How to write unstressed personal endings of verbs rule. Spelling personal endings of verbs - Russian language
Previously, we learned how to determine verb conjugations by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about writing personal endings for verbs, as well as using a soft sign after sibilants at the end of a verb.
Spelling personal verb endings
WITH stressed endings of verbs everything is clear. The letter under stress is a test letter:
Words bale eat , bale look , track look and so on - stressed endings. They are written the same way they are pronounced (heard).
IN unstressed endings of verbs spelling letters e And And are determined by the indefinite form of these verbs:
Verbs ending in –it belong to the II conjugation: remember it ,smooth it .
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation, namely verbs in the indefinite form ending in
-at, -at,
-yat, -yt
-et, -et.
But there are verbs - exceptions related to II conjugation that need to be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with the help of a rhyme:
Drive, hold, look and see,
Breathe, hear, hate,
And depend and twist,
And offend and endure,
You will remember, friends,
They cannot be conjugated with -e.
Let's make a table of unstressed endings of verbs:
I conjugation |
II conjugation |
-e- -ut, -ut (3rd person plural) |
-And- -at, -yat (3rd person plural) |
2 verbs – exceptions to-it:
verbs in infinitive form,with endings in At, -ot, -ut,-yat, -yet, -yt wash stake etc. |
verbs in infinitive form –it
:
serving it, destroy etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to-there are :
4 verbs – exceptions to –at:
|
There are differently conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and to want. Let's look at their endings:
I want oh, I'm running
Do you want eat, run
he wants yeah, he's running
We want them, let's run
you want come on, run
They want yat, run
There are verbs in the Russian language that are not used in the 1st person singular.
For example, verb win. Instead of the first person singular, they say:
I want to win or I'll try to win .
So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of a verb, you should reason as follows:
1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).
If it is shock, then this is a test. If it’s unstressed, we discuss further.
2. We put the verb in the indefinite form and check its ending:
If the verb ends in -it, then it is a verb of the second conjugation - we write at the ending -i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –at or –yat.
3. Check whether the verb is included in the list of exceptions on –at And -there are.
If included, then this is a verb of the second conjugation, at the end we write -And:
hate eat - hate - hate .
If it is not included, then this is a verb of the first conjugation, at the end we write -e, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –ut or -yut.
For example:
Twist..sew.
This verb is in the future tense, 2nd person and singular:
- The ending is unstressed.
- In an indefinite form - tighten– ending –it– this is the second conjugation, at the end we write -And : twist look .
Depend..t.
This verb is in the present tense, 3rd person, plural:
- The ending is unstressed.
- In an indefinite form - stuck eat – ending -there are.
- The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is II conjugation, verb in the 3rd person, plural, ending -yat: stuck yat .
Spelling a soft sign after hissing verb endings
Verbs of the present and future tense in the 2nd person, singular ending in sibilant –sh. In this case, after –sh a soft sign is written:
beige eat, shout, sing .
A soft sign is written before -xia:
look oh, you're curling up .
It should be remembered that to use a soft sign after sibilants, you do not need to determine the form of the verbs, since:
A soft sign after sibilants at the end of verbs is written ALWAYS, it is preserved even before -xia And -those:
you scream
take care - take care
cut - cut.
The writing of unstressed endings of verbs depends on which conjugation (first or second) the word belongs to.
CONJUGATION II includes all verbs ending in –IT in an indefinite form (for example: MOLDING, CLEANING, MASTERING), as well as 11 exception verbs, of which four end in –AT (DRIVE, BREATHE, HOLD, HEAR) and 7 end in to -EAT (DEPEND, SEE, OFFEND, TOLERATE, TURN, HATE, WATCH).
It is necessary to remember that the letters I, A, I (-ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at, -yat) are written at the endings of verbs of the second conjugation. For example: depend, depend, depend, depend.
The first conjugation includes the remaining verbs, that is, those whose indefinite form does not end in –IT (but in –OTY, -UT, -ET, -AT, -TI, etc.), as well as three exception verbs: SHAVE, LAY, LAY.
It is necessary to remember that the letters E, U, Yu are written at the endings of verbs of the first conjugation (-eat, -et, -em, -ete, -ut, -yut). For example: you babble, babble, babble, babble.
Please note: in the Russian language there is a small group of verbs that have endings of both the first and second conjugations mixed together. For example, the verb WANT in singular. in number has the ending of the first conjugation (you want, wants), and in plural. including the second (want, want, want). Such verbs are called differently conjugated, and the spelling of the endings in them needs to be checked in a dictionary or memorized. This group includes the words: WANT, RUN, GIVE, EAT, DISGUST.
Exercise
1. Prince Andrei clearly saw that the old man hoped that the feeling of him or his future bride would not withstand the test of the year... (L. Tolstoy)
2. So the genius trembles joyfully,
Knows his greatness
When there is thunder and glitter before him
Another genius's flight. (N. Yazykov)
3. You’ll become scared, and then, as if you’ll hear someone, someone’s voice, as if someone is whispering... (F. Dostoevsky)
4. Let us look into all this thoroughly, and instead of indignation, our hearts will be filled with sincere compassion. (A. Pushkin)
5. You’ll go wild, you know, you’ll live locked up all the time. (N. Gogol)
6. They soon get acquainted, and before you have time to look back, they are already saying “you” to you. (N. Gogol)
7. Ah, I am often careless, but I didn’t think that you would take my words for a caustic joke. (F. Dostoevsky)
8. You see, I’ve known him for a long time, and I love Mashenka, your sister-in-law. (L. Tolstoy)
9. Sisters-in-law - beaters, well, this fly won’t hurt_ t. (L. Tolstoy)
10. Let the sea go crazy and lash,
The crests of the waves rose into the sky,
No one trembles before a thunderstorm,
Not one will furl the sails. (N. Gumilev)
11. I am sending you, Posthumus, these books.
What's in the capital? Softly laying down? Isn't it hard to sleep?
How is Caesar... (I. Brodsky)
12. And the magnificent feast seemed to be dozing,
The guests are silent, the choir is silent. (A. Pushkin)
13. Waste and labor, eternal minions of valor,
He fights for a feat hidden in danger.
Whoever has success is the one who is wise in human opinion... (Pindar)
14. He felt that his activities took place independently of the matter, that they did not cling to the matter and did not force him to move. (L. Tolstoy)
15. – I don’t like hanging out with Bezukhova and wouldn’t recommend it; Well, if you promised, go and sit down,” she added, turning to Natasha. (L. Tolstoy)
16. Having thus fulfilled the highest law, you will find traces of the ancient majesty you have lost. (L. Tolstoy)
17. “I knew it,” the uncle spoke (this was a distant relative, a poor neighbor of the Rostovs), “I knew that you couldn’t stand it, and it’s good that you’re eating.” Pure march! (L. Tolstoy)
18. And they all fight and suffer, and torment, and spoil their soul, their eternal soul, in order to achieve benefits, the duration of which is an instant. (L. Tolstoy)
19. Our window was opened; the sun is shining, the birds are chirping, the air is breathing spring aromas, and all nature is reviving - well, and the rest was also corresponding... (F. Dostoevsky)
20. A man insulted you and you killed him, and you say that you do not know God and that you hate your life. (L. Tolstoy)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
Vowels in verb endings
§ 74. The writing of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stress. Applying this rule requires the ability to determine which conjugation the verb belongs to.
In the present-future forms of verbs I and II conjugations in all endings, except for the 1st person singular. h., the vowels are different. In the forms of the 2nd and 3rd person singular. h., 1st and 2nd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation is written with a letter e (no accent - e ), in the same forms of verbs of II conjugation the letter is written And ; in the form of 3rd person plural. part of verbs I conjugation - letters at (yu ), verbs of II conjugation - A (I ). Wed, for example: carries, pecks, reads And screams, burns, asks; carry, peck, read And we scream, we burn, we ask; carry, peck, read And screaming, burning, begging.
Assigning a verb to the I or II conjugation and writing the correct vowel at the end causes difficulties in such cases as sawing And you inject, drive And dries, shrinks And walks, plows And breathes, let's put it down And let's lie down and rinse And dragging, crying And heal, sow And builds. In such pairs of forms, the unstressed endings are pronounced the same way (as in the above pairs) or they can be mixed (in some forms of the 3rd person plural: cf. prick And sawing, plowing And breathe, rinse And drag, sow And are building).
The type of conjugation of verbs with unstressed endings is determined by the form of the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb). If in these verbs before the infinitive suffix -th- vowel And , then the verb belongs to the II conjugation, for example: cut, carry, put, treat. Verbs with infinitive not on -it belong to the I conjugation, for example: prick, plow, cry, doze, walk, regret, sow, touch, dry, lie down, climb, sit down. Therefore, for example, you should write: wears, let's say, treats, But plows, cries, walks, regrets, touches, climbs, dozes.
Exceptions:
1) eleven verbs not in -it(with vowels e and A before - t), related to the II conjugation: twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, drive, hold, breathe And hear;
2) three verbs -it related to the I conjugation: shave, build up And be ruffled. You should write: twirl, depend, hear, But shaving, being built, unsteady etc.
Choosing a letter before an infinitive suffix -th in place of an unstressed vowel (as, for example, in the verbs iron, multiply, build, sway, see, depend, offend, hear, sow) is determined by a special rule, see.
Everything that has been said applies to verbs with prefixes and with a final element (postfix) -xia (-s), which have endings of the same type of conjugation as the corresponding verbs without a prefix and without -xia (-s), e.g.: will drink(cf. drinks), let's choose (let's take), let's get some sleep (we sleep), will paint (paint), cut it (you cut), will suffer (suffers), are injected (prick).
Note 1: When conjugating a verb lay(and all verbs derived from it) use the same forms as the verb I conjugation lay: lay, lay, lay, lay, lay, lay.
Note 2. Verb want(and all verbs derived from it) has in singular. including unstressed endings of the first conjugation ( want, wants), although in plural. h. under stress - endings of the second conjugation ( want, want, want).
Note 3. Verbs of I conjugation sprinkle, rattle And pluck(and all verbs derived from them), along with forms like scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, scatter, pinch, pinch, pinch, have colloquial variant forms like pouring, pouring, trembling, trembling, pinching, pinching, and the forms of the 3rd person plural included in this series. h. are transmitted in writing with the ending of the II conjugation: scatter, tremble, pinch.
Note 4. In suffixes of active present participles -ush- (-yush-) And -asch- (-box-) the same vowel is written as in the endings of the 3rd person plural. including corresponding verbs (see). For writing vowels in other participial forms, see and.
§ 75. Final vowel (always unstressed) at the end of the 2nd person plural. h is conveyed in writing by the letter e (in verbs of both types of conjugation), e.g.: write, draw, walk, look. Letter e plural forms also end. part of the imperative mood, for example: go, write, draw, look, let's go.
Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the writing of 2nd person plural forms. hours and plural forms including the imperative mood (verbs of the first conjugation) in such cases as, for example, you write, you shout(2nd person plural) and you write, shout(plural led, inclined).
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2014. - 432 p. - (Reference books of the Russian language).
Spelling verb endings
1. Depending on the personal endings, verbs are divided into two large groups: verbs of I and II conjugations.
The II conjugation includes:
· verbs in -it (except verbs shave, lay, rest, which belong to the I conjugation),
· 7 verbs for -there are (twirl, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure),
· 4 verbs per -at (drive, breathe, hold, hear).
All other verbs belong to the I conjugation.
Personal endings of verbs in the present or future past tense:
2. There are several mixed verbs , not related to either of the two conjugations: want, run, eat, create, give .
units 1 person I read, I take 2nd person read, take 3rd person reads, takes plural 1 person read, take 2nd person read, take 3rd person read, take | Want Want wants we want want want | I'm running you're running runs let's run run are running | we eat eat eat | I'll create you will create will create let's create let's create will create | give it will give we'll give give it they will give |
3. If the verb has a prefix un- (obes-) is transitive, then it is conjugated according to the II conjugation, and if intransitive, then according to the I conjugation (for example, compare the conjugation of verbs weaken (someone)) And become weak (oneself)).
4. In verbs of the first conjugation, the ending is written in the form of the future tense -yeah , and in the form of the imperative mood - the ending -ite (You will send this letter tomorrow. - Send this document urgently.)
b (soft sign) in verb forms.
1. b (soft sign) is written:
· V infinitive (write, bake, want, wash ),
· V 2nd person singular endings choose, wash, do, wash ),
· V imperative mood (fix it, hide ), BUT lie down, lie down,
· V return particle , which comes after the vowel ( bent, turned around, I'll be back );
2. b (soft sign) is not written:
· V 3rd person singular form present or simple future tense ( washed, done ).
Spelling verb suffixes
1. In the indefinite form, verbs most often have the following suffixes: -A- (hear, do); -I- (sow, bark); -e- (to see, to offend); -And- (nursing, nagging).
Remember: 1) a suffix is never written after the vowel letters of the root in the infinitive -e- . In this position, only the suffix can be stressed -I- or -And- (stand, water, milk). In unstressed position the suffix -I- written in verbs winnow, start, repent, bark, cherish, toil, hope, soar, sow, melt, tea, smell, and the suffix -And- - in verbs build, cost, rest, double, triple, glue;
2) after soft consonants (except h ) in unstressed position suffix -I- written in verbs bow, cough, and the suffix -e- - in verbs see, offend, depend, hate, freeze;
3) in suffixes of past tense verb forms the same vowel is retained as in the infinitive. For example: get welle th - get welle l, laI blah blah blahI l, glueAnd t-kleAnd l.
2. Suffixes -yva- (-iva-), -ova- (-eva-).
In verbs with the suffix -yva- (-iva-) (always unstressed), meaning imperfective (sometimes also multiple actions), written before the letters s or i , For example: roll up, smear, see; overwhelm, talk over, jump up, hear, twist, beg, insist .
Verbs with suffix -yva- (- willow - ) should be distinguished in writing from verbs with the suffix - ova - (- Eve- ). Verbs of these two types form the present tense differently: verbs in -ovate (-eat ) have the form of the 1st person on -yy (-yuyu ) (in the absence -ov-, -ev - ), For example: I talk - to talk, I manage - to manage, I envy - to envy, I confess - to confess, I preach - to preach, I scourge - to scourge, I grieve - to grieve; verbs have the same - to come (-ive ) the 1st person form ends in -I'm (-Ivayu) (with saving -ыв -, -ive- ), For example: inspecting - inspecting, deploying - deploying, reconnaissance - exploring, visiting - visiting .
3. Vowels before -va - . In imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- , having the form of the 1st person on -va-yu , unstressed vowels before V are checked according to the general rule, for example: overcome(overcome), outdated(outdated), wash down(write down), singing(sing), sow (seed), idea (get started), harden (freeze), outpost (catch).
However, in the following verbs - va-t b(in 1st person -va-yu) is written with a special suffix -Eve- with a letter e in place of an untested unstressed vowel: overshadow, prolong, corrupt(eclipse, prolong, corrupt), get stuck, get stuck(get stuck, get stuck); overwhelm, exhort, intend, doubt .
4. -e(t), -i(t). The verbs differ -eat And -it b. Verbs to -eat (in 1st person -by her ) – intransitive I conjugations – have the meaning ‘to become something, acquire a characteristic’, for example: become weak, become weak‘become powerless, lose strength’, to numb, to harden‘become harsh’. Verbs to - it (in 1st person And absent) – transitive II conjugations – have the meaning ‘to make something, to endow with a characteristic’, for example: weaken, weaken‘to make someone powerless, to deprive someone of strength’, anesthetize, neutralize, numb, weaken. Compare the same stressed suffixes in verbs like ( By)white And ( By)whiteness, (O)weakness , (once)have fun.
5. -ene(t), – eni(t). The acquisition of some attribute, the transition to another state is also expressed in intransitive verbs of the first conjugation in -nope , in which there is an unstressed vowel before n transmitted by letter e : freeze, ossify, stiffen, become numb, traverse, turf, become bloody, become glazed, become frenzied, dumbfounded, numb. Correlative transitive verbs of II conjugation in -eni-t, denoting endowment with a characteristic, are also written with the letter e : freeze, numb, ossify, bloody, frenzied, numb etc.
Writing verbs in - go crazy And -enit does not agree with the spelling of the corresponding relative adjectives, in which (if any) is written in the suffix before n letter I : ice, bone, blood, grass, wood etc.
Exception: in verbs scarlet And purple(option: crimson thread) the letter is written I , as in adjective scarlet.
The spelling of personal endings of verbs is a rule tested during the state final certification in the ninth and eleventh grade. Despite the large number of hours allocated by the school curriculum to study this topic, many students continue to make annoying mistakes in writing. It is difficult to explain this phenomenon, since the topic can hardly be considered complex.
A little theory about verbs
Words of this part of speech are usually divided into two large groups: conjugated and non-conjugated. The first group consists of verbs that change according to tenses, persons and moods. They have another name - personal. The second group includes the infinitive, participle, and gerund, since they do not have the grammatical category of person or mood.
Personal endings of verbs included in the first group can be unstressed or stressed. The choice of vowels in endings that are under stress does not cause difficulties. The rule says that you should write the letter that you hear. For example, they scream, weave, talk, burn. Unstressed personal endings of verbs should be written based on the infinitive.
In order not to make mistakes in spelling, you need to know what verb conjugation is. The personal endings of verbs depend precisely on this constant morphological feature.
Correct spelling algorithm
To avoid mistakes, you should proceed according to the following plan:
- Put the word in its initial form. It is imperative to ensure that the word and its dictionary form belong to the same type: perfect or imperfect.
- Determine the conjugation at the end of the infinitive.
- Choose the ending depending on the person and number.
Sample reasoning
1. In the sentence “The man is hiding ... behind the curtain at the far window,” a vowel is missing at the end of the predicate. The second syllable -va- is stressed, so the choice of the missing letter must be made based on the conjugation.
2. The person (what is he doing?) is hiding.. This is an imperfective verb, which in an indefinite form will answer the question “what to do?”. The initial form is to hide.
3. The word ends in -ат and is not one of the exceptions, therefore “to hide” is a verb of the first conjugation.
4. Personal endings of verbs of this group are written with a vowel e. In the 3rd person singular form, this word will have the ending -et: A man is hiding behind a curtain at the far window.
Conjugation
There are two conjugations in the Russian language.
The first conjugation includes words ending in -at, -et, -yat, -ot, -ut. For example, drown, bargain, darken, stab, fight, pick, tickle, hang, rush, shoot, weed, blacken.
The second conjugation includes all verbs ending in -it. For example, to stain, demolish, wound, paint, argue, spoil, cut.
However, as is often the case in the Russian language, there are exceptions to the rule. There are thirteen such words, and you need to remember them.
Note
It is important to remember that words that are formed by prefixes from exceptions will have the same constant morphological feature as their non-prefixed forms. For example, shave, shave, lay, lay will belong to the first conjugation, and endure, consider, hold, drive - to the second.
Very often, students incorrectly determine the conjugation of verbs with the prefix you-, which leads to the wrong spelling of the ending. The reason for this phenomenon may be that the prefix pulls the accent towards itself, which automatically makes the ending unstressed. In order to correctly write the personal endings of verbs, the conjugation must be determined by their prefixless form.
Verbs with the postfix -sya have the same constant morphological feature as their verbs. For example, shave - shave, cut - cut, dig - dig, chase - chase, look - look, throw away - throw away.
Some words can have both conjugations. The word “honor,” for example, has 2 forms in the 3rd person plural: honor and honor.
face | I | II | ||
pick | pick out | raise | grow | |
1 | picking, picking | I pick it out, I pick it out | growing, growing | I'll grow, I'll grow |
2 | you pick, you pick | you pick it out, you pick it out | grow, grow | grow up, grow up |
3 | picking, picking | picks out, picks out | raises, raises | will grow, will grow |
Writing vowels
Vowels in the personal endings of verbs that are in an unstressed position depend on the conjugation. Words of the first conjugation end with a vowel e, words of the second conjugation - with a vowel And.
Difficulties can arise with differently conjugated verbs. Unstressed personal endings of verbs of this category can have endings of both conjugations. This group is formed by words want, run, honor. Verbs give, There is and their derivatives do not belong to this group, but also have different endings when changing according to persons and numbers.
Spelling personal endings of verbs does not require students to memorize large amounts of theoretical information. You should place the emphasis correctly, remembering several nuances (conjugation, the phenomenon of heteroconjugation, algorithm for choosing a vowel), and be guided by them when writing.
- Submission of electronic reporting to the tax office via the Internet
- Exclusion of a legal entity from the Unified State Register for false information: grounds, appeal of the decision of the Federal Tax Service on the upcoming exclusion
- What is an inn? By contacting the authorized body, you can find out
- Application for deregistration of UTII IP UTII deregistration grounds