What is the beginning of the river called? What is a river? Parts of a river and their definitions
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The first part of the river is the source - the beginning of the river.
The source is the part of the river, the place where the river originates, where it begins. It could be a spring, a lake, the end of a glacier, a swamp. In the latter case, the source (beginning of the river) is considered to be the place where the watercourse acquires a permanent channel. Also, the beginning of a river can be the confluence of two rivers with different names, in this case, the source must be taken as the beginning of the longer of the two rivers.
Tributary - a river that flows into main river. Distinguish rights And left tributaries
Bank - the boundary of a river's watercourse. There are right and left banks with respect to midline beds along the river.
The second part of the river is the river bed.
A channel is a part of a river, the lowest part of a river valley through which the main part of the water flows. The channel is usually washed out by the stream itself.
In the part of the river - the bed - there are:
- reaches – deep places;
- whirlpool - the deepest place in the river;
- riffles – shallow sections of the river;
- threshold - a stony or rocky step-shaped area in a river bed with an increased flow speed and a relatively large drop in water level marks;
- waterfalls - fall of water flow from a pronounced ledge;
- shallow - coastal shoal extending from the shore;
- thalweg – line along the deepest sections of the channel;
- fairway – navigation line;
- rod – line highest speeds river flows.
- middle – a deposit in a river bed formed by sediment and lacking vegetation. It can be both surface and underwater. If located close to the shore, it is called not much, and off the coast - beach.
- channel islands – seedlings fixed by vegetation or anything else.
- sediment – solid soil particles transported water flow. Formed by destruction rocks and coastal erosion.
- meander – a smooth bend of the river bed. Concave bank In this case, it is usually steep, convex - flat.
- old woman – a section of the former meandering river bed. Usually formed when a river finds a shorter route during a flood or flood.
A branch is a secondary channel of a river that separates from the main channel and reconnects with it downstream (sometimes only in wet years).
The third part of the river is the mouth - the end of the river.
Estuary – part of the river, the place where a river ends, flowing into the sea, lake or other river.
A river may have a “dry mouth”, i.e. it may end at a “blind end”, if in the lower reaches the slopes of the territory through which the river flows are very small, water consumption for evaporation, filtration into the ground or for irrigation is high (Chu Tarim rivers , Murghab, etc.).
Parts of a river, estuary, formed when it flows into the sea, are of the following types:
Delta
- an estuary divided into separate watercourses. Deltas are formed as a result of the filling of the basins of sea bays with sand and silt (Danube River) or the flooding of river valleys (Khatanga, Olenek, etc.). Parts of rivers, deltas, can reach enormous size, for example, the delta of the Ganges River has an area of 105.6 thousand km², the Amazon - 100 thousand km², Lena - 28.5 thousand km², Nile - 24 thousand km², Volga - 19 thousand km².
Estuaries
- deep tidal bays at river mouths that widen towards the sea. Estuaries extend deep into the land and are accessible to navigation. There are no sediments in them, since sea water during the ebb and flow of the tides, it carries everything unnecessary with it into the sea. An example of a part of a river, an estuary, is the mouth of the Anabar River.
Lip
- a wide and long bay at the mouth of the river. The oblong shape seems to be a continuation of the banks of the river. Widely known in our country Ob Bay, Onega Bay, etc.
Estuary estuary
– a shallow flowing bay at the mouth of a river, filled river sediments and separated from the sea by a bar - a narrow strip of land. This part of the river formed as a result of flooding of a river mouth or coastal lowland.
A river is a constant flow of water relatively large sizes, current by earth's surface in the channel formed by him.
The source of a given river is the place where the river originates. It could be a swamp. A stream or small river flowing from it, meeting other streams and rivers on its way and connecting with them, forms a new big river. The source can also be a lake (for example, the Neva River flows from Lake Ladoga, R. Svir—from Lake Onega). The source of many rivers are glaciers located in the highlands (Amu Darya River, Kuban River, etc.).
Rice. 56. River system:
1 main river; 2-first order inflow; 3-second order inflow; 4-third order inflow; 5-watershed
The mouth of a river is the place where a river flows into another body of water (another river, lake, sea or ocean). When a river flows into a sea or ocean, it forms transition zone, called the estuary region, in which a distinction is made between the pre-estuarine coastal area and the coastal section of the river.
The pre-estuarine coastal area is the shallow-water area of the continental shelf adjacent to the mouth of the river, which has a slope towards the sea and ends sharp increase depths On the pre-estuary shoreline at the river mouth there is a bar - an alluvial formation from soils carried out by the river, located across the current.
Large rivers flowing into tidal seas have single-branch funnel-shaped mouths called estuaries.
When rivers flow into seas where there are no tides or where their magnitude is small compared to fluctuations in the water level in the river, multi-branch channels are formed, which together make up the river delta.
Under these conditions, the pre-estuarine coastal area is a vast shallow water area, rugged big amount mutually intersecting branches forming many islands. In its shape, the pre-estuarine seashore resembles the Greek letter delta (a type of triangle), which is where the name itself comes from.
An estuary is a bay formed when river mouths are flooded by the sea and separated from the sea by narrow spits. A bay is a wide sea bay into which a river flows. The lip is named after the river that flows into it (the Ob Bay).
The flow of water flow is caused by a decrease in the river bed along the surface of the earth from source to mouth. The fall of a river is the difference in height from source to mouth (along the surface of the water flow). The fall of the river is not the same throughout its entire length; A distinction is made between falls in individual areas and general falls.
The fall of the river in a separate section is equal to the difference in the heights of the water surface above sea level at the beginning and end of this section. The total fall of the river is equal to the difference in the heights of the water surface above sea level at the source and mouth.
The slope of a river is the ratio of the total decline (or in a particular section) to the length of the entire river (or in a separate section). The fall and slopes are more significant in the upper sections and decrease to zero when the river flows into a lake or sea.
A river basin, or drainage basin, is the area of the earth's surface from which surface and underground runoff occurs. atmospheric precipitation into the river.
A river system (Fig. 56) is a collection of rivers in a given basin that carry water into one body of water - a lake, sea, ocean. The main river is the water flow of a given river system flowing into a lake, sea, ocean. Tributaries flowing into the main river are called first-order tributaries, second-order tributaries flow into a first-order tributary, etc.
The drainage basins of neighboring rivers are separated by hills, highest altitudes which form a watershed, or watershed line.
A river valley is a winding depression of the earth's surface with a slope from the source to the mouth, limited by the elevated slopes of the area. The latter are usually composed of bedrock and are called bedrock banks, or ridges.
The width of the valley varies in different places and can range from several tens of meters to tens or more kilometers.
Part river valley, flooded with water during the flood period, is called a floodplain. Sometimes the floodplain is called the floodplain river bed.
The channel is the lowest part of the valley through which water always flows. The riverbed has a wide variety of shapes. In plan, it is ribbon-shaped, from slightly curved single-arm to highly winding and branched (this is determined by the work of the river flow and the nature of the soil of the river floodplain).
In cross-section, the channel can be single-branched, symmetrical or asymmetrical, or multi-branched (branched).
Depending on the size and position, the bends of the channel are called meander, meander, bow, bend and knee.
Meanders are large bends in a river channel within a valley.
A meander is a long bend in a river bed along with its valley; it is characterized by smoothness and a large radius of curvature.
Luka is a long steep bend along with a valley. The distance between its beginning in the upper part (considering the flow) and the end in the lower part of the flow in a straight line along the bank is much less than along the river.
A bend is a smooth bend of a riverbed of considerable length within a valley.
An elbow is a sharp and short bend of a river bed within its valley with a small radius of curvature, usually located in a wide floodplain.
The bottom part of the riverbed is called the river bed, and the lateral parts are called low-water banks. With a symmetrical channel, both banks will be vertical and the bed will smoothly mate with them. This form is usually observed in straight sections of the river.
Asymmetrical channels are usually located at bends. Moreover, if the river turns to the right, the left bank is bent and the right is convex, and vice versa, when the river turns to the left, the right bank is concave and the left is convex (the right or left bank is determined by facing the flow).
Concave banks, as a rule, are steep; near them the most great depths. Such banks are called ravines. A ravine near which there are great depths and no underwater obstacles (shoals, rocks, rocks) is called clean, otherwise it is called unclean.
The yar has two shoulders: upper and lower. The beginning of the ravine (the upper part of the ravine downstream), where it connects with a straight section of the bank, is called the upper shoulder, and the end of the ravine ( Bottom part yar downstream), where it adjoins the lower sands.
Convex banks have gentle contours; near them there are usually shallow depths and weak currents (low currents). However, convex sandy shores often have relatively large depths, then such Sandy shore called cut sand.
The edge is the line of contact between the surface of the water in a calm state and the shore. The position of the edge changes with changes in the water level in the river. During waves, the strip of shore adjacent to the edge splashes with water. This stripe is called splash.
The edge is the line of transition of the horizontal part of the coast into a cliff or steep slope.
With multi-branch channels, each branch has its own beginning—a source and an mouth.
The bedrock channel is the branch through which the bulk of the water passes. The rest have various names- sleeve, guide, duct; a distinction is also made between prorva and proran.
Prorva is a new channel formed when a river bend is straightened by the water flow itself. Here are observed high speeds currents, but often over time the channel is eroded and the current is smoothed out. Most of breakthroughs become navigable. The old channel is filled with sediment, becomes shallow, turns into a small channel, and often completely dies off or turns into a lake (oxbow lake).
Proran is a narrow channel with fast current, formed from the breakthrough of water from the main channel in a new direction.
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