How to make an outline of an article correctly. Note-taking methods: how to take notes on history? Clear material structure
We invited Edgard's daughters - 6-year-old Stefania and 4-year-old Gloria - to the photo shoot, which took place at the Great Moscow Circus. As soon as they fluttered into their father’s office, he literally melted before their eyes. “Daddy, daddy!” - the Zapashny sisters chirped, climbing into their father’s arms. We started the conversation with the children.
I admit honestly: when my eldest daughter was born, I did not change, did not grow up, did not instantly feel myself in a new status: “I am a father!” No... Of course, my responsibility has increased, but I haven’t noticed any global changes. I didn’t want daughters, I assumed that over time I would get married and have sons. But it turned out differently. When Olga, the mother of my children, was pregnant with Stesha, our eldest daughter, I got into a conversation with my friend Kamil Gadzhiev and complained that, damn, there will be a girl, but I wanted a son... He looked at me with great surprise and said: “Edgard, you have no idea what you’re talking about. Daughters are what a strong man needs.” He is just raising his daughters. He started talking about them and broke into a wide smile. I was amazed at such a transformation of a brutal man. And when Stesha grew up a little and for the first time consciously reached out to me, hugged me, pressed me, I also melted. Now, when I see my girls, I become gentle and affectionate. Unless it concerns them going out to the arena or interacting with animals, then I am collected and strict.
We have rebranded - and instead of the Zapashny brothers, now the Zapashny sisters (Askold, like Edgard, also has two daughters. - Note "TN").
- The girls' father is me. No one will blame me for somehow treating them differently. Photo: Andrey Salova
- Edgard, do you manage to spend a lot of time with your children?
We have a special situation. It never happened traditional family- mom, dad and children living under one roof. Olya and I are not married, but my daughters, of course, bear my last name, I immediately recognized my paternity. Their mother recently got married and gave birth to another child. Therefore, we see each other when it is convenient for Olya to bring the girls to me, most often here, to the circus. Although I live under time pressure, I walk with them, take them to parks, to the cinema, and go to their rhythmic gymnastics training.
My children are at such an age that it is still difficult to cope without their mother. Especially the youngest, Gloria, she misses Olga very much. It’s easier for me with Stesha, she’s already older and I think she’d be happy to go with me even on vacation - she and I get along perfectly - but I don’t want to separate my sisters. I'm waiting for autumn, Olya promised to move with the children to my three-room apartment not far from the circus, and then I will see them more often. For now they live in Krasnoznamensk, 40 km from Moscow.
- You will give ex-girlfriend apartment?
Yes. She is the mother of my children. I don’t understand how people who once loved each other can part as enemies and not communicate. This is a tragedy!
We have an excellent relationship with Olya, as well as with her husband Dima. As soon as they announced themselves as a couple, we met with him and talked face to face. It was important for me to verify the adequacy of the person who took responsibility...
- When Stesha grew up a little and for the first time consciously reached out to me, hugged me, pressed me, I melted... Photo: Andrey Salov
- For other people's children.
Yes, but only moral. He won't have to feed my daughters. We immediately agreed that for Stefania and Gloria he is a friend, not a dad. I immediately discussed this delicate issue so as not to provoke an unnecessary conflict. The girls' father is me. No one will blame me for somehow treating them differently. I fully provide for both them and Olya; she doesn’t work and hasn’t worked since we started dating.
- You did not marry Olga, despite having two children. Why? Surely the girl planned to start a family with you.
So I never imagined that I would have children out of wedlock. Olya sincerely loved me and did not understand that there were some things I could not cope with. Her horoscope is Aries. Aries' stubbornness is a difficult quality. Plus Olya is jealous. And I am a freedom-loving person. A child cannot correct the characters of his parents. When she said that she was pregnant, she added: “I will give birth.” But I didn’t mind, I provided her with everything she needed, and met her and Stesha from the maternity hospital. But we never started living together.
A year later, he invited Olya to vacation in Venice so that she would come to her senses and recover, because all the worries about her daughter lay with her. And when we returned, we found out that we would become parents again. Olya was happier than me; she dreamed of having children from one man, even if he was not her husband.
With daughters Stefania and Gloria. Photo: Andrey Salova
- Edgard, can you name your daughters’ birthdays? Or do you need to call Olya for this?
Can! Stesha was born on February 24, Gloria on May 2. Although this knowledge was difficult for me (laughs), I have difficulty remembering dates. Ask me when Olga and I met and when we separated, I won’t say, because I don’t even remember approximately. But she, I’m sure, will accurately answer this question. I don’t remember, not because I’m stupid and can’t keep numbers in my head, but because I don’t see the need for this information. For me, the story is still ongoing; Olga and I are raising children. And even though each of us has our own personal life, we are close people and do not lose sight of each other. And the dates... I remember only one: the day my father died. This is understandable - the story is over forever. Askold and I became different that day.
- I would also like to talk about your beautiful children. Which one is more like you?
Stefania, the eldest, is soft, feminine, sociable, I feel very at ease with her. And externally like our breed. The war is still going on with the youngest. (With a smile.) Gloria is growing up as a stubborn girl, you need to find the key to her.
On the other hand, stubbornness can lead to success in the profession. It is important for my youngest to win her personal space and insist on her own. At such moments, I regret that she is not a boy, because she would have been raked to the fullest extent.
The girls gave their father drawings where they depicted their family: mom, dad and children - all together. Photo: Andrey Salova
- Could you spank me?!
Why not? Dad, Walter Zapashny, harshly punished my brother and me, and always for the job, for which Askold and I are incredibly grateful to him. We grew up to be normal men, not big boys. We were not even allowed to bring a C from school, let alone a D, and we were forbidden to raise our voices at any of the elders in the family. This applied to Askold to a lesser extent; he studied well, and from birth was more tolerant and diplomatic than me. Dad is an excellent trainer, he could mentally crush not only a tiger, but any person. When I reprimanded him, hammering every word, I felt sick. I wanted to say: “Dad, finally hit me, stop tormenting me!” I still punish my daughters. Not as strict as my dad, of course, but they know what an angle is, for example.
- Daughters mean love and tenderness, but what else?
Strong headache. Stefania is now six, another ten years old, and boys will appear. I will be 51 years old at that time, which means I need to keep myself in good physical fitness to unscrew the heads of these goats. (Laughs.) No, of course, I haven’t yet begun to be jealous of the seven-year-old boys that Stesha likes, but I’m already looking forward to it.
- Are you raising circus people? I suppose that girls cannot avoid an artistic career.
The main thing for me is that they love the circus as much as I love it, so that they grow up to be hard workers and I am proud of them.
- There is a two-year difference between your children, like you and your brother. Are they as friendly as you, or are there problems?
- The main thing is that my daughters love the circus as much as I love it, so that they grow up to be hard workers and I am proud of them. Photo: Andrey Salova
They are attached to each other. Even though they fight. Gloria might hit Stesha out of the blue. The physically larger one, in theory, should give back. But no, he just looks with incomprehension. Then he says to me: “Dad, why is she doing this?” I call the little one to account, I force her to apologize to her sister. I really don’t want the terrible situation of hostility between relatives to repeat in the family. Dad didn’t talk to our uncle, his own brother, for 15 years. Then they seemed to make up, but communication was sluggish, they swore and quarreled, but nothing good came of it. Askold and I have a different relationship. Our parents were able to instill in us that we are a single whole and are responsible for each other. My brother was sent to school when he was less than six years old, so as not to separate us. You can imagine how hard it was for him!
The first C's or F's he received in primary school, demoralized him, I had to help, calm him down, I always felt responsible. Askold and I are truly the closest people.
- Not only children, but also adults are jealous. How do your girls perceive your children? Aren't they fighting for attention?
I think it's stupid women who do this. My girlfriend is adequate and friendly and understands the situation in which I live. I already have children, and this circumstance must be accepted, and not fought. And only a loving person can accept.
- Stefania is soft, feminine, I feel very at ease with her. And we still need to find the key to Gloria. Photo: Andrey Salova
I’m going to move with her to a house that I’m finishing. And there is a large children's bedroom with four beds. I want my daughters to come visit me and live with my new children. I hope I will have them someday. I want a boy. And not just one. I can fully provide for all my children.
Well, if there are no more heirs, let my daughters come to me with their girlfriends and rage in this room - for good measure.
- Edgard, before Olga you had serious experience life together: You lived with your circus performer Elena Petrikova for 13 years. But they didn’t get married either. Is it your character, your fear of marriage?
Lena and I had a family, but without a stamp in our passport. I was young, I was always missing something, I was selfishly pursuing a career. And I thought that I needed status to be popular eligible groom, this added interest. Lena, we must give her credit, treated this with understanding. Everyone in our circle knew that we were a couple. Another thing is that people from the outside had no idea about this. About what was civil marriage, I announced when Lena and I broke up. By the way, we also have a wonderful relationship with her, which I’m incredibly proud of. They are trying to reproach me: I have created a harem around me. And I believe that remaining friends is a sign of wisdom. Lena, like Olga, is doing well in her personal life, there is no reason for resentment or hostility. She is dating one of the world's leading clowns, Italian David Larible. When he flies to Moscow, the three of us often have dinner together, and neither he nor I are jealous. (With a smile.)
With my girlfriend Lyubov on vacation in Sri Lanka (Winter 2017). Photo: From personal archive Edgard Zapashny
- You mentioned that you will soon celebrate a housewarming party with your new girl. Who is she? And are you ready for marriage or is single status still important to you?
Psychologically, it is now, at 41 years old, that I want to get married and love my wife for the rest of my life. I have matured for monogamy, I am no longer attracted to affairs on the side. I was looking for a woman with whom I would want to spend all my evenings together. In order not to look for more adventures on your own head, not to have mistresses. I want to have a home where I feel cozy, comfortable, where relaxation, sex, and a warm dinner await me.
I’m not ready to answer right now what our relationship will lead to. But I promise: as soon as we decide, I will give you an exclusive interview.
- I catch the word. What is important for you to see in a woman? Maybe this will make someone think.
- I joke that my brother and I rebranded - and instead of the Zapashny brothers, we are now the Zapashny sisters. With daughters and nieces Elsa and Eva. Photo: Andrey Salova
I'm not interested in lazy women who sit on the heads of wealthy men and believe that their job is to spend their lover's money on themselves. No, I don’t respect them one bit, even if they are as beautiful as goddesses. I am interested in hardworking women, those who do something useful and necessary in life and at the same time manage to take care of their husbands, children and even look great.
And a woman must also realize that the man in charge of the house is the man. And then loneliness will not threaten her.
What to do if you need to prepare for a session as quickly as possible? The best assistant in such a situation there will be own records. The only problem is that not everyone knows how to make this type of work the most productive. This article will tell you what a note is and how to make it most useful.
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Compilation rules
This type of work is always individual lesson, the result of which will be different even for people who are in the same audience and are not distracted by unimportant things. First of all, it depends on the prevailing the way a person perceives information.
Just like no two people, there are no two identical notes. This is why it is most often difficult to understand someone else’s notes, since the other is based on his own base, a film of visions, and builds a certain chain of associations, which may be unclear to an outsider. Therefore, you should not try to please everyone at once; the main thing is to know how to make notes so that you can later understand your notes yourself.
Tips on how to write a paragraph summary:
- Focus completely on the subject of study.
- Make a clear plan for your work.
- Highlight only important information.
- Enter your own “dictionary” of abbreviations and symbols.
- Work through your notes in color for clarity.
- Present the material in tables/charts.
- Pay attention to the legibility of your handwriting.
Attention! All of these tips are suitable for both successful note-taking and lecture writing, so they can be considered universal.
How to prepare a summary?
Here the student is given complete freedom, the main thing that needs to be clearly understood is that beautiful notes and useful are not the same thing. When working through notes in color, you need to concentrate on degree of importance certain information, which should immediately catch your eye. It's better to create unified system, in which each color will have a specific function:
- dates;
- names;
- geographical affiliations;
- proper names.
The list can go on and vary depending on academic discipline. How to prepare a summary is up to everyone to decide for themselves. The main thing is that the information is easy to understand.
Notes on literature
Taking notes on a literary critical article generally fits into the rules already described above, but if we're talking about O work of art, the specifics change somewhat. When one means a literature summary, one is talking about writing summary of the text.
If the work is small in volume (for example, a story), then it will simply be a rather compositional representation of the sequence of events. In all other cases, you should start from the division into parts/chapters/phenomena/actions (depending on the genre of the text).
It is not advisable to rely on those summaries that already exist on the Internet. Unfortunately, there is too high a chance that some really important information for revealing a character or event may be missed. In this regard, your own outline of an article or work will save you from tricky questions from teachers.
Another important point - quoting. Sometimes a short author's aphorism can be much more accurate and eloquent than an explanation taken from a literary article. In addition, having a quotation before his eyes, a person familiar with the text will always be able to further develop this idea.
Theses and notes
Working with theses is a skill that begins to develop at school, for studying in higher education. educational institution becomes simply irreplaceable. How are theses different from taking notes?
Unlike a synopsis, they are a more condensed presentation of the source material, and in the manner of conveying information they are closer to citation. This clear structured plan, onto which examples from the author’s text are “built up”. The second name for this type of work is considered an outline.
In general, you should learn to distinguish between these three terms.
Step-by-step progress:
- Drawing up plan points (based on the structure of the presentation of the material, based on the change of actions in event order).
- Working with abstracts (selection evidence base, based on the presentation of the material in the source text).
- Including your own comments and characteristics to show awareness of the topic and processing of the original information.
Important! The outline is more free and in a complete way transmission of information.
Classification of notes
For a schoolchild, this information may seem somewhat difficult to understand from the point of view of terminology, but in fact, sometimes without even knowing what it is called correctly, we ourselves intuitively performed similar types of work, sometimes even without the support of a teacher.
Types of notes:
- planned - the most condensed and short-term, since after even a short period of time it can be forgotten how exactly this or that point of the plan was revealed in the source material; suitable only for immediate preparation for an oral response;
- textual – closest to the thesis transfer of information, since it mainly consists of author’s quotes; suitable for presenting theoretical research on a specific topic;
- graphic - a purely individual, author’s thing that will be incomprehensible to the uninitiated; preferred for taking lecture notes when time is short and the amount of information is large;
- chronological - directly related to the subject of history, when information is presented in the form of a retelling of events arranged in chronological order;
- free - does not have any specific requirements and boundaries, and, if desired, can combine all other types of work.
How to write notes correctly - Study, student!
Skillfully arranging information means briefly recording it in such a way that, if necessary, you can reproduce it in the same volume as in your source. Computer archivers who do just this archive evenly and straightforwardly, and that is why with low efficiency (reduced by 2-3 times).
Man is known to be smarter than a computer. Therefore, he does not archive, but takes notes, emphasizing one thing, omitting another, subconsciously remembering a third, and ultimately reduces raw material no less than 10 times. So where to start?
Extracts
Extracts are the simplest form of note-taking. They reproduce the text almost word for word (sometimes word for word) and are recorded on cards. The benefits of extracts are very great. Father-in-law N.S. Gumilyov N. Engelhardt wrote “The History of Russian Literature” solely by gluing together extracts and received a large fee for its publication.
Abstracts
Theses represent the conclusions you have drawn and require you to at least, their understanding. When working on any work, it is necessary to present it in the form of a structure consisting of chains of theses. If you write it down in the form of such a structure, you will get the skeleton of a denotation map (a structural map of an object, represented by a system of concepts) of the labor used. If the thesis is not found in the paragraph, it means that you did not understand the author’s logic. Theses can be simple or complicated (including, in addition to the main one, also secondary provisions).
Abstract
There are two different ways note-taking - direct and indirect.
Direct note-taking is a recording in an abbreviated form of the essence of information as it is presented. When recording lectures or during a seminar, this method turns out to be the only possible one, since both of them unfold before your eyes and will not happen again; you do not have the opportunity to either run to the end of the lecture or “re-listen” to it several times. That is why students are increasingly entrusting such recordings to voice recorders. However, unfortunately, they usually use this same method when taking notes on written or printed text. After reading a few sentences or paragraphs, stop, take notes and move on to the next paragraph. This method seems to be the simplest, most obvious and fastest. In fact, it is no good at all for the following reasons.
1. You will not understand the essence of what you read until you keep in mind its relationship with the content of further and previous presentation. Meanwhile, you know nothing about either the subsequent or previous presentation. About the next one - because you haven’t gotten to it yet, about the previous one - because, constantly interrupting to take notes, you break the continuity of perception of the text being studied and inevitably lose any idea that what you are reading now follows (if it follows) from the fact that you read and took notes at the previous stage.
Accordingly, you are unable to perceive the true essence of everything readable text and you cannot present it normally and economically, but this is precisely the purpose of note-taking. What ends up in your notes will often turn out to be either unnecessary or too detailed, and you will miss some necessary things. As a result, the efficiency of your note-taking will be extremely low.
To clearly understand what has been said, let’s imagine that you have to write down a color scheme for memory, for example, grass frog. At the same time, they tell you what it looks like. As a result, you will be left with a large map indicating the colors of each square centimeter, but they will not form a single system in your head.
If you first examine the frog as a whole, the entire description will be reduced in scope to two statements: “Everything except the belly and throat is green, the belly and throat are light,” giving at the same time a completely coherent and complete idea of the object.
2. Constantly interrupting reading for the sake of writing, and writing for the sake of reading, you will eventually be unable to perceive either the text or the outline as a meaningful presentation. It turns out to be a paradox: conscientiously copying almost every second word of the original, you get up from the table as if you had never seen either the text or your own notes in your life, except perhaps the last paragraphs of both. Constantly interrupted, your brain was largely running idle, leaving you with nothing but the feeling of a certain mess in your head, which was also rapidly disappearing from it, and a latent disgust for the topic of your studies. Your own notes become a Chinese letter for you, which you need to read again, just like the first time.
Moreover, if you, as expected, used abbreviations when taking notes, then you simply won’t understand much in your notes during a nominal “re-reading” (and in fact, the first reading!). When you took notes on the paragraph, you still remembered it, and the shortened note was filled with meaning for you in the light of these memories. But then you moved on to the next chapters, the continuity of perception was broken, memories that did not have time to settle and consolidate instantly disappeared, and now you look in surprise at your abbreviations and arrows, wondering what you actually wanted to say with this. In addition to the wasted effort, it is especially painful to realize that just recently (while taking notes) you perfectly understood what was going on, but now you have no idea. How should you take notes?
Direct note-taking begins only after reading (preferably re-reading) the entire text to the end. Start taking notes only when you understand general meaning text and its internal content-logical relationships. Keep the summary itself not in the order of its presentation, but in the sequence of these relationships: they often do not coincide, and the essence of the matter can be understood only in its logical, and not rhetorical, sequence. Naturally, the logical sequence of content can only be understood by reading the text to the end and understanding its content as a whole.
With such work, it will become clear to you what is essential for you in each place, what will obviously be covered by the content of another passage, and what can be omitted altogether. Naturally, with such note-taking it will be necessary to compensate for the violation of the order of presentation of the text with all kinds of notes, cross-references and clarifications. But there is nothing wrong with this, because it is cross-references that most fully capture the internal relationships of the topic (and, consequently, your outline).
In other words, such “mental note-taking” is nothing more than drawing up a detailed denotational map of your text.
The apparent disadvantage of this method of note-taking: at first glance, it will require more time than the previous one, since here you can proceed to writing only after reading and thoroughly thinking about the entire text, the composition and organization of the materials used in it and the logic of construction. However, this illusory minus is compensated by real advantages:
a) It will take you much less time, since by the time you start recording you will already have an idea of what you need and what you don’t. You will record the recording itself continuously, and not stopping every second step (which really throws off the rhythm and thereby slows down the whole process);
b) You took both reading and notes continuously; As a result, both processes will form a meaningful, integral information unity, which is immeasurably easier to remember and retain in the head than a set of incoherent pieces of information. As a result, you not only received a summary of a more or less understandable problem, but you have already learned the material itself to one degree or another. The notes will now have to be repeated rather than learned. It is precisely this kind of note-taking that teachers say that from the point of view of mastering the material, it in itself is better than direct “cramming” and it is precisely such notes that they tend to forgive when using them as cheat sheets. This is not surprising: such a cheat sheet itself proves that its author did not just mechanically rewrite the text, but worked through and mastered it.
But even if you (out of necessity, as when working at a lecture or seminar) took “direct” notes, remember: it should only be primary raw material for you, material for further work. Read your mechanical synopsis, get an idea of the topic and don’t be lazy - rewrite it, creating a new synopsis “in your head”, or a denotation map, based on your previous notes.
All of the above applies to the simplest of notes, the purpose of which is to adequately display a given text/message and capture its essence in a form accessible for use and repetition. This is exactly the kind of outline that is needed, as a rule, when preparing for an exam (where your goal is to learn one text from one textbook). However, more often you will need one of two types of “advanced” notes.
1. Selective notes
It is necessary when your goal is to extract information from a text on a specific topic (for this text itself, it is secondary or incidental). In this case, the most effective algorithm for working is this: read the text in its entirety, marking all the places related to the topic that interests you. Define them at least by keywords, if you don’t have the strength to read fluently.
Read these passages carefully. If they themselves are incomprehensible (at least partially), since they are linked to others, nothing can be done, master those places too. As a result, you will understand the general composition, meaningful and logical relationships of the available information on your topic and will perceive it as a complex unity.
Thus, you seem to have “taken out” from the text under study, like from a large nesting doll, a smaller doll - an information subsystem related to your topic. Make a denotation map of this subsystem. This will be a selective summary.
2. Summary summary
It happens (and this usually happens) that you need to work through several different texts to create a single picture. For example, you should use several various works for writing text (abstract, coursework or section thesis). In this case, naturally, you will need notes from these works (in general or, more often, in relation to your topic). The regulations for such work are as follows.
1. Make a “smart” or selective note for each work separately.
2. Compare them. You will see that to some extent they complement, develop, challenge, or (where the outcome of the disagreement is obvious) cancel each other out. Consider the comparisons that arise.
3. Based on the comparison, reduce your denotation schemes into a single denotation map of the entire problem (topic, issue). This is the summary summary. Continue to work on it in the future.
Naturally, when compiling a summary summary, it is very important not to confuse which element of the argument or material belongs to which of the authors. This is also necessary for compiling a bibliography, reference apparatus, and simply because you will have a desire to return again to the literature you have already studied. Let's say that the first time you underestimated something, you misunderstood, but during the work itself you realized your mistake and again want to look at the desired text. To know where the material comes from, mark the themes on your denotation map next to each structural node, each relationship, each argument, where you got it all from. For example, the role of a node is played by a certain thesis, and next to it is written , . In other words, consideration of this thesis is contained in the work conditionally coded in your working list of references (not to be confused with the final one, where everything is in alphabetical order and generally beautiful) at number 1 on pages 23-35, etc.
When compiling a summary summary, if you want to get a real content-logical unity, and not a hastily put together mechanical connection of circuits, you will have to carry out your own creative work by combining them. This is again good: this way you will gain a clearer understanding of your topic and, most importantly, you will make new observations yourself (or at least fairly accurately determine the directions and areas in which you will have to make them). When compiling a summary denotation map of a topic from the literature, completely new alternatives, turns in the development of the topic, and arguments are often revealed that were not addressed in any of the individual works you used.
Some additional notes-taking considerations include the advisability of using abbreviations, both common and original. In this matter you can achieve real virtuosity. It is clear what savings in time and volume can be achieved using such methods (in a real lecture, a segment encoded in this way will take about five to ten minutes: they will talk about the growth of motivation, and about the stratification of the group into groups, and about the emergence of new leaders, and about what role they played in the real group).
Summary summary - great method preparation for the seminar. As a rule, the lesson requires bringing together and thinking about information from different sources, having made some creative efforts, namely, all these problems are solved this summary. Having done it, you discover that, in fact, you don’t need any other preparation.
Don’t be lazy to process your written or tape recordings of lectures (by definition, “direct”) into notes “in your mind.” It will seem to you that by doing this you are incurring double work on yourself, but in reality this is not so. Firstly, it’s much easier to learn a note “by mind” on its own, and secondly, you will learn the material during its compilation itself.
Links. Accompany all the information you are interested in with precise references so that you can always find it again. A standard and widespread mistake of a freshman: keen on reading and thinking, he neglects to write down accurate footnotes, since he is sure that he will quickly remember where he read all this.
While he is reading the first ten books, this system may be working, but when he reaches the second, “everything in the Oblonskys’ house will be confused” and without footnotes he will be as if he had no hands. Full confidence that he met such and such a place in such and such a work on page 348 (there was also such a picture on the back) will not justify itself and the unfortunate person will be deceived best watch his life, looking for a quote in all the hundred volumes of books he studied.
Do not forget to mark on your denotation map the exits from the topic you are interested in to related ones. Firstly, this may be useful in the future when working on those same related topics. Second, these outputs indicate natural directions for your topic.
To achieve a better understanding of the logical and meaningful relationships of information within your topic, use four additional techniques.
1. In parallel with reading (or, even better, re-reading) the text, write down definitions, interpretations, formulations, opinions, and data used as arguments. Then make the final connections between them and regroup accordingly. The resulting scheme will be a denotation map. In other words, first you “drag into your lair” all conceivable elements of the denotation map and only then, by catching and throwing various bridges between them, you recreate its structure.
2. Whenever you come across a question posed by the author, mentally try to be surprised at the same thing that he was surprised at. Check if he gave all the answer options. Trace the fate of the answer options given to him and the choice he made between them: what does the author depend on? Is there anything that can be added or revised from your point of view?
3. Compose a problem-based literature review on the topic. To do this, imagine that all the works on the topic were written by the same author, and all the disputes found there are disputes with oneself when discussing complex problems. In reality, each of us, when studying any phenomenon, puts forward and pits alternative explanations against each other, abandons one in favor of another, returns again to the first, hesitates in assessing various circumstances, etc. Accordingly, arrange all the materials you have into a logically coherent discussion between our hypothetical author and himself. The blocks of your resulting building will not be the authors, but the problems. As a rule, it turns out that the entire discussion of a topic can be presented as a network of interconnected problems, each of which has several solution options (each option with its own argumentation system). The solution to this problem may not affect the solution of others at all. Or, on the contrary, it can determine it (in the latter case we are faced with the central or key problems of the entire topic). Your job is to display this entire network of problems and alternative solutions in their interconnection. This display will be an essential part of the denotation map of your topic. Precisely in part, and not the entire map, since you took into account only those opinions, data and decisions that you found in the literature, and there you might have missed some alternatives and some relationships. However, the diagram you receive will be a good “fish”, which will only need to be slightly supplemented and re-evaluated.
4. To creatively enrich the discussion on the topic and correct the denotational scheme you have compiled from the literature, it is useful to use the following standard technique. Always when studying a problem or encountering some data, try to ask yourself questions: what can follow from here? What here can stop my attention and raise a question? What's not obvious here? and why did this non-obvious materialize exactly this way and not otherwise? Cling to every little thing, and it will be revealed to you.
annotation
This is an extremely condensed summary of the main content of the text. Suitable especially for superficial preparation for colloquiums and seminars, for which specific literature is required to be studied. Equally suitable for preliminary bibliographic notes “to oneself”. It is based on a summary, only a very brief one. Unlike an abstract, it gives an idea not of the content of the work, but only of its subject matter. The abstract is based on standard scheme: subject heading (output; area of knowledge to which the work relates; topic or topics of the work); head-by-head structure of labor (or, equivalently, " summary table of contents"); detailed, chapter-by-chapter listing of the main and additional questions and problems raised in labor.
Many students know how difficult it can be to take notes in lectures. It is simply impossible to have time to write down everything the teacher says. But simple tips will help you take notes quickly and competently.
How to take notes quickly?
So, how can you learn to write notes quickly?
- First of all, you should learn to write quickly. This advice may seem strange, but some people write very slowly, carefully tracing each letter. With this approach, it will definitely not be possible to write everything down. It is worth focusing not on the quality, but on the quantity of what is recorded, that is, the speed of writing. But, of course, in any case the letters must be clear.
- Practice. It is especially difficult for first-year students, because they are not familiar with note-taking and are simply not accustomed to such a speed of speech by the teacher (often school teachers they speak slowly, and you don’t have to take a lot of notes in class.). To get used to it faster, you can write at home: record monologues of relatives or texts of programs and films, rewrite chapters from books or magazine articles.
- Learn to highlight and write down all the most important things. You shouldn’t write down every word the teacher says, there’s no point. Typically, about 20% of a lecture is, in fact, not so important and unnecessary information, which is simply not worth recording and remembering. But the most important thoughts and theses need to be noted down.
- To write quickly during lectures, listen carefully to the teacher and do not get distracted, as extraneous matters will prevent you from grasping the essence and highlighting the main thing. Concentrate on the lecturer's speech, abstract from other sounds.
- Sentences and phrases can be shortened by removing everything from them unnecessary words. But still, the proposal must remain meaningful, remove important words don't, you'll just miss the point of the whole text.
- If you heard something that you have already written down or know well, do not include it in your notes, you will simply waste your time.
- If you feel that you don’t have time to write something down, you can leave free place and reproduce what was left unfinished later. But this needs to be done as quickly as possible (during the teacher’s pause or immediately after the lecture), while the information is fresh in memory.
- If you have to write a lot at work or school, shorten your words. For example, you can write the first part of a word and the ending with a hyphen between them. You can shorten a word by putting a period at the end. You can also use generally accepted abbreviations, such as “thousand”, “persons”, “million” and so on. But remember that all abbreviations must be clear, otherwise you simply will not be able to reproduce the information.
- Frequently used and basic words can be shortened to letters or abbreviations. For example, the phrase " information Technology" may look like "IT". But in order not to get confused when studying the notes, after the lecture, immediately write down all the abbreviations and their definitions, this will help you quickly find your bearings.
- Symbols can be used. For example, the word "up" might be represented by an up arrow, while "down" might look like a down arrow. The word “therefore” can be represented by an arrow to the right. Illustrate the word “approximately” or “approximately” with a wavy line.
- You can create your own symbol system. For example, you can shorten frequently used words or the simplest ones. A symbol can be a sign or a schematic image, or a combination of several letters or their elements. But immediately write down all the symbols you come up with so as not to forget anything. This method is suitable for creative people and those who think creatively.
- If your imagination doesn’t work very well, and you can’t come up with symbols, then use a ready-made and already developed system. First, learn and remember all the symbols, and then start using them.
- There is another way. If the teacher dictates lectures very quickly, then try skipping some letters. Let these be vowels, since there are much fewer of them in words. As practice shows, words without vowels are perceived and reproduced quite normally. But it’s still worth writing vowels at the end of words and at the beginning, this will make it easier for you to understand and take into account endings, and they are sometimes important.
And now useful tips on how to not only write quickly, but also make notes understandable and as easy as possible to read:
- You shouldn’t write on every line; it’s better to leave some free space. Firstly, the continuous text is difficult to understand, and secondly, in the areas left after the lecture you can make important notes or write down what you didn’t have time to do by borrowing a notebook from a classmate or asking a question to the teacher.
- Particularly important words should be highlighted or underlined. Yes, it requires effort, but, firstly, it is minimal, and secondly, the extra line will not take much time. But when studying what is written, you can quickly find all the most important things.
- Do not take up the fields; they are convenient for making notes. In addition, they must be wide enough.
- If after the lecture you remember some important thought that you did not have time to write down, be sure to write it down.
- If taking notes isn't your thing, but you're good at typing on a computer keyboard, try asking your professors to bring a laptop to lectures.
Good luck with your note-taking! And let your notes be clear.
How to take notes is taught back in high school, but they become truly relevant during lectures at an institute or university. A correctly written note is the key to successfully passing the exam.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age
Have you already turned 18?
Why is it necessary to learn how to write notes and
Procedure for taking notes
How to write a summary beautifully and correctly
A synopsis is a summary of a lecture or work in which everything important and essential is highlighted. You need to write down information briefly and meaningfully. It is worth keeping separate notebooks for each subject - this makes it easier to find the information you need.
Do not confuse a summary with a plan, because this concept is much broader. But they still have something in common - the ability to divide a conversation or work into logically connected parts.
The summary necessarily uses examples and citations. The latter should be done according to all the rules - put it in quotation marks and indicate the source of the material taken. It is also worth carefully highlighting headings, subheadings, terms and concepts. This will help you more effectively remember and systematize the information received during the lesson. In addition, when preparing for a test or exam, it will be very convenient to find all the most important things in the shortest possible time.
To take notes on a conversation, you will need to write down its topic, summary, all main thoughts and points. Main mistake in record keeping - too detailed, almost verbatim recording of material. This is completely useless, because it will take too much time, and you simply will not be able to keep up with the lecturer. As a result, you risk wasting precious minutes on trifles, while missing out on all the most important things.
You can view examples of notes on the Internet by simply sending a request with a topic on the appropriate website. But you can’t rely on such hints - there is a lot of inaccurate (and sometimes downright incorrect) materials on the World Wide Web. Therefore, such virtual notes are suitable for systematizing and clarifying information, and not as main source. In addition, many teachers require you to take notes only during lectures and by hand (pastes and quotes from the Internet are strictly prohibited).
When writing down a summary of an article or conversation, try to summarize it in a way that makes it ultimately interesting to read. If you use abbreviations in the text (and sometimes they are simply necessary), do not forget to write down their definition somewhere. This is necessary so that at a crucial moment you do not waste time trying to understand what this or that phrase means. Remember that even the most creative ideas can fail significantly later.
A lesson or lecture summary may contain a detailed outline, main points of the conversation, quotes and extracts. However, all information should be presented as briefly and clearly as possible. According to the information contained in the summary, they can be divided into planned ones (which contain only short plan lesson or text), textual (there are only logically connected statements and quotes) and free (there are signs of the two previous types).
Features of writing notes on Russian language and literature
Writing a summary is, in fact, a logical processing of the source text and recording all the most important nuances. When compiling notes on the Russian language, it is very important to pay attention to the rules and examples for them. They must have a logical connection - this is necessary for the subsequent restoration of information in full. That is, the outline should answer three main questions - what is said, what is most important and what should be done about it.
Literature notes are written mainly based on a selected work (although occasionally it is necessary to write down the most important points lesson). Before you start taking notes, you should read the thematic material, highlight the main points in it, write a detailed plan, and only then can you do the actual work. The text should be written concisely without unnecessary details and clarifications. The main thing is to highlight the main characters of the story, the place and time of action, the main storylines and events. But the names of minor characters, every location and conversation should not be mentioned - it will be completely useless work.
Features of writing a synopsis for the Federal State Educational Standard
Writing a summary is required condition educational process based on new state standards of domestic education. According to them, the student must be able not only to read the material, but also to carefully process it, summarize it and write down all the most important things. Note-taking is especially important in history and biology. Summary lessons on these subjects must be supplemented with information recorded in the paragraph in the corresponding textbook. Clarifications from other sources are also welcome (don’t forget to make notes where you found this or that information).
When compiling a summary of physics, you should definitely include all the basic terms, rules and examples of relevant problems. In the margins, be sure to make notes about the section of the subject being studied - this will do the search the required material much easier.
Despite the apparent difference, the notes on writing have similar rules. English language. It is very important here to separate different areas of the subject. You shouldn’t write vocabulary and grammar together - this can make your life much more difficult later.
Features of writing notes at school and at university
As mentioned earlier, taking notes at university is probably main way memorization and systematization of information. But taking notes at school is more of a preparation for normal educational process at the university than vital and necessary condition(in fact, it begins much earlier - from retelling fairy tales in kindergarten).
Children begin writing their first notes in the 5th grade. At this stage, this is a very short planned note-taking, when the content of one paragraph fits into just a couple of lines. In the 6th grade, the notes become only a little more voluminous - this is also affected by the age of the students and the addition of new subjects, which should also be taken down.
But grades 9-10 are rightfully considered the most difficult, in which the number of subjects reaches its peak. This means that you need to write a lot and that proper note-taking is more of a vital necessity than a whim of teachers (and even on the Unified State Exam, notes can be very useful). For successful completion exams and testing, it is simply necessary to keep detailed and understandable notes starting from the 7th grade. Later in your preparation, you will just need to refresh your memory a little.
Why you need to learn how to write notes and how best to do it
As mentioned earlier, writing summary lesson notes is a must. To do this, you should quickly determine for yourself all the most important things and briefly outline them. The easiest way to do this is from a book - after reading it, you will definitely remember all the main points that are worth writing down. These must be heroes and events. The place and time of the events unfolding in the narrative will be important. This is what will happen reference summary, which will definitely come in handy in the near future. If you are too lazy to read the work in full, then you should not trust records from the Internet - the information contained there is often incomplete or has significant distortions. Here you have to decide - I want to study well or I want to go for a walk. There is simply no third option. That is why the answer to the question of whether it is necessary to write notes is clear - it is simply necessary in order to study normally and effectively.
Procedure for taking notes
Correct and beautiful recording of the main points of any information is the path to very successful learning at school and at college. Strict rules There is no such thing as record keeping - everyone chooses for themselves those methods that are closer and easier for them. Everyone also has their own ways of effectively highlighting and memorizing material - some are helped by making notes in the margins, others by highlighting the main points with a colored marker, and others, on the contrary, draw mini-pictograms that are difficult for an uninitiated person to understand.
The technology for writing notes is quite simple - first the topic is written down, the information heard is systematized and briefly entered into a notebook. All main headings, subheadings, rules and terms must be highlighted. As a visual aid, examples are written down or schematic sketches are made. The sequence of recording depends only on the order in which the material is presented. Also, when taking notes, do not forget that the plan is the basis of the notes from which you will build in the future.
Writing notes is not difficult if you are not lazy and are determined to work intensively. Believe me, the time spent writing down the necessary information will later come back to you a hundredfold when preparing for the Unified State Exam or session.