connection with the relief, geographical distribution, etc. A comprehensively reasoned soil theory of the origin of loess has received very wide recognition in our country. Berg's research shook the aeolian theory, which until recently claimed a monopoly position in explaining the origin of most types of loess.
A logical continuation of research on the problem of loess was a series of articles by Berg devoted to the problem of the formation of sedimentary rocks. In these works related to recent years his life, he paid main attention to the consideration of the physical and geographical conditions that determined the accumulation of individual sedimentary formations, emphasizing, in particular, big role activity of microorganisms.
Among Berg’s geomorphological studies, “The Experience of Dividing Siberia and Turkestan into Landscape and Morphological Regions,” published back in 1913, remains of great importance. Here, for the first time, a geomorphological zoning of a large part of the territory of our country is given, based mainly on morphotectonic analysis. Despite the fact that in the time that has passed since the publication of this work, an enormous amount of factual material has been accumulated, the zoning he proposed has changed relatively little in its main features.
Big job Berg is dedicated to the relief of Turkmenistan; a number of his articles concern the morphology of sand formations, clarification of individual geomorphological terms, the origin of underwater valleys and some other issues of geomorphology. Given the wide acceptance of Wegener's hypothesis among biogeographers, Berg subjected it to a thorough critical examination, showing that to explain the geographical distribution of plants and animals, the idea of horizontal movement of continents is not at all necessary, which, moreover, is not confirmed by geographical and geological data.
Having begun his geographical research with the study of the salt lakes of the Omsk district, Berg throughout his life showed deep interest in issues of limnology and long time led and directed the study of lakes in our country. His monograph “The Aral Sea”, which has long become a classic work, immediately after its publication put Berg in the ranks of world-famous limnologists. In his limnological works he especially great attention
devoted to the study of lake ichthyofauna, developing the basis for rational management of fisheries in the largest lakes of the country, as well as identifying the nature of fluctuations in their level.
In his limnological studies, Berg did not limit himself to the relatively narrow tasks of understanding a particular lake body of water. Believing that the life of a lake reflects the development of the entire natural environment of a more or less large landscape area, he paid much attention to identifying connections between changes in lake levels and climate changes. Already the first studies in this area led Berg to a conclusion that ran counter to the then widespread opinion about the drying out of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the southern part Western Siberia in the modern era. Berg was able to convincingly show that in many areas of this vast territory at the end
XIXcenturies there was a clear decrease in aridity. The conclusion outlined by Berg more than fifty years ago soon received widespread recognition and additional justification in numerous works by climatologists, hydrologists, soil scientists, botanists, and zoologists.Later, based on an analysis of the results of research by naturalists of various specialties, as well as using data on historical geography, Berg came to the conclusion that during historical time and the Earth’s climate as a whole had not experienced any significant changes, in particular, there was no increase in aridity. Marked for different areas climate change represent relatively short-term fluctuations, measured over a few decades, that appear against the background of overall climate stability. There is no reason to explain the fall of ancient civilizations in Central, Central and Western Asia, North Africa and some other arid regions by climate drying. The main reason for the death of the once flourishing oases was the internal and external relations of ancient states, especially wars and the associated destruction of irrigation systems.
These conclusions, which represent an important contribution to science, also have great practical significance; they help to correctly guide the solution of major national economic problems associated with long-term calculations of the use and transformation of nature.
Berg paid especially great attention to the problem of climate change in the modern (historical) era. He was also involved in the development of the question of dividing the Earth's surface into climatic zones and regions, studying the climate of the ancient geological past and other issues of climatology. Of great interest are his “Fundamentals of Climatology” - a university textbook, in the preface to the second edition of which (1938) Berg emphasized that “since the book was written by a geographer, special attention was naturally paid to the interactions between climate, nature and man.
However, it is unlikely that the geographical discipline of climatology should be interpreted differently.”
More than anyone else in our country, Berg worked on the history of Russian geographical discoveries. Many of his books can serve as models in the field of the history of geographical knowledge. Particularly noteworthy is Berg’s historical and bibliographical work “Essay on the history of Russian geographical science (up to 1923)”, which provides a systematized overview of the history of the study of our fatherland by region. Important political role
played by Berg's speech in 1949 at the Geographical Society of the USSR, in which he again pointed out the priority of the Russians in the discovery of Antarctica.
All of Berge’s historical and geographical works are distinguished by his deep knowledge of sources and understanding of the tasks facing domestic geographers.
Among the enormous scientific legacy left by Berg, there are dozens of major works that are included in the golden fund of domestic and world geography. He created many original scientific concepts, some of which did not receive universal recognition (for example, in the field of the theory of evolution of the organic world), but they sometimes served as a stimulus for fruitful discussions that contributed to the development of science. Berg's name has been immortalized on the geographical map more than once. It was assigned to an active volcano on the island of Urup (Kuril Islands), a peak in the Pamirs, a cape on