What are the names of winter and summer winds? Chapter v
12. Measurement of hydrometeorological elements (wind speed, precipitation, humidity, temperature, evaporation, radiometric methods for measuring meteorological elements, measurement processing, transfer of results to the consumer).
12.1 Hydrometeorological phenomena on inland waterways
12.1.2 Elements and types of wind
Wind is characterized by two elements: direction and speed.
The direction of the wind is determined using a compass by the part of the horizon from which it blows. They say: “The wind blows in the direction of the compass.” Therefore, the wind direction can be: north, north-west, south-east, west, etc.
On rivers, the direction of the wind is often determined relative to the flow of the river: the wind can be upstream (blowing in the direction of the current) and downstream (blowing against the current).
Depending on which side the wind blows, a ship is distinguished between a windward side (the side facing the wind) and a leeward side (opposite to the windward side).
Relative to the direction of movement of the vessel, the wind can be headwind or tailwind.
The wind blowing towards the shore at a right or slight angle to it is usually called bulk, and the wind blowing from the shore towards a river or lake is called dump wind. Thus, for one coast the wind will be moderate, for the other it will be bulk. The same is true for a ship, depending on which shore it is located on.
If the direction of the wind is determined on a stationary ship, then it is called true un (Fig. 1). When the ship moves, a flow of air occurs, which is called directional wind. The heading wind has the speed of the ship and is directed in the direction opposite to its movement. On a moving ship, the apparent (apparent) wind “k” will be measured. It is directed along the resultant of the true and heading winds.
Wind speed is usually measured in meters per second or kilometers per hour. Wind speed is also measured by points. Wind speed gradations used for forecasts and warnings are given in Table. 15.
In practical work, it is often necessary to move from wind speed to points or from points to wind speed in meters per second. The entire recalculation can be done in your head using the data in the table. 16. In this case, fractional numbers are rounded to whole numbers; values 0.5 and more are rounded to one; values less than 0.5 are discarded.
For a rougher estimate than indicated in the table, when going to points, the speed in meters per second is divided in half (point = speed, m/s: 2), and when going to speed, the points are doubled (speed, m/s = 2 X point ).
At coastal stations, the direction and strength of the wind are determined by a weather vane and an anemometer (Fig. 51).
On a ship, the apparent wind speed is measured by an anemometer, and the direction is measured by smoke, a flag, and a pennant. For ships towing a train or raft at a speed of 3-4 km/h, the true and apparent winds are almost the same.
The anemometer (see Fig. 51) has four hemispheres that rotate under the action of the wind. The number of revolutions is determined by the dial with counters. Then, using the conversion factor given in the anemometer certificate and the number of revolutions, the wind speed is obtained.
Sometimes, to determine the direction of the wind, small fabric cones called “sorcerers” are installed on ships in open places.
Wind strength can also be determined using the visual rating scale, which is given in appendix. 1.
Having wind observation materials, it is possible to determine the frequency of each direction and various wind speeds. For clarity, repeatability is depicted graphically in the form of a “wind rose” (Fig. 52).
The latter is built as follows.
First, draw lines along eight directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.). On the rhumb lines on a scale, segments are plotted proportional to the frequency of wind direction or speed, expressed as a percentage. The repeatability is plotted from the circle of calms, the radius of which is equal to the number of percent of calms on the accepted scale. By connecting the ends of the segments, they get a figure - a wind rose, which gives an idea of the distribution of winds at a given point in direction and speed. Wind roses are built for a month or a year.
Winds that arise for local reasons and cover small areas are called local. The main types of such winds are as follows.
Breeze is a wind that can be directed during the day from a body of water to land (sea breeze), and at night - from land to a body of water (shore breeze). Typically, breezes travel up to 50 km inland and somewhat more inland. The main reason for the occurrence of a breeze is the uneven heating and cooling of land and water bodies during the day, as a result of which air circulation occurs.
Bora is a “falling” cold and strong wind directed from the coastal hills to the sea. In the Soviet Union, such wind is observed in the area of Novorossiysk and Novaya Zemlya, where the wind force reaches 50-60 m/s.
Sarma is a “falling” northwest wind blowing on the western shore of Lake Baikal at a speed of up to 40 m/s.
Baku Nord is usually a strong, dry and cold north wind, reaching a speed of 20-40 m/s.
In the Mediterranean basin, bora is found on the Adriatic coast (Fiume, Trieste), but the wind force in this area is much less. The bora-like wind observed in Provence is called the mistral. A very warm and humid wind, accompanied by significant cloudiness and precipitation and observed in Italy, Arabia, Palestine and Mesopotamia, is called sirocco, in Spain - levesh, in Algeria and Tunisia - samum, in Egypt - shamsin .
The winds of Bora, Sarma, and Baku Nord are also called p a d a u sh i-m. Their duration can be several days. Falling winds are formed due to a significant difference in atmospheric pressure over land and over a body of water, where it is lower. Air masses, moving from the land side to the reservoir in the direction of lower pressure, accumulate behind the mountain ridges and begin to rise upward (Fig. 53). As you rise, the air temperature drops and the humidity gradually increases. With further rise, the rate of decrease in air temperature is less, since latent heat is released here, released during condensation of water vapor. At the top of the ridge, where the air is supersaturated with water vapor, a cloud bank appears that covers the entire mountain range.
From the height of the ridge, air rushes to the reservoir, heats up and arrives at the coast with a higher temperature than at the altitude and low humidity. Cold air, passing through a mountain range, acquires high speed due to the difference in pressure on land and water, as well as due to the action of gravity of the air mass. Even though the air is dynamically heated, it comes down relatively cold, since its initial temperature is low and the mountains are not high. The vertical power of such a “falling” wind as bora does not exceed 200-300 m. The bora extends several kilometers from the coast.
Rice. 53. To the formation of local wind - boras
Blowing towards land. Usually begins in the morning, reaches maximum speed in the afternoon, subsides by the time the Sun sets, giving way to night coastal breeze, blowing towards the reservoir. Sometimes it penetrates far inland. For example, in Saudi Arabia it penetrates 200-225 km at a speed of up to 7 m/s, covering the atmosphere layer to an altitude of more than 1200 m. Direction of the meteorological movement. depends on the topography and direction of the coastline. Wed. .
Dictionary of winds. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.
L.Z. Shit.
1983. See what "SEA WIND" is in other dictionaries:
SEA WIND- (Sea breeze) wind blowing from the sea. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary sea wind
- jūrinis vėjas statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Nuo jūros, dažnai su lietumi pučiantis vėjas. atitikmenys: engl. sea breeze sea wind vok. Seewind, m rus. sea wind, m... Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas NAUTICAL
- SEA, sea, sea. 1. adj. to the sea. Coast. Sea water. Sea sand. Sea bottom. Sea currents. Nautical chart. Sea channel (see channel in 1 and 2 numbers). || Occurring, happening at sea. Sea wind. Sea motion. Marine... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- SEA, sea, sea. 1. adj. to the sea. Coast. Sea water. Sea sand. Sea bottom. Sea currents. Nautical chart. Sea channel (see channel in 1 and 2 numbers). || Occurring, happening at sea. Sea wind. Sea motion. Marine... WIND - (Wind) movement of air masses in the horizontal direction or, in other words, horizontal air flows. Each V. is characterized by two elements: the direction in which the air moves, and the speed with which it ... ... Marine Dictionary
- WIND, wind husband. movement, current, flow, current, air flow. According to its strength, the wind can be: hurricane, caucasus. bora: storm, tempest (usually thunderstorm and rain are combined with a storm), severe, strong, wind: medium, weak, quiet wind or breeze, breeze, ... ...- (Balistic wind) the magnitude of the fictitiously constant wind, the effect of which on the projectile along a given trajectory is the same as the effect of the true variable wind. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M.L.: State Naval Publishing House NKVMF... ... Naval Dictionary
Wind of Hope (film)- The Wind of “Hope” Genre Adventure film Director Stanislav Govorukhin Starring Film company ... Wikipedia
Wind of "Hope"- Genre adventure film Director Stanislav Govorukhin Scriptwriter Stanislav Govorukhin Boris Lobkov ... Wikipedia
Wind of Hope (film)- The Wind of “Hope” Genre Adventure film Director Stanislav Govorukhin Starring Film company film studio named after. M. Gorky Duration 72 min ... Wikipedia
Books
- A wild wind drives a sail..., Matveev Alexander Ivanovich, “A wild wind drives a sail” - a new collection of poetry by Alexander Matveev is dedicated to an eternal theme, like life itself, - the theme of love. There are no people who do not experience this bright feeling... Category: Contemporary Russian poetry Publisher: At the Nikitsky Gate, Buy for 344 rub.
- Sea wind, R. Leoncavallo, Reprint sheet music edition of Leoncavallo, Ruggiero`Brise de mer`. Genres: Pieces; For cello, piano; Scores featuring the cello; Scores featuring the piano; For 2 players. We created specially... Category: Jewelry art Publisher:
Wind from the mountains
Large dictionary of Russian sayings. - M: Olma Media Group. V. M. Mokienko, T. G. Nikitina. 2007 .
See what “Wind from the mountains” is in other dictionaries:
WIND OF THE SEVEN MOUNTAINS- see Siebengebirgswind... Dictionary of winds
Side wind. Jarg. Corner. Sharpie technique lateral support. SRVS 2, 27; TSUZH, 22; Baldaev 1, 41. Throw / throw (throw / throw, let / let, throw / throw) into the wind. Razg. Disapproved 1. what. Spend, spend in vain, recklessly... ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings
This term has other meanings, see Wind (meanings). A windsock is the simplest device for determining wind speed and direction, used at airfields ... Wikipedia
Direction B is designated by the country of the world from which it blows, and the letters of the Latin alphabet are used for abbreviation: N stands for north, E for east, S for south, W for west, C for calm. There are usually 8 directions, or points of reference, namely, to... ...
Symbolizes the spirit, the living breath of the universe, the strength of the spirit in maintaining life and uniting all living things, in connection with which the association of wind with ropes, threads, etc. arose. Rope of the wind, . The thread is the same as the wind (Upanishads). The wind represents... ... Dictionary of symbols
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Bora, probably on behalf of Boreas, the god of the wind among the ancient Greeks, is a very strong, gusty, cold wind, often blowing from the east. coasts of the Black and Adriatic seas. Strong, characteristic B. occurs only from October to April. Sailors compare B. with... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Katabatic wind “merging” from the edge of an ice shelf ... Wikipedia
Katabatic wind “merging” from the edge of an ice shelf Scheme of formation of katabatic winds Katabatic wind (from the Greek κατάβασις, katabasis descent, decline), also falling dense and cold air ... Wikipedia
Books
- The ABC of Life, Wind from the Mountains (Lermontov V.Yu.), ... Category: Other esoteric teachings
- Spark and Wind, Alexey Yurievich Pekhov, When the harsh winter is ending, the south wind from behind the mountains brings change on its tail. But is it good? The flames of war burn across the plains and cities of the north. Three armies of the Damned are rushing towards Corunnus. By… Category: Domestic fantasy Series: Fantastic action Publisher:
Wind - movement of air relative to the surface of the Earth. Contrary to the common misconception that the wind was of interest to sailors only in the era of the sailing fleet and is important only for the sailing fleet, everyone who is afloat has to know and take into account the wind, since any watercraft, from a raft to an aircraft carrier, moves in two environments, water and air, It has windage and is therefore exposed to wind. The wind is decomposed into horizontal and vertical components; weather forecasters are interested in both, while sailors are only interested in the first, horizontal one. There is no generally accepted classification of winds. From a sailor's point of view, wind is characterized by the following characteristics:
Force or speed is measured in m/s, knots, points on the 12-point Beaufort scale, and is also expressed in verbal description. In the media, sometimes - in km/h, which is not accepted among professionals (meteorologists and sailors) and is equally unclear to everyone, including non-professionals. In international circulation, two units of measurement are accepted - m/s and knot, which are easy to recalculate: 1 knot = 0.514 m/s or approx. 0.5 m/s.
Quiet wind: force 0.6 - 1.7 m/s or 1.2 - 3.3 knots. or 1 point on the Beaufort scale;
Light wind: force 1.8 - 3.3 m/s or 3.5 - 6.4 knots. or 2 points on the Beaufort scale;
Light wind: force 3.4 - 5.2 m/s or 6.4 - 10.1 knots. or 3 points on the Beaufort scale;
Moderate wind: force 5.3 - 7.4 m/s or 10.2 - 14.4 knots. or 4 points on the Beaufort scale;
Fresh wind: force 7.5 - 9.8 m/s or 14.6 - 19.0 knots. or 5 points on the Beaufort scale;
Strong wind: force 9.9 - 12.4 m/s or 19.2 - 24.1 knots. or 6 points on the Beaufort scale;
Strong wind: force 12.5 - 15.2 m/s or 24.3 - 29.5 knots. or 7 points on the Beaufort scale;
Very strong wind: force 15.3 - 18.2 m/s or 29.7 - 36.5 knots. or 8 points on the Beaufort scale;
Storm - 9 - 11 points;
Hurricane - 12 points.
The direction of the wind relative to the sides of the horizon is indicated by that part of the horizon from which the wind blows (mnemonic rule: the wind blows into a compass, card), expressed in degrees or points. Folk, local names reflect the place from which it blows, hence angora, gornik, shelonnik... In Russian maritime practice, only the Dutch system of points is accepted; in the oral speech of sailors, Russian and Dutch names coexist: nord, northern, siver.
The direction of the wind relative to the ship's heading is expressed in degrees of heading angle and names:
In the nose - oncoming, frontal, opposite: 30 degrees. p/b - l/b;
Close-hauled, hit, oblique: 30-80 degrees. p/b - l/b;
Lateral, gulfwind, half wind, transverse: 80-110 degrees. p/b - l/b;
Backstay: 110 - 160 degrees. p/b - l/b;
Aft - tailwind, straight, wind: 160 degrees. p/b - l/b.
Prevailing Wind- one of the climatic characteristics of the wind, which is most often observed in a given area or water area at a certain time of the year (monsoon, trade wind).
True wind is the wind observed from a stationary object, a ship.
Apparent wind is relative wind. The wind observed from a moving object or a ship on the move is decomposed into true and heading.
Heading wind is the wind that arises as a result of the movement of the vessel, equal to the speed of the vessel and directed in the direction opposite to its movement.
Local wind is local air circulation of small horizontal extent, a consequence of local air disturbance due to the peculiarities of local conditions (breeze).
Sea wind - daytime breeze.
Seasonal wind is the prevailing wind that changes its characteristics with the change of season (monsoon).
Phoenician wind- southeast wind in Greece and Southern Italy from Phenicia, the most ancient name preserved from ancient times.
Kamchatka wind- east wind on the western coast of Kamchatka, local foehn.
Headwind is a headwind.
Meadow wind is a northeast wind on the Volga from the side of a low, arcing bank.
The muzhik wind is the north wind on the Don, blowing from the direction of the “men”.
Bulk wind is a wind blowing across a river.
Downwind is a wind blowing against the flow of a river along a river valley. Light breeze.
Odd, relative wind- strong wind from the shore, blowing the ship, ice into the sea.
Squeezing wind is a wind that carries ice and a ship away from the shore and pushes the ship away from the wall during mooring and parking.
False, tight, pressing wind- wind blowing from sea to land. The wind pushing the ship against the wall.
A passing wind is a tailwind.
Opposite wind (baking sheet, baking sheet)- headwind.
Direct wind - jibe.
Broken Wind- the wind that breaks the ice.
The herring wind is a north wind in the White Sea that drives herring into river mouths.
Salmon wind is a north wind in Pechora Bay, driving salmon into the bay and river mouths.
Stealing wind is a northwestern high wind on the lower Volga, driving water into the Caspian Sea.
Idle wind is the name of the winds on Seliger and Ilmen, which blow around the clock, for several days, without changing strength and direction, i.e. "They don't go to their wife at night."
The Khokhlatsky wind is a warm, strong, unpleasant wind from the western directions on the Don, “from the Khokhlovs.”
The amber wind is a weak northwest wind in the southeastern part of the Baltic, which washes away amber layers, after which amber can be collected on the beaches.
The crimson dawn wind calls (promises). Throwing words, money, etc. to the wind. The wind sets with the Sun - wait for good weather. The wind rises - the weather changes. The wind moves across the Sun - it brings good weather. Arguing with your boss about not spitting (writing) against the wind.
Wind formation
Although the air is invisible to the eye, we always feel its movement - the wind. The main cause of wind is the difference in atmospheric pressure over areas of the earth's surface. As soon as the pressure decreases or increases somewhere, the air will be directed from the place of greater pressure towards less. And the pressure balance is disrupted by unequal heating of different parts of the earth's surface, from which the air is heated differently.
Let's try to imagine how this happens using the example of wind that arises on the coasts of the seas and is called breeze. Parts of the earth's surface - land and water - heat up unequally. Sukhodol heats up faster. Therefore, the air above it will heat up faster. It will rise up, the pressure will decrease. At this time, the air above the sea is colder and, accordingly, the pressure is higher. Therefore, air from the sea moves to land to replace the warm air. So the wind blew - afternoon breeze. At night, the opposite happens: land cools faster than water. The cold air above it creates more pressure. And above water, it retains heat for a long time and cools slowly, the pressure will be lower. Cold air from land from an area of high pressure moves towards the sea, where the pressure is lower. Arises night breeze.
Therefore, the difference in atmospheric pressure acts as a force, causing horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. This is how the wind is born.
Determining wind direction and speed
The direction of the wind is determined beyond the side of the horizon from which it blows. If, for example, the wind is blowing from an event, it is called westerly. This means that air moves from west to east.
Wind speed depends on atmospheric pressure: the greater the difference in pressure between parts of the earth's surface, the stronger the wind. It is measured in meters per second. At the earth's surface, winds often blow at a speed of 4-8 m/s. In ancient times, when there were no instruments yet, the speed and strength of the wind was determined by local signs: at sea - by the action of the wind on the water and sails of ships, on land - by the tops of trees, and the deflection of smoke from chimneys. A 12-point scale was developed for many characteristics. It allows you to determine the strength of the wind in points, and then its speed. If there is no wind, its strength and speed are zero, then this calm. A wind with a force of 1 point, barely shaking the leaves of trees, is called quiet. Next on the scale: 4 points - moderate wind(5 m/s), 6 points - strong wind(10 m/s), 9 points - storm(18 m/s), 12 points - Hurricane(Over 29 m/s). At weather stations, wind strength and direction are determined using weather vane, and the speed is anemometer.
The strongest winds near the earth's surface blow in Antarctica: 87 m/s (individual gusts reached 90 m/s). The highest wind speed in Ukraine was recorded in Crimea at grief- 50 m/s.
Types of windsMonsoon is a periodic wind carrying a large amount of moisture, blowing from land to ocean in winter, and from ocean to land in summer. Monsoons are observed mainly in the tropical zone. Monsoons are seasonal winds that last for several months each year in tropical areas. The term originated in British India and surrounding countries as a name for the seasonal winds that blow from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea to the northeast, bringing significant amounts of rainfall to the region. Their movement towards the poles is caused by the formation of low pressure areas as a result of the heating of tropical areas in the summer months, that is, Asia, Africa and North America from May to July and Australia in December.
Trade winds are constant winds blowing with a fairly constant force of three to four; their direction practically does not change, only slightly deviating. The trade winds are the near-surface part of the Hadley cell - the predominant near-surface winds that blow in the tropical regions of the Earth in a westerly direction, approaching the equator, that is, northeastern winds in the Northern Hemisphere, and southeastern winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The constant movement of trade winds leads to mixing of the Earth's air masses, which can manifest itself on a large scale: for example, trade winds blowing over the Atlantic Ocean can carry dust from African deserts to the West Indies and some areas of North America.
Local winds:
Breeze is a warm wind blowing from the shore to the sea at night and from the sea to the shore during the day; in the first case it is called a coastal breeze, and in the second - a sea breeze. Important effects of the formation of preferential winds in coastal areas are sea and continental breezes. The sea (or a smaller body of water) heats up more slowly than land due to the greater heat capacity of water. Warmer (and therefore lighter) air over land rises, creating areas of low pressure. The result is a pressure difference between land and sea, which is usually 0.002 atm. This pressure difference causes cool air over the sea to move towards land, creating a cool sea breeze along the coast. Due to the absence of stronger winds, the speed of the sea breeze is proportional to the temperature difference. If there is wind from the land side with a speed of more than 4 m/s, a sea breeze usually does not form.
At night, due to its lower heat capacity, the land cools faster than the sea, and the sea breeze stops. When the land temperature drops below the surface temperature of the reservoir, a reverse pressure drop occurs, causing (in the absence of a strong wind from the sea) a continental breeze that blows from the land to the sea.
Bora is a cold, sharp wind blowing from the mountains to the coast or valley.
Föhn is a strong, warm and dry wind blowing from the mountains to the coast or valley.
Sirocco is the Italian name for a strong south or southwest wind originating in the Sahara.
Variable and constant winds
Variable winds change their direction. These are the sprays you already know (from the French “Breeze” - light wind). They change their direction twice a day (Day and Night). Splashes occur not only on the coasts of the seas, but also on the shores of large lakes and rivers. However, they cover only a narrow strip of the coast, penetrating several kilometers inland or sea.
Monsoons are formed in the same way as breezes. But they change their direction twice a year according to the seasons (summer and winter). Translated from Arabic, "monsoon" means "Season". In summer, when the air over the ocean warms slowly and the pressure above it is greater, moist sea air penetrates onto land. This is the summer monsoon, which brings daily thunderstorms. And in winter, when high air pressure sets over land, the winter monsoon begins to operate. It blows from the land towards the ocean and brings cold, dry weather. So, the reason for the formation of monsoons is not daily, but seasonal fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure over the continent and ocean. Monsoons penetrate land and ocean for hundreds and thousands of kilometers. They are especially common on the southeastern coast of Eurasia.
Unlike variables, constant winds blow in one direction throughout the year. Their formation is associated with high and low pressure belts on Earth.
Trade winds- Winds that blow throughout the year from high pressure belts near the 30th tropical latitude of each hemisphere to low pressure belts at the equator. Under the influence of the Earth's rotation around its axis, they are not directed directly to the equator, but deviate and blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. Trade winds, characterized by uniform speed and amazing constancy, were the favorite winds of sailors.
From tropical high pressure zones, winds blow not only towards the equator, but also in the opposite direction - to the 60th latitude with low pressure. Under the influence of the deflecting force of the Earth's rotation, with distance from tropical latitudes, they gradually deviate to the east. This is how air moves from west to east and these winds in temperate latitudes become Western.