How man influences nature 5. How man influences the nature of the Earth positively and negatively
Before all humanity stands the most important task- preservation of the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species associated with it.
From the very moment man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more a person developed, the more influence he had on environment Earth. How does man influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?
Negative points
There are both pros and cons of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of harmful things:
- Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
- Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
- Reduction in population numbers due to the expansion of fields for fields through deforestation (animals, deprived of their normal habitat, die).
- The destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
- and water by diverse people themselves. For example, in Pacific Ocean there is a “dead zone” where it floats great amount garbage.
Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water
The change in nature under human influence is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth suffer greatly and become polluted water resources.
Typically, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is difficult. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds in.
Every year, ocean currents bring in millions of tons of trash. This is a real disaster.
Deforestation on mountain slopes also has a negative impact. They become bare, which contributes to erosion and, as a result, the soil loosens. And this leads to devastating collapses.
Pollution occurs not only in the oceans, but also fresh water. Every day, thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste.
And they are contaminated with pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
The terrible consequences of oil spills, mining
Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But that's not the worst thing. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface huge area water - approximately 20 m2 of water. This is destructive for all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to slow death, because it prevents the access of oxygen to the water. This is also a direct influence of man on the nature of the Earth.
People extract minerals from the depths of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, etc. Such industrial production, along with cars, emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in huge quantities, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from deadly ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But that's a lot.
Such warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the world's oceans, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem- the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disrupted. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.
Benefit people
It should be noted that people bring certain benefits, and considerable ones.
From this point of view, it is necessary to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.
In many vast areas of the Earth different countries organized protected areas, reserves and parks - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, a positive one. Such protected areas people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna.
Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species are necessarily included in the man-made Red Book, according to which fishing and collection of them is prohibited.
People also create artificial water channels and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase
Planting of diverse vegetation is also carried out on a large scale.
Ways to solve emerging problems in nature
To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, to have an active influence of man on nature (positive).
And as for biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (harvested) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.
It is also necessary to continue work on organizing nature reserves and planting forests.
Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive human impact on nature. All this is necessary for the benefit of oneself.
After all, the well-being of a person’s life, like everyone else’s biological organisms, depends on the state of nature. Now all humanity faces the most the main problem- creation of a favorable state and sustainability of the living environment.
From the moment man learned to use tools and became a reasonable man, his influence on the nature of the Earth began. Further development only led to an increase in the scale of influence. Let's talk about how humans influence nature. What are the pros and cons of this impact?
Bad influence
Human influence on the Earth's biosphere is ambiguous. Only one thing can be said with certainty: without a person the world definitely wouldn't be what he is. Both land and ocean. First, let's learn about the negative aspects human influence to the nature of the Earth:
- Deforestation. Trees are the “lungs” of the Earth, softening negative effect human influence on the Earth's climate through transformation carbon dioxide into oxygen. But apparently the person doesn’t need help. In areas where 20 years ago they grew impenetrable forests, highways were laid and fields were sown.
- Depletion, soil pollution. To increase productivity, fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals are used to pollute the land. And an increase in productivity means increased consumption nutrients and minerals by plants in a specific area. Restoring their content is an extremely slow process. The soil is depleted.
- Declining population sizes. New fields are required to feed the world's growing population. New territories have to be allocated for them. For example, cutting down forests. Many animals, losing natural environment habitats die. Such changes are the result of the so-called indirect human influence.
- Destruction of tens of thousands of species of animals and plants. Unfortunately, they were unable to adapt to life on Earth, modified by man. Some were simply exterminated. This is another method of influence.
- Water and air pollution. More on this below.
Positive influence
Protected areas, parks, sanctuaries are being created - places where the impact on nature is limited. Moreover, people there even support vegetable and animal world. Thus, some species of animals now live exclusively in nature reserves. Without them, they would have disappeared from the face of the Earth long ago. Second point: artificial canals and irrigation systems make fertile lands that, without human intervention, would look as bare as a desert. Perhaps that's all.
Human impact on the nature of mountains and oceans
Industrial waste and even regular trash find their final refuge in the waters of the world's oceans. So, in the Pacific Ocean there is a so-called dead zone - huge territory completely covered with floating debris. Case in point how a person influences surrounding nature. Light debris does not sink into the ocean, but remains on the surface. Access of air and light to the inhabitants of the ocean is difficult. Entire species are forced to find a new place. Not everyone can do this.
The worst thing is that the same plastic, for example, takes thousands of years to decompose in the ocean. The floating landfill appeared no more than half a century ago, but since then its area and impact on the ecosystem have increased tenfold. Every year ocean currents bring millions of tons of new garbage. This is real ecological catastrophy for the ocean.
Not only the oceans are polluted, but also fresh water. To any large river, on which they stand big cities, thousands of cubic meters of sewage and industrial waste enter every day. Groundwater brings pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Finally, the garbage is dumped into the water. The worst thing is that the supply of fresh water on Earth is strictly limited - it is less than 1% of the total volume of the world's oceans.
Separately, it is worth noting oil spills. It is known that one drop of oil makes about 25 liters of water undrinkable. But this is not the worst. Oil spilled in the sea or ocean forms a very thin film that covers a huge area. That same drop of oil will cover 20 square meters water.
This film, although thin, is destructive to all living things. It does not allow oxygen to pass through, therefore, if living organisms cannot move to another territory, they are doomed to slow death. Think about how many oil tankers and other ships carrying oil suffer accidents in the Earth's oceans every year? Thousands! Millions of tons of oil get into the water.
Well, how does a person influence the nature of the mountains? The negative impact lies primarily in deforestation on their slopes. The slopes become bare, vegetation disappears. Erosion and loosening of the soil occurs. And this, in turn, leads to collapses. Man also extracts minerals that have been formed in the earth for millions of years - coal, oil, etc. If the rate of production is maintained, the reserve of resources will last for a maximum of 100 years.
The influence of human activity on processes in the Arctic
Industrial production all over the Earth, like cars, emit enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This leads to a decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth's surface from the deadly ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. Over the past 30 years, the concentration of ozone over some parts of the planet has decreased tenfold. A little more - and holes will appear in it, which a person cannot patch.
Carbon dioxide does not escape anywhere from lower layers Earth's atmosphere. He is main reason global warming. The essence of the influence of carbon dioxide is to increase average temperature on the ground. So, over the past 50 years it has increased by 0.6 degrees. It may seem that this is - small matter. But this opinion is wrong.
Global warming leads to such a pattern as an increase in the temperature of the world's oceans. Polar glaciers in the Arctic are melting. The ecosystems of the Earth's poles are being disrupted. But glaciers are sources of huge amounts of clean fresh water. The level of the world's oceans is rising. All this is due to carbon dioxide. The need to reduce its emissions is a problem of global importance. If we don't find a solution, the Earth may become uninhabitable in a few hundred years.
We owe our lives to our planet - the beautiful and only Mother Earth, blue from the oceans, green from the forests, yellow from the sands, groaning today in pain, crying out for help and, alas, remaining childishly defenseless before us, before the barbarian man. .
Having received unlimited power over nature and, arrogantly reveling in this power, he, considering himself the “crown of nature,” forgot that he himself was its humble particle.
“Even now we have not yet understood and do not want to understand that animals, birds, fish, plants will live without us, but we cannot live even a single day without them.”
V. Astafiev.
These are “golden” words, and we simply must heed them before it’s too late.
Signs of impending trouble are visible everywhere in the world today. Humanity has come face to face with the cruellest environmental crisis, deadly danger which has become especially obvious now, when the clouds of military conflicts have somewhat thinned.
The planet's resources are not multiplied, but depleted. Water and air are becoming catastrophically quickly polluted, while there is less and less water suitable for drinking. Fertile lands turn into sand - main source our life. The area of forests that provide the Earth with oxygen and stabilize the climate and water circulation is decreasing before our eyes. Chemical pollution makes itself felt everywhere. As a result of man’s barbaric management, mountains of waste are literally “dumping” onto the planet, suffocating all living things. Emissions of various gases into the atmosphere accelerate the “greenhouse effect” and deplete the ozone layer around the planet.
Environmental problems are unknown state borders and natural boundaries - they are global. Ecological situation, for example, in the Urals can affect the state of the environment in Florida, and processes occurring, say, in California, can affect the state of wildlife in the Far East.
Can anyone hide from environmental disaster?
A naive question.
“We are all passengers of one ship called Earth”
Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Among the earthly “troubles,” the environmental one is perhaps the main one (only the threat of a nuclear catastrophe seems to surpass it in its “weight,” although such a disaster is also of an environmental nature).
2. Nature and man.
Let us consider the spheres of interaction between nature and man.
1. Living environment
Nature is the environment for human life. The modern biosphere was created by living nature over billions of years. Only under these conditions can a person live. Maintaining these conditions is ensured by constant balanced work natural systems. The destruction of nature will inevitably lead to climate change, gas composition atmosphere and irreversible processes in the biosphere. They may be so strong that a person cannot survive on Earth.
2. Energy, food and other resources.
Man takes energy and various substances from nature. Fuel and many other minerals are the result of the work of the biosphere in past geological eras. People continue to take some food from nature (for example, seafood). Wood, medicines, nutritional supplements and many other necessary things man also draws from nature. The bulk of products today are produced agriculture, but for its productivity it is necessary to maintain environmental conditions, which are provided by natural systems.
3. Information and knowledge.
Nature is an inexhaustible source of information about the structure and laws of functioning of biological and ecological systems. Today, people use only a small part of this information for scientific and educational purposes. In the future, as biotechnology develops, this function will become increasingly important.
4. The beauty of nature.
The development of culture is unthinkable without communication between man and nature. At all times, nature has been a source of inspiration for man. Thanks to the beauty of nature, humanity has received many masterpieces of poetry, music, visual arts. The Caucasus inspired Pushkin and Lermontov. Paustovsky opened Meshchera to us. Image middle zone Russia is impossible
Now imagine without the paintings of Savrasov, Shishkin, Levitan and many other artists. American researcher R. Ulrich calculated that brilliant ideas visited by most of the laureates Nobel Prize precisely while walking through beautiful landscapes. Nature gives us the opportunity to fully relax, helps us gain strength and lift our spirits. There are cases where acute stress, serious illnesses cured by beauty sea coasts, mountains, deserts and other natural landscapes.
3. How man influences nature.
Threats to the biosphere
(deterioration of the state of nature)
Population growth;
Increase in resource consumption per capita;
Increase in damage to nature per unit of consumption.
Changes in the composition of the atmosphere and climate.
Reduction in species diversity.
Global pollution.
Change natural ecosystems person.
Main reasons for deterioration natural environment in Europe.
1. Destruction of ecosystems.
2. Pollution with inorganic substances.
3. Organic pollution.
4. Hunting and fishing.
5. Mismanagement
6. Drying out of wetland ecosystems.
7. Human disturbance of animals.
But the “bouquet” of screaming planetary problems is not limited to just this! We are going through a painful time when many of our ideals and the foundations of human morality are crumbling in the world; many believe that the building itself is collapsing world culture, with such difficulty, with such self-sacrifice, reborn by the companions of the spirit, the titans of thought, the geniuses of our planet - Earth. In any case, this process is very clearly manifested in our country. For decades we have turned away from the world's spiritual quest, arrogantly declaring our Marxist-Leninist teaching to be “the most true,” our science “the most advanced,” and our literature “the most ideological.” As a result, we not only lost a lot from the treasury of the great cultural heritage of our Fatherland, but also learned little from world cultural values.
Today, a paradoxical situation has developed in the world, one might say, when humanity has reached amazing heights in the development of civilization and at the same time finds itself on the brink of death, forced to search for an answer to the well-known question: “To be or not to be?” So, maybe a person has reached the wrong heights, made the wrong discoveries, created the wrong civilization? There is a debate about this today.
Ridding the world of horrors nuclear war By stopping the degradation of nature, feeding the hungry, supporting the poor, inventing means to fight cancer and AIDS, humanity will thereby have a chance to save itself.
Global problems affect the foundations of civilization. Humanity can survive only if it realizes the destructiveness of its current actions and finds the right path to the “gates of truth.”
Man today is not the ruler or king of nature. Admiring his mind, we must learn to admire doubly the harmony, beauty of nature, and the inexhaustibility of its secrets. She is eternal, whereas human life- just a moment, a moment.
4. Problems of our country.
The Russian economy is dominated by industries that exploit nature, consume a lot of energy and pollute the environment. The share of natural raw materials in exports is large. To preserve nature, it is necessary to develop modern environmentally friendly production technologies and export finished goods rather than raw materials.
Average energy intensity of a household in different countries
(% to Russian level)
Germany 13.6%
England 16.4%
South Korea 24.5%
Russia 100%
Amount of exported wood (cubic meters) per 1 ton of paper and cardboard produced
Finland 1.0
Sweden 1.2
Russia 6.4
As a result economic crisis In the 90s, production volume decreased due to the reduction of the most high-tech industries that consumed few resources and energy. As a result, the average energy intensity of production has increased.
What to do to avoid a sharp exacerbation environmental problems with the beginning of economic growth?
Consumption Increase in energy intensity of production energy
_ = (growth in consumption
Volume of industrial energy per capita) production
Environmental pollution in Russia.
Share of different industries (%) in water pollution in Russia.
Oil production 0.16
Food 1.4
Building materials 1.6
Light 1.7
Oil refining 2.7
Atomic 3.7
Non-ferrous metallurgy 5.5
Coal 6.4
Mechanical Engineering 8
Ferrous metallurgy 9.9
Woodworking 17.8
Chemical 18.1
Electric power industry 21.1
Share of different industries (%) in air pollution in Russia.
Light 0.3
Atomic 0.7
Food 1.3
Woodworking 2.4
Chemical 2.6
Building materials 2. 7
Gas 2.9
Mechanical engineering 3.1
Coal 3.6
Oil refining 5.1
Oil production 9.3
Ferrous metallurgy 14.6
Non-ferrous metallurgy 22
Electric power 29.1
Percentage of area modified by humans in different natural zones:
Arctic deserts, tundra. Forest-tundra -0-2%
Northern taiga – 10-20%
Southern taiga – 50-55%
Mixed and wide deciduous forests – 65-75%
Forest-steppe and steppe – 40-60%
Monsoon forests – 10-20%
Zones altitudinal zone – 10-20%.
5. What can everyone do?
Use less energy, water and other resources
Turn off the lights when you leave the room, do not turn on unnecessary lights.
Keep your home warm in winter.
Use energy-efficient light bulbs.
Take a shower, not a bath.
Do not wash dishes or wash clothes under running water.
Repair taps in a timely manner so that they do not leak.
Use scratch paper on both sides.
Take care of things so they last longer.
Participate in the conservation of wildlife.
In the park we only walk along the paths.
Do not go near bird nests, do not disturb the birds.
Protect green spaces.
Do not pick forest and wildflowers.
Do not light fires in parks.
The dog must be muzzled in the park.
Reduce environmental pollution.
Regulate the gas content in the vehicle exhaust.
Pour used oil out of your car only in a car service center and other special places.
Wash your car in specially designated areas, do not wash it in a river or lake.
Use environmentally friendly washing powders.
Use paper bags or reusable bags rather than plastic bags.
Do not throw garbage in the forest or park, collect it and take it to garbage disposals.
Collect and hand over waste paper, bottles, aluminum cans.
Help those who protect nature.
Report environmental violations to environmental supervision and nature protection services.
Help the work of nature reserves and other specially protected natural areas.
Participate in animal and plant censuses conducted by state or public organizations on nature conservation.
Participate in the work of environmental circles and societies.
UNESCO – (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is an independent intergovernmental organization. UNESCO includes 188 states.
UNESCO's goal is to instill in people's minds the idea of protecting peace through intellectual international cooperation.
The Red Book of Russia includes: animals -415 species; annelids– 13 types; mollusks – 42 species; arthropods -99 species; fish -47 species; birds – 126 species; mammals -74 species; amphibians - 8 species; reptiles -21 species; plants – 516 species; mushrooms - 17 species; angiosperms -440 species, etc.
6. International environmental project “Phenology of Northern Calot”.
For several years now Average Comprehensive school No. 8 with in-depth study of the English language is a participant in the international environmental project"Phenology of the Northern Calotte".
This project gives middle and high school students the opportunity to engage in environmental issues, gain knowledge about the species of animals and plants around us, and what changes and stages of development they go through throughout the year.
The project is the result of Norwegian-Russian cooperation. The project involves schoolchildren from Umba, Luvenga, Kandalaksha, Apatity, Nikel, Kirovsk, Monchegorsk, Murmansk, as well as the environmental center Svankhovd (Norway), Kandalaksha State nature reserve, Pasvik.
As part of the project, a program of observations of a number of species of plants, birds and insects was formed. Target of this project– to interest both schoolchildren and teachers and involve them in collecting information related to cyclical changes in nature. While studying phenological observations, participants gain experience in the systematic collection of scientific data and an understanding of the significance of this work.
So, what is “phenology”? The word phenology comes from the Greek words “reveal” and “teaching”. In other words, “phenology” is the study of what appears. In biology, phenology means scientific direction, studying annual periodic phenomena in the life of wildlife and their connection with weather conditions.
The school group "Sunflower" conducts observations on ecological trail behind the following objects and registers phenophases:
Ivan - long-leaved tea;
Ledum;
Cowberry;
Blueberry;
Swedish Derek;
Ants;
Ice on the lakes.
Project participants are students in grades 7-9. The guys from the Sunflower association are active observers and researchers. One of the main activities of “Solntsetsvet” is environmental education at school, carrying out actions to protect the environment, volunteering
In May of this year, a seminar was held at the Lesnaya tourist center. 60 boys and girls from different corners The Barents region came together for picturesque coast Tuloma River. The seminar discussed following topics: “Lichens. Their structure. Study of mechanical and chemical structure soil. Field work. Chemical analysis of water from the Tuloma River.” The children took an excursion to the Verkhnetulomskaya hydroelectric power station, visited deciduous forests and reindeer moss forest.
This year Monchegorsk was represented by Anton Slepukhin and Natalya Ioutsi. We have prepared a business card - an introduction to English language. They talked about our city - the hero of the day, its attractions, about their school, about the group "Sunflower". The four days of the seminar were brightly eventful interesting events and flew by very quickly. We made friends and acquired the necessary experience and skills. Our mentors and teachers were with us. The next seminar will take place in Norway.
7. Conclusion.
Two frogs fell into a pot of cream. One said: this is the end, folded her paws and choked. The other floundered, floundered, knocked down a lump of butter under her and got out of the pot.
How I would like to see the fate of humanity in the image of not the first, but the second of the frogs. Although, to tell the truth, peoples do not yet have firm confidence in the future. Contrary to the aspirations of billions of people, the geographical unity of the world is still not supported by the unity of the peoples living on Earth. The reduction in geographical distances is not accompanied by a reduction in social distances. Social, national, state, political, which until recently remained the same
Our planet still remains childishly defenseless against the hellish force of the awakened forces of nature.
Humanity today has no more serious concern than finding strength, finding means, finding reason to get along with nature and resolve social conflicts. Otherwise, we will have to return to some semblance of the Stone Age, a dark era of violence and cultural degradation.
With the emergence of life on earth, the spread of living beings, and changes in topography, one can observe the influence of man and nature on each other. It is worth noting that in ancient centuries this influence was not so significant, because the surrounding world was a kind of helper, a way of survival for ancient people. With the development of intelligence and civilization, the pressure on the environment gradually increased. And today it has reached such a point that people look at their future with caution.
From the famous Kazakh writer Olzhas Suleimenov There is a poem “Earth, bow to man!” It should be recognized that the earth, having not withstood many years of struggle, has long been at the feet of man.
However, it is unfair to say that it turns out only Negative influence nature, a considerable number of positive aspects.
Positive influence of man on nature
- To protect and preserve natural resources, for the past century, nature reserves and sanctuaries. By prohibiting all human activity in such areas of the territory, states are able to carry through time the original views and landscapes created by nature. Yes, on the territory Caucasian Nature Reserve The Elbrus and Kazbek mountains are located in the Russian Federation, on the slopes of which there is snow all the time. And the Valley of Geysers in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve is truly an amazing sight.
- Intensive creation and use of irrigation systems. What are these systems? Irrigation is available a set of measures that allows water to be delivered to dry areas of our planet. The most simple example Irrigation is used by watering beds in vegetable gardens and dachas. But if we talk about large volumes of land that need watering, today a number of technical structures have been invented that are striking in their architecture.
- Beneficial human activities include invention of powerful cleaning structures for retention of organic and mineral waste. They are widely used in industry, sewerage structures, and production stations.
- Optimal use of agricultural land are considered to be among the important tasks of environmental management today. Rational and efficient use of land includes a number of measures that can prevent soil depletion and contamination; save and increase useful qualities and properties.
Negative influence of humanity
- Air pollution toxic substances, the main source of which is industrial enterprises and cars. Due to release into the atmosphere industrial waste, such as carbon and nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, the living shell of the Earth suffers, including man himself. About four million people die every year from air pollution.
- Sometimes trying to help, humanity causes considerable harm. An example of such assistance is soil fertilization. Thus, there is a possibility that due to the use of potassium and phosphorus fertilizers in the soil, the concentration of radioactive substances significantly increases. Hoarding and lack of proper processing household waste also destroys soil cover. The surface layer of the earth suffers from industrial waste, toxic emissions into the atmosphere, and petroleum products. Such human activity leads to the fact that the soil loses its ability to self-clean itself from harmful microorganisms and becomes a source of many diseases.
- The hydrosphere, like other shells of the Earth, suffers primarily due to emissions from industrial and agricultural Wastewater . Special attention It is worth paying attention to the pollution of the World Ocean during oil production and refining. Satellite photographs show that a third of the water surface is covered with an oil film, which disrupts its interaction with the atmosphere and disrupts the water cycle in nature. Earth Almost 70% is covered with water, but according to research, only 1% is suitable for human consumption.
- Poaching, illegal hunting, fishing. By destroying and shooting common or endangered fauna, poachers cause ecological imbalance in individual regions. The restoration of the number of animals occurs much more slowly than their destruction. Large-scale fishing with nets can only be explained by a thirst for profit. The use of fishing spears and electric fishing rods leads to the devastation of water bodies, which is fraught with consequences for the biosphere.
- Negative impacts on flora and fauna include deforestation. Finding yourself under direct solar radiation, shade-loving plants wither. The herbaceous and shrub layers of the flora are modified due to changes in external conditions, some even disappear altogether. In addition, mass hikes by tourists, trampling and compaction of the soil turn out to be a bad side for the vegetation cover.
Time to take stock
The future of humanity directly depends on the state of nature. Maintaining natural balance is necessary primarily for full existence person. Environmental protection and efficient use natural resources - the most relevant activities today.
Many countries support environmental policies by developing special laws and authorities to protect the environment. For example, the UN system has created the UNEP program, which unites all countries and is designed to protect nature at the system-wide level. In solving these problems, an important role is played by the education of the population, decent education and training of qualified specialists in the field of ecology.
Human influence on nature .
Prepared by 4th grade student Manukyan Tigran
All humanity faces the most important task - preserving the diversity of all organisms living on Earth.
All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species associated with it.
Man's influence on the nature of the Earth began from the very moment when man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more man developed, the greater the impact he had on the Earth's environment.How does man influence nature?
What is positive and what is negative?
Negative points. There are both pros and cons of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of the harmful impact of humans on the environment: Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc. Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals. Reduction in population numbers due to the expansion of fields for fields through deforestation (animals, deprived of their normal habitat, die).
Air and water pollution various waste production and the people themselves. For example, in the Pacific Ocean there is a “dead zone” where a huge amount of garbage floats. Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water. Changes in nature under human influence are very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth are severely affected, and water resources are polluted. Typically, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is difficult.
Horrible consequences oil spills, mining. Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But that's not the worst thing. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of water - approximately 20 m2 of water. This is destructive for all living things. This is also a direct influence of man on the nature of the Earth. In many vast territories of the Earth in different countries, protected areas, reserves and parks are organized - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, a positive one. In such protected areas, people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna. Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Planting of diverse vegetation is also carried out on a large scale.
Ways to solve emerging problems in nature .
To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, the active influence of man on nature(positive).The most popular areas of activity:
![](https://i1.wp.com/ds04.infourok.ru/uploads/ex/101d/000ad204-e6318b28/hello_html_m685c40fa.jpg)
As for biological resources (animals and plants), they should be used (extracted) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size. It is also necessary to continue work on organizing nature reserves and planting forests. Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive human impact on nature. All this is necessary for the benefit of oneself.
The well-being of human life, like all biological organisms, depends on the state of nature.
Man built thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, power lines, covered the planet with a network of railway tracks and highways dug many tunnels, laid pipelines for transporting liquid and gas fuels, created reservoirs, destroyed and restored forested areas. Now there are almost no areas on Earth where human activity has not been noted. Finally, in order to live, relax, and satisfy his spiritual needs, man created huge cities and many other settlements. The construction of settlements also significantly changes natural ingredients: the surface is leveled, various communications are laid (water and gas pipelines, power lines and urban electric transport). Thus, in the process economic activity human economic complexes were formed instead of natural ones. Breaking relationships in natural complexes By changing them, a person adapts nature to his needs, while not taking into account the possible harmful consequences.
Man using natural resources, affects the environment and changes it in the process of economic activity.
The main types of economic activity are agriculture, livestock raising, work on industrial enterprises, transport, shopping and educational institutions, health care institutions, etc.