Research work The forest is our friend. Research work "Forest and Man" (4th grade)
ECOLOGICAL PROJECT "The forest is our friend"
Project motto.
Brighter, brighter the sun from the sky shine on us.
Higher, higher the tree grows above the ground.
Let the tree sprout with love.
Project passport
1. Topic: “Trees are our true friends”
2. Type of project: design and research.
3. Nature of the project: creative - research.
4. By the nature of contacts: children, teacher, parents.
5. By number of participants: group
6. Duration: short-term (22.10.12 -26.10.12).
7. Subject of research: trees on our site.
Relevance:
Environmental education of preschoolers is the formation in preschoolers of environmental consciousness, ecological culture, the ability to understand and love the world around them and treat it with care. By introducing children to nature, opportunities open up for aesthetic, patriotic, and moral education. Communication with nature enriches the child’s spiritual sphere and contributes to the formation of positive moral qualities.
Objective of the project:
- Research activities to study the life of trees in relation to its ecosystem.
To form in preschoolers ideas about the life of trees, their relationships with the environment, identifying the benefits and harms of the flora and fauna of the ecosystem during observations and conversations.
Tasks:
Educational:
To form in children an idea of trees;
To form generalized methods of mental activity and means of constructing one’s own cognitive activity.
Educational:
Develop mental operations of comparison and generalization;
Develop a cognitive interest in all living things, a desire to gain new knowledge from books; curiosity, observation, imagination;
To give children experience in research activities and to develop the ability to realize their interests;
Develop the ability to predict future changes;
Develop motivation for a healthy lifestyle.
Educational:
Cultivate an emotional attitude towards trees, communication with them on equal terms;
Cultivate a love for nature, a desire to protect and protect it.
Expected results:
The development of a caring personality continues, with an emotional and valuable aesthetic attitude to the world, which combines the qualities of morality, aesthetic taste, communication skills, empathy, imaginative thinking, and creative abilities.
It is formed consciously - the correct attitude towards objects and natural phenomena, ecological thinking;
Children’s mental abilities develop, which manifest themselves in the ability to experiment, analyze, and draw conclusions;
Children have a desire to communicate with nature and reflect their impressions through various activities;
There comes an understanding of the need for a careful and caring attitude towards nature, based on its moral, aesthetic and practical significance for humans.
Action plan:
1. Goal setting;
2.Search for a form of project implementation;
3.Development of the content of the entire educational process based on the topic of the project;
4. Organization of a developmental, cognitive, subject environment;
5. Determination of directions for practical search activities;
6.Organization of joint creative exploratory practical activities with parents and children;
7. Collective implementation of the project, its demonstration.
Project stages:
1. Preparatory:
Goal: developing the child’s environmental literacy.
Tasks:
1) Development of the child as a person (thinking, emotional, aesthetic, sensory development).
2) Protection and promotion of children's health.
3) Fostering love for the nature of the native land.
Research methods: observations during excursions, research on walks, drawing, appliqué, manual labor, play, conversation, writing stories and fairy tales, familiarization with literary works and paintings.
2. Research:
Searching for answers to the questions posed. Working with children: talking about trees.
Goal: to interest the problem, to find out children’s ideas about these plants, their attitude towards them.
Questions:
1. How are trees different from other plants?
2. What trees do you know?
3. Trees - alive or not? Why do you think so?
4. Are there many trees growing near our kindergarten? What are their names?
5. Who do you think plants trees? For what?
6. How many of you saw the trees in the forest? And who plants them there?
7. Where do you think trees live better - in the forest or in the city? Why?
8. Do people pay enough attention to trees? What about you personally? Have trees ever helped you? What about you? Give examples.
9. Let's imagine that the trees suddenly disappeared. What will happen throughout the Earth? In our city? Near the kindergarten? At your house? Will anything change in our lives? Why might trees disappear?
3. Final:
Ecological entertainment “Forest Birthday”.
Tree passport
Birch
Birch in Russia is one of the most common tree species. Birch is distinguished by its slender growth. . The height of trees reaches 20 - 25 m or more, birch lives up to 100 - 120 years.
A plant with flowers - catkins, which appear before the leaves form. Blooms in April – May.
The root system of birches is powerful. Birch grows slowly only in the first years, then, on the contrary, it begins to grow quickly,
The bark of birches is white, yellowish.
Birch leaves are serrated along the edges, with a wide wedge-shaped base, smooth, up to 7 cm long and 4 cm wide, turning yellow before falling. Young leaves are sticky.
Buds often covered with sticky scales
Birch is suitable for many things: excellent wood, even for cutting down a house, or for making furniture. Firewood is very hot, others are no match for birch.
And a Russian bathhouse is unthinkable without a birch broom. And how many folk crafts use birch bark and wood?
Birch cures people from many diseases. In the spring, during sap flow, you can harvest birch sap: it has healing properties.
Medical activated carbon is obtained from its wood.
Since ancient times, medicine has used birch buds, leaves and sap.
Rowan
Rowan is a deciduous tree with a height of 4 to 8 m.
It grows in open and shaded places, on different soils, but does not tolerate very waterlogged ones. It responds well to fertilizers and proper tillage and can easily withstand unfavorable years. It grows everywhere within our country.
Root system it is branched and is located in the upper layers of the soil, so it can be grown on soils with close groundwater levels, where many fruit crops cannot grow.
Tolerates frosts to minus 50°C.
Blooms late. Bark hers is gray. Leaves are compound, up to 21
cm, consisting of 9 small leaves. White small flowers are collected in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence. Fruit
Rowan Rowan - orange-red berries with a bitter taste.
- a valuable fruit, medicinal and ornamental plant.
Its fruits contain many biologically active substances: vitamin C, iron, glucose, fructose, and iodine. It is also rich in phytoncides. Rowan berries can be used to prepare juices, jams, compotes, jam. The pureed fruits of some varieties are used as a seasoning.
Medicinal value
Dried rowan fruits are used in the form of collections and liquid extracts from fresh berries.
Rowan fruits are also used for atherosclerosis, hypertension and kidney stones, used as a diuretic and hemostatic agent, as well as for diabetes, liver and kidney diseases.
Rowan fruits are especially valuable as a rich multivitamin.
At any time of the year, rowan is a decoration of streets, gardens and parks
Poems about trees
Sad birch..." A.A. Fet
Sad birch
At my window
And the whim of frost
She's dismantled.
Like bunches of grapes
The ends of the branches hang, -
And joyful to look at
All mourning attire.
I love the game of Lucifer
I notice on her
And I'm sorry if the birds
They will shake off the beauty of the branches.
L. Kavalyaka
Birch trees outside the window
In a festive outfit,
The breeze sways
Sunny strands.
The leaves will fall,
They will lie down like a blanket
And they will cover the earth
A light blanket.
And spring will come -
The earrings are hanging again,
The branches decorate
Like the brooch dress
Lipka
I'm thick, curly
I will grow up to glory, -
Tag me!
I'm honey colored
I bloom in the summer, -
Protect me!
And on a hot day
I’ll hide it in the shade from the sun, -
Water me!
The rain sometimes pours, I will hide from the rain, -
Don't break me!
Good for both
We can grow with you, -
Love me!
You will go out into the wide world,
You will see the whole country, -
Do not forget about me!
P. Voronko
Pantry of folk wisdom
Decorated by their people
Every time on New Year's Eve.
Instead of leaves - needles.
Name the trees! (Christmas trees)
***
Yellow and red clothes,
Each leaf is like a palm.
In autumn it is brightest.
Did you guess it? This... (maple)
*** ***
*** ***
The bush is drowning in double flowers,
As if in purple clouds.
On a bright warm May day
Our eyes are pleasing... (lilac)
White bottom, green top -
The summer grove is the most beautiful!
There are stripes on the trunks.
good ... (birch trees)
Proverbs, sayings about trees
Proverbs, sayings about linden
v And nuts, it turns out, grow on linden trees.
Proverbs and sayings about oak:
v You can't cut down an oak tree without blowing your lips.
v In the forest, an oak tree costs a ruble, and in the capital, a knitting needle costs a ruble.
v Oak fruits are only good for pigs.
v The oak is old, but the root is fresh.
v The oak is great, but it falls from a small ax.
v A storm will knock down an oak tree, but the reed will stand. The oak tree is slowly gaining growth.
v If a herd roars at an oak tree at once, the oak tree will fall down.
Proverbs and sayings about pine
v The pine feeds, and the linden gives shoes.
v Every pine tree only makes noise in its own forest.
v For us, every oak is a sheepskin coat, every pine is a hut.
v An apple tree produces apples, and a pine tree produces cones.
Mini museum
Passport of mini-museum exhibits
"Wonderful transformations of wood"
Exhibit name: Matryoshka is a wooden doll.
brief information
Matryoshka (from the diminutive name “Matryona”) is a Russian wooden toy in the form of a painted doll, inside of which there are smaller dolls similar to it. The number of nested dolls is usually three or more, has an ovoid (“egg-like”) shape with a flat bottom and consists of two parts - upper and lower. According to tradition, a woman is drawn in a red sundress and a yellow scarf.
Nowadays, themes for painting are varied: these are fairy-tale characters, the theme of Russia in the form of a girl, as well as families
One of the main centers for the production and painting of nesting dolls is the city of Semyonov (after the name of the city, the nesting doll is called Semyonovskaya).
The proximity to Khokhloma largely determines the originality of the painting of the Semyonovskaya matryoshka doll. The nesting dolls from the city of Semenov have multicolor painting and an abundant, sophisticated pattern with thick curved branches, flowers, berries, and curls on a light background. Matryoshka dolls are made in various workshops. First, select the appropriate type of wood: linden, alder or birch. Trees are usually cut down in early spring and the bark is removed. . The logs are then stored and dried for several years in a well-ventilated area.
How to use with children: The nesting doll is used as a visual material for the development of children’s decorative creativity, for modeling and play activities. Compiling creative stories for children. . additional literature: I. Chernitskaya “Matryoshka”
Exhibit name: riddles about matryoshka,
brief information
reading proverbs: “A lot of forest - don’t destroy it, a little forest - take care of it, no forest - plant it”, “The forest is not friends with fire”, “The enemy of nature is the one who does not take care of the forest.” Miracle Spoons.
Wooden spoons are a reflection of the originality of our Russian culture and its cultural traditions.
Wooden spoons have come to us from time immemorial, enchanting everyone with their uniqueness and color. The city of Semenov, which is located deep in the Kerzhen forests of the Nizhny Novgorod region, is popularly called the “spoon capital” of Russia and the recognized center of the world famous Khokhloma painting. Here, the traditional craft of the ancestors, who made wonderful wood chips, is carefully preserved, multiplied and passed on from generation to generation. Carving a real Russian wooden spoon is not easy; it requires talent from the master. , First, the carpenter needs to decide on the shape of the spoon: round or oval, flat, voluminous or faceted. Each shape of a wooden spoon corresponds to its purpose. This could be a spoon for pickles, a dessert spoon, a slotted spoon, a spoon for mustard, salt, etc.
The spoon is often decorated with elegant carvings, sometimes so skillful that you have to look at its individual parts through a magnifying glass.
How to use it with children
:
visual material for the development of decorative creativity in preschool children, used to develop musical abilities
“Design and research work “The forest is my friend” The work was completed by: Petrova Alina Nikolaevna, student of 1st “A” class Scientific supervisor: ...”
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Gymnasium No. 140" Sovetsky district of Kazan
Design and research work
"The forest is my friend"
Work completed:
Petrova Alina Nikolaevna,
student of 1st "A" class
MBOU "Gymnasium No. 140", Kazan
Scientific adviser:
Pakhomova Nadezhda Vladimirovna,
teacher of the first qualification category
MBOU "Gymnasium No. 140", Kazan
Kazan 2016
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1. What is a forest……………………………………………………………… 4
2. The importance of forests for humans ………………………………………………… 5
3. Forest conservation measures ………………………………………………… 8 Conclusion …………………………………… ……………………………........ 11 References …………………………………………………………………………………. 12 Introduction Relevance of the topic. Forests act as one of the main natural mechanisms that maintain and restore living conditions on Earth. They normalize the gas composition of the atmosphere, purify water, protect all living things from radioactive dust, have great recreational value, and are also a source of raw materials (wood, resin, seeds, berries, medicinal plants, etc.). Forest is the most important component of the biosphere, preserving biological diversity and balance in nature.
Forests very often suffer from fires, which cause great harm to forestry: tree growth decreases, forest composition deteriorates, windbreaks increase, soil conditions and windbreaks deteriorate.
Forest fires contribute to the spread of harmful insects and wood-destroying fungi. In addition, the forest is greatly influenced by people. When visiting the forest, people treat it carelessly, sometimes even like a poacher. They break branches, cut down trees to set up tents, and litter the forest with various waste. As a result, the forest has turned into an object in need of urgent assistance.
Our republic belongs to sparsely forested regions (the region's forest cover is 17%), and therefore the problem of forest conservation and restoration is relevant for it. People should not forget that the forest is our friend, selfless and powerful. But he, like a person whose soul is wide open, demands both attention and care from a careless, thoughtless attitude towards him. Life without a forest is unthinkable, and we are all responsible for its well-being, responsible today, always responsible.
The purpose of the study is to form an idea of the forest and its significance for humans.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
Study information about the forest;
Determine the importance of forests in human life;
Suggest measures for the conservation and restoration of forests.
–  –  –
Forest is one of the main types of vegetation cover on the Earth, represented by numerous life forms of plants, among which the main role is played by trees and shrubs, and the secondary role is played by grasses, shrubs, mosses, lichens, etc. The forest is home to a large number of living organisms, ranging from soil bacteria invisible to the eye to large animals.
It is important to know that a forest is not only plants and animals, but also forest soils, ground and underground waters, air, sunlight, and solar energy. All components of the forest are closely interconnected.
The forest is a unique formation that has the ability to self-sustain, thanks to which the forest lives much longer than each of its individual components. The forest creates a special microclimate that supports the full life of all its inhabitants.
Forests are the “green lungs” of our planet. Scientists have found that forest air contains many light (negative) ions, which characterize the purity of the air. Almost all tree species contribute to the formation of light ions and, as a result, in forest air the degree of oxygen ionization is up to 10 times higher compared to city air. Negatively ionized air has a beneficial effect on the body, improving well-being, increasing overall tone and performance. It has been noted that among the population living in microdistricts with polluted air, the incidence of respiratory diseases is almost twice as high as in microdistricts with clean air.
2. The importance of forests for humans
The role of forests in human life is very great. We have identified the following main areas of forest use by humans:
Source of food (mushrooms, berries, animals, birds, honey);
Construction material;
Energy source (wood);
Raw materials for production (paper production);
Regulator of natural processes.
Speaking about the significance of the forest, first of all, it should be noted that the forest is a source of various material benefits. Almost everything that grows in the forest can be used as food - mushrooms, berries, nuts; Forest game and animals are also consumed by humans (Fig. 1, 2). The forest is rich in medicinal plants that are used in traditional medicine. Trees are of the greatest value - wood is used in the manufacture of furniture, paper, construction of houses and other structures, and as solid fuel.
The ecological significance of the forest is also great. Trees and plants saturate the air with oxygen, creating a favorable atmosphere around the forest. A person’s stay in the forest is also associated with a beneficial psychophysiological effect caused by the color green, which is a strong sedative. A new direction has emerged in medicine – landscape therapy, which is receiving increasing attention. This is explained by the fact that the perceived healing effect observed in the forest is facilitated by coolness, silence, soft lighting, harmony of sounds and colors, and a pleasant smell. Even after spending several hours in the forest, your health improves, your body rests, and stress goes away.
Figure 1 - Berry harvest Figure 2 - Porcini mushrooms Modern research has established different degrees of influence on human health from different types of plantings and biologically active components of the forest environment, including air ions, the lack of which contributes to increased fatigue, depression and even mortality of people suffering from heart disease and lungs. Many sanatoriums, health resorts and recreation centers are located in the forest. This is due to the beneficial effect of the forest on people’s health and its picturesqueness (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 – Picturesque forest landscape
As we have already said, forests are the “lungs” of our planet. The better forests grow, the more oxygen they release and the faster they absorb carbon dioxide. It has now been established that more than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from forests. In addition to affecting the carbon balance, forests are able to clean the air from soot, dust and other particulate matter. Trees and shrubs with rough leaves, such as elm, rowan, elderberry, etc., have the greatest collecting ability. It is known that one square meter of leaf blade area retains up to 10 g of dust.
Therefore, under the forest canopy the air is always cleaner, containing on average 42% less dust particles. As a result, during the year, the crowns of 1 hectare of spruce forest retain up to 30 tons of dust, pine - up to 39 tons, elm - up to 43 tons. The forest is an excellent biological air filter. The gas purifying ability of woody plants is well known, that is, the ability of plants to maintain their viability in conditions of atmospheric air pollution. This ability reaches a maximum in middle-aged plantings, 1 hectare of which is capable of absorbing up to 400 kg of sulfur dioxide and up to 100 kg of chlorides during the growing season. Forests, especially coniferous ones, release phytoncides that kill pathogenic microbes. In certain doses, phytoncides have a positive effect on the human nervous system, enhance the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract, help improve metabolism and stimulate cardiac activity.
Phytoncides play a big role in the fight against pathogens of infectious diseases, so there are much fewer such pathogens in the air of forests than in treeless areas. For example, 1 m3 of air in a cedar forest contains up to 700 units of microorganisms.
The microclimatic role of the forest is very important.
Woody and herbaceous plants have heat-moderating properties. On a hot summer day, the air temperature in the forest is several degrees lower than in the city. The refreshing effect of one mature tree corresponds to the effect of several air conditioners in room conditions. In winter, on the contrary, the forest is warmer in comparison with an open place by up to 0.5 degrees, which is directly related to the decrease and even absence of air movement under the forest canopy, even in a leafless state.
The social or cultural significance of the forest is as important as any other.
The proximity of the forest to populated areas largely determines the activities of local residents. Timber extraction or hunting are becoming almost the main occupations of village residents.
Forests play an important role in the water cycle and have soil protection value. Thanks to moisture evaporating from forest soil, air humidity increases.
3. Forest conservation measures
As we have found out, the forest plays an invaluable role in human life, and therefore a person must take care of it. Forests must exist for the sake of human existence, for the sake of preserving flora and fauna for future generations. Therefore, we need forest reservations, nature reserves, national parks, and resort forest areas that are protected by law. For example, in Tatarstan there is the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park (Fig. 4, 5).
Figure 4 - Volzhsko-Kama Nature Reserve
Figure 5 - Nizhnyaya Kama National Park
What measures need to be taken to ensure that our forests exist safely? Every person can help the forest if he keeps the forest clean and does not litter. Do not forget that the forest is not a landfill, but a place where plants and animals live, for which the forest is their home and it should be clean. When you come to the forest, you don’t need to light a fire. In the next few years, no grass grows in the place where the fire was. In addition, a fire can lead to a forest fire, which can damage plants and animals.
When walking through the forest, you must maintain silence in it: you cannot shout or turn on music. The noise scares away birds and animals so that they can leave their homes. Under no circumstances should you touch bird nests in the forest. If you disturb a bird that is hatching chicks, it may abandon the nest and fly away, then its little chicks will die. You should also not touch anthills in the forest. Ants are hard workers, they build their house one needle at a time, and their work must be respected. In addition, ants are forest orderlies; they regulate the number of insect pests. Forest plants, like animals, also require careful treatment. You can walk through the forest and just admire them and take pictures. Plucked flowers will not produce seeds, and then we will no longer be able to admire their beautiful blooms. When breaking branches of trees and bushes, people do not think about the harm they cause to them. Any mechanical damage contributes to their infestation by insect pests. Therefore, you need to remember that you cannot break branches!
I would also like to note that in the forest you should only walk along organized paths. Trampling the soil leads to its compaction. As a result, the tree roots receive little oxygen, which is so necessary for their respiration.
After fires and unfavorable weather conditions, forests lose large areas, and society's need for wood increases. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to restore and increase forest productivity.
In order to replenish lost forest areas, a large number of seedlings of various tree species are needed. The seedlings are grown in forest nurseries and then transplanted into forest areas. This is a long process. But modern advances in science make this process shorter. This is what scientists in the field of biotechnology do. Thanks to their efforts, it is possible to grow a large number of seedlings of different tree species in a short period of time. Such trees grow much faster, which is beneficial for forestry. Here in Tatarstan this direction has begun to develop.
–  –  –
Thus, having studied information about the forest, its importance for humans and proposing measures for the conservation and restoration of forest plantations, we believe that our chosen topic has been fully covered. Caring for the forest is the responsibility of each of us - from adults to children.
Bibliography
1. Agaltsova, V.A. Fundamentals of forest management: educational and methodological for students. Full-time, evening and correspondence education / V.A. Agaltsova. - M.:
2. “State report on the state of natural resources and environmental protection of the Republic of Tatarstan” pp. 54-58, Kazan: World without borders, 2010.
3. Paramonov, E.G. Fundamentals of forestry and forest management:
textbook / E.G. Paramonov, A.A. Malenko. - Barnaul: Publishing House of AGAU, 2007. - 170 p.
4. Petrova, G.A. Using biotechnology methods to obtain healthy planting material of aspen (Populus tremula L.) in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan: abstract of thesis. dis. ...cand. agricultural Sciences / G.A. Petrova. – M., 2011. – 24 p.
5. http://www.happy-giraffe.ru/community/33/forum/post/17122/
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Introduction.Justification of the project topic.
A characteristic feature of modern life is the deterioration of the environmental situation. High population density, industrial development and abundance of transport negatively affect the plants of our planet: air, soil, water and forests are polluted. All this negatively affects the health of the population.
Our teacher told us that a favorable environmental situation has a positive effect on the development of a person’s intellectual and physical abilities and on maintaining his health.
And in the conditions of modern life, not a single state can declare complete environmental well-being. A person has a poor understanding of the ecological state of the environment, but every literate person needs to know in what environmental conditions he studies, works, and lives.
Our school is located in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, village of Zvezdny. Behind our village there is a forest, this is an amazing place where you can have a good rest. But after relaxing in the forest, people leave a huge amount of garbage, so our beautiful forest turns into a place where relaxation is not enjoyable.
Object of study: forest in Zvezny village.
Project theme: Save the forest!
Research hypothesis: a favorable environmental situation has a positive effect on the development of a person’s intellectual and physical abilities and on maintaining his health.
The goal of the project: to develop cognitive interest in environmental issues and preserve Russian forests.
Tasks:
Study literature and learn about the benefits that forests bring to humans;
To clarify the density of landscaping in the school area and determine the value of trees for humans;
To attract the attention of students to the problems of preserving the forests of their native land.
To cultivate a caring attitude towards the nature of the native land and its inhabitants.
Theoretical part.
What benefits does the forest bring to humans?
The forest is of great importance in the life of man and humanity. On the one hand, the forest, being one of the main components of the human environment, greatly influences the climate, the availability of clean water, clean air, protects agricultural lands, provides places for comfortable living and recreation for people, and preserves the diversity of wildlife. On the other hand, the forest is a source of many material resources, without which humanity cannot yet do and is unlikely to be able to do in the future - wood for construction, paper and furniture production, firewood, food and medicinal plants, and others. On the third hand, the forest is part of the cultural and historical environment, under the influence of which the culture and customs of entire nations are formed, a source of work, independence and material well-being for a significant part of the population, especially those who live in forest villages and towns.
For humanity, the forest plays three roles - ecological, economic and social, but for each individual person, depending on where he lives and what he does, one or another role of the forest can play more or less importance. The smaller the forest, the more noticeable its environment-forming role, the higher the value of the forest’s role in preserving rivers and streams, protecting adjacent agricultural lands from drying out and erosion, beneficial effects on the air, and providing places for recreation. The larger the forest, the less its environment-forming role is noticed, but the more important the forest is as a source of work, economic well-being, building materials, firewood, mushrooms, berries and other material resources. However, for every person, no matter where he lives and no matter what he does, the environment-forming, resource, and social roles of the forest are important to one degree or another.
Forests are associated with the existence of the main share of the Earth's biological diversity - the diversity of living organisms and ecosystems existing on our planet. Forests are the main habitat for approximately three-quarters of all species of plants, animals and fungi that exist on our planet, and most of these species simply cannot exist without forests. Preserving the diversity of the Earth's forests, and primarily wild forests, which still live according to the laws of the wild with minimal human intervention, is key to preserving the full diversity of life.
No less well known is the role of forests in preserving clean fresh water - the main natural resource, the shortage of which is increasingly felt in various parts of the Earth, including in many regions of Russia. Forests play a large role in the global distribution of precipitation: moisture evaporated by trees returns to the atmospheric cycle, which creates conditions for its further transport from the oceans and seas inland to the continents. Modern research shows that if there were no forests, then the territories remote from the seas and oceans would be much more arid or even deserted, unsuitable for human life and for the development of agriculture. The forest effectively delays the melting of snow in the spring and the runoff of water after heavy rainfalls, thereby “smoothing out” the rise of water in rivers, preventing destructive floods and drying up of rivers and streams during drought. The forest reliably protects the banks of rivers and streams from erosion, thereby preventing the pollution of water bodies by soil particles.
The role of the forest as the “green lungs of the planet” is well known: the forest absorbs and binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, accumulates carbon in the organic matter of living plants, their residues and soil, and releases back the oxygen necessary for all living beings to breathe. There are more than 300 different chemical compounds in the air of natural forests.
At the same time, the forest very effectively cleans the air of dust and other harmful impurities - they easily settle on the surface of leaves and needles and are washed off to the ground by rain. The forest, by evaporating large amounts of water, maintains high air humidity, protecting not only itself, but also the surrounding areas from drying out.
Forests, especially coniferous ones, emit phytoncides - volatile substances with bactericidal properties. Phytoncides kill pathogenic microbes. In certain doses, they have a beneficial effect on the nervous system, enhance the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract, help improve metabolism and stimulate cardiac activity. Many of them are enemies of pathogens of infectious diseases. But only if there are few of them.
Phytoncides from poplar buds, Antonov apples, and eucalyptus have a detrimental effect on the influenza virus. A sprig of fir brought into the room reduces the content of microbes in the air by 10 times, especially whooping cough and diphtheria. Oak leaves destroy bacteria of typhoid and dysentery.
Thanks to powerful root systems that penetrate the soil, trees strengthen river banks and mountain slopes, preventing water from eroding them. The protective role of forests is especially important in the mountains, where trees resist avalanches, and on sea coasts, where they hold back the advance of sand dunes. Trees strengthen the soil, protecting settlements and roads from landslides, mudflows and sand drifts.
As human civilization develops, population increases, requirements for environmental quality, needs for clean water, air and similar benefits provided by forests, the environment-forming importance of forests in the life of mankind increases. And most importantly, simple awareness of this role is gradually, albeit very slowly, replaced by a willingness to do something to ensure that the role of the forest in preserving a favorable environment never dries up. Fortunately, there are still huge forests on Earth - natural carbon dioxide sinks. Our country is often called a great forest power. Indeed, the forest zone occupies more than half of the territory of Russia.
Practical part.
Research stages:
The first stage is preparatory.
At this stage, together with the biology teacher, I set the goal, objectives and hypothesis of the project. At the preparatory stage, we drew up a plan for our work.
The second stage is research.
It consisted of a number of tasks:
1. Visit the library. Working with literary and Internet sources.
2. Find out what benefits the forest brings to humans;
In additional literature, I found information that one average-sized tree in 24 hours restores as much oxygen as is necessary for the breathing of three people. Are there enough trees on the school grounds to restore oxygen in the air?
Results and conclusions obtained:Our forest contains a large number of trees and shrubs; The school has 268 students and 38 school employees - a total of 306 people. For a given number of people, the presence of 102 woody plants is necessary to completely restore the consumed oxygen. Since the forest is located next to the school, it means that our school has the necessary oxygen level. This has a positive effect on the health of students. From literary sources I learned that plants have healing effects; their coolness, harmony of sounds and colors, variety of smells calm the nervous system and reduce stressful situations. I also noticed that after communicating with a tree, strength increases, so I decided to conduct a survey among the children of our class to find out how they relate to trees (Appendix 1).
3. To clarify the density of forest pollution in the village of Zvezdny;
4. Carry out a number of activities to clean up the forest;
5. Familiarize yourself with the rules of behavior in the forest (propaganda team on the topic “Rules of behavior in the forest”), allowing and prohibiting among elementary school students (Appendix 2);
6. Conduct a survey among primary school students “Is it possible to litter in the forest” (Appendix 3).
The third stage is the synthesis of materials.
In class we drew pictures “Let's protect our forest!”
Conclusion.After studying the literature, I learned: The forest is the lungs of our planet; About 60% of oxygen is supplied by forests to the earth's atmosphere. A medium-sized tree can restore in one day as much oxygen as is necessary for the breathing of three people. The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest: it stores moisture, keeps our great rivers full, softens the climate, stops hot winds and sands. The forest is the decoration of our land. Where there is a forest, there is clean air. Forests are green laboratories that produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust. Forests create favorable conditions: they reduce temperature changes, clear the air of dust, reduce noise and are simply pleasing to the eye. Also in the fall, a large number of edible mushrooms grow in the forest, which people collect.
Thus, we came to the conclusion that the forest must be protected. Everything created by nature or planted by man can die. Trees will disappear, birds will have nowhere to build a nest, animals will go away and people will die.
Conclusion.We learned a lot during our research work. This work helped us understand that we are also part of nature and taught us to treat it correctly.
In this work, we investigated the ecological state of the school site. We can safely say that the environmental situation in the school area is favorable. This means that it has a positive effect on the health of the younger generation. But schoolchildren, nevertheless, should be more careful about the existing plantings, take part in the landscaping of the school and in the “labor landing”.
The settlement authorities are obliged to take measures to improve environmental conditions on the streets of the village.
Only then will nature appear to us as kind, generous, giving people its riches and the joy of communication.
And we want to believe that in life none of our schoolchildren will cause the disappearance of their native forest.
We will take care of the forest ourselves and tell our friends and family members to always follow the rules of behavior in such a beautiful and necessary place for people - like a forest!
Our hypothesis: a favorable environmental situation has a positive effect on the development of a person’s intellectual and physical abilities, and on maintaining his health, was confirmed.
MBOU "Petropavlovsk basic secondary school of the Novosheshminsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan"
Research work on the topic:
"Forest Ecology"
Performed:
Geography teacher
Belyaeva Vera Anatolyevna.
Introduction……………………………………………………3
Anthropogenic factors and nature conservation……………………..4
Reforestation………………………………………………………………..4
Types of forests……………………………………………………….5
The importance of forest typology……………………………………...6
Forest typology of academician P.S. Pogrebnyak ……………………...7
The main forest-forming species of the Rakashevsky forestry of the Kaleikinsky timber industry enterprise……………………………………………………………..9
Types of forest uses……………………………………...14
List of used literature………………………..16
Introduction
In the modern life of people, the forest has acquired an extremely diverse meaning. Being an important component of the biosphere, it maintains ecological balance in it, serves as an accumulator of huge biological mass, a source of oxygen, protects soils from blowing out and erosion, rivers and reservoirs from shallowing, has a beneficial effect on the environment, is a supplier of diverse and valuable products, and serves as a wonderful place for relax.
Sloboda Petropavlovskaya is surrounded by forests, which are part of the Rakashevsky forestry of the Kaleykinsky timber industry enterprise. Having been on excursions in the forest, I noticed that a large amount of healthy forest is being destroyed under the anthropogenic influence of humans. A large amount of wood is used to develop the infrastructure of the region; if deforestation standards are not observed, then in a few years the ecological balance of the forest ecosystem will be disrupted. Forests are the “lungs” of our planet. Therefore, in my work “Forest Ecology” I wanted to consider problems and find ways for the long-term development and rational use of forests, as well as methods for combating losses in forestry.
A forest is a complex natural organism consisting of various tree species, shrubs, and numerous representatives of herbaceous vegetation. The forest is home to a large number of species of birds and animals, many insects, soil animals and microorganisms.
The forest is a natural self-regulating system, which is characterized by the unity, interaction and interdependence of its components and the environment, which is in constant development. The forest has the ability to self-renew and change generations, but only in the conditions of the forest zone. In the steppe and other arid zones, the dominant position in the development and retention of land spaces belongs to grasses. The appearance of a forest in such conditions is only possible through artificial means - afforestation.
Anthropogenic factors and nature conservation
The action of these factors is associated with the results of human economic activity and the consequences of its impact on nature.
Human intervention in nature began in ancient times, often through haphazard cutting and burning of forests for arable land, excessive plowing of steppes, and intensive grazing. The destruction of mountain forests and extermination of animals led to impoverishment and desertification of once flourishing areas.
With the development of industry, agriculture and transport, the impact of people on nature has increased immeasurably. The problem of nature conservation has risen to the level of state tasks.
Nature conservation is a planned system of state, international and public activities aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, at protecting the environment from pollution and destruction to create optimal conditions for the existence of human society, satisfying the material and cultural needs of living and future generations of humanity .
In the field of vegetation protection, the leading place belongs to the conservation of forest resources. Successful implementation of this task can be achieved through proper exploitation of forest lands, methods of reforestation, etc.
Increasing attention is being paid to the protection of protected areas, of which the most common are nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and natural national parks. Protecting and maintaining them at the required rational and aesthetic level is also an urgent task for society.
Forest regeneration
Reforestation occurs in two ways - seed and vegetative. Seed regeneration is associated with the ability to reproduce all forest-forming tree and shrub species by seeds. Vegetative regeneration is due to the ability of many breeds to reproduce a new generation by shoots, root shoots, layering, respectively, formed from a stump, root, stem from dormant or adventitious buds.
Types of forests
Heterogeneous forest growth conditions, the most significant of which are the degree of richness and soil moisture, determine the formation of plantings that differ in species composition, productivity and other characteristics. At the same time, certain forest areas have a number of common characteristics and are united by the concept of “forest type”.
The names of individual forest types have long been used among the Russian people. Thus, a pine forest on sandy soils was called boron; pine, spruce on sandy loam - subor; forest on loams - ramen. These names have been preserved in forestry science and practice to this day.
G. F. Morozov attached great importance to the practical use of forest types and pointed out that the organization of the economy should be based not on types, but on the basis of types of plantings. Its typology is called ecological, since it is based on taking into account the unity of forest plantations and environmental conditions. G. F. Morozov divided forest types into main and temporary.
The main types that arose as a result of the long evolution of soils and woody vegetation: spruce forests on loamy podzolic soils, pine forests on sandy loams, oak forests on dark gray loams. He considered temporary forest types to be plantations that arose as a result of a change in species under the influence of logging, fires and other anthropogenic causes, for example, birch and aspen forests in place of spruce, pine and oak plantations.
V. N. Sukachev developed a complete typological classification of pine and spruce forests and a generalized one for other forest-forming species. Based on the fact that the main type of forest would ultimately be temporary, he proposed dividing forest types into primary and derivative. Derivatives replace the indigenous forest types, but through the derivatives the indigenous ones reassert themselves over time. It is easy to notice that according to the typology of V.F. Sukachev, the forest type is established by the predominant species and the most characteristic representative (indicator) of the living ground cover (spruce forest - sorrel forest), less often - by a typical representative of the undergrowth (linden pine forest) or by typical growing conditions, for example lowland (spruce forest - ravine).
The meaning of forest typology
The practical significance of forest typology lies in the development for each forest area (types or groups of forest types) of a reasonable forecast of its development and, above all, an increase in the productivity and sustainability of forest stands. This is due to the fact that different types of forest differ in overall biological productivity and wood reserves. The greatest productivity is found in sorrel, complex and herbaceous groups of forest types. The smallest are sphagnum, long-growing and lichen.
Measures to promote natural forest regeneration, forest planting and sowing, forest care, forest exploitation and forest protection will not have a high effect if they do not take into account the types of forests and types of forest growing conditions. Suffice it to say that even the same logging method in different types of forest can lead to different, sometimes undesirable, results.
Thus, gradual felling of the same intensity, carried out in a fresh and wet spruce-blueberry forest, can lead to windfall in the second case to a greater extent than in the first.
Forest regeneration is also closely related to forest types. As noted I. S. Melekhov, in taiga forests, the natural regeneration of pine occurs most successfully in clean pine forests - lingonberry, lichen and especially heather, which is due to soil conditions and the influence of forest fires.
In pine-spruce and spruce forests of the green moss type on fresh and moist soils, as well as in grass types after forest felling, the regeneration of conifers occurs with great difficulty, and replacement by deciduous species (aspen, birch, sulfur alder) is often observed. In long-growing and sphagnum forest types, subsequent regeneration usually occurs with downy birch.
An important task is the wider and more thorough use of forest typology in forest management involved in the development of projects for the organization and development of forestry.
Forest typology of academician P.S. Pogrebnyak
The need for Ukrainian foresters (E.V. Alekseev, P.S. Pogrebnyak, D.V. Vorobyov) to develop a new forest typological direction was caused by the fact that the role of living ground cover as an indicator of forest conditions under intense and long-term human impact on the forests of Ukraine turned out to be extremely insignificant. They call this direction differently: ecological, silvicultural-ecological, silvicultural, silvicultural-typological.
The basis developed by E.V. Alekseev and P.S. Pogrebnyak’s edaphic (soil) classification of types of growing conditions and types of forest is based on the following two indicators – the richness or fertility of the soil and the degree of its moisture. These indicators, reflecting various growing conditions, are tabulated and called the edaphic grid.
The main forest-forming species of the Rakashevsky forestry of the Kaleykinsky timber industry enterprise
On the territory of the rural settlement of Sloboda Petropavlovskaya, Novosheshminsky district, there is the Rakashevskoye forestry of the Kaleikinsky timber industry enterprise. Forest plays a big role in human life. It provides timber, medicinal plants, many edible fruits and seeds, and food for wild and domestic animals for the national economy.
On a total area of 9,338 hectares of Rakashevskoe forestry, the following forest-forming species predominate:
Birch family includes deciduous, monoecious, wind-pollinated trees. The leaves are simple, serrated along the edges, alternate. Representatives of the birch family have winged or wingless achenes. Widespread genera of the family are birch and alder.
Silver birch (warty) – a tree 20-30 meters high with a trunk diameter of 0.6-0.8 meters, an ovoid-conical openwork crown shape. The trunk and branches are covered with yellowish birch bark. At the base of the trunks the bark is black and roughly fissured. The shoots are reddish-brown, completely dotted with small light glands-warts. The buds are ovoid-conical, yellowish-brown, glabrous, sticky, 4-5 mm long. The leaves are triangular-rhombic, smooth, with double-toothed edges. Begins to bear fruit at 10-15 years of age. Abundant fruiting, combined with good distribution and rapid growth, ensures the successful colonization of free forest areas by birch1 and the formation of pure young trees. It is undemanding to soils - it can grow on poor sandy and rocky soils. Wood of this species has high technical properties and is successfully used in plywood and furniture production. The buds and leaves are used in the medical and perfume industries.
Gray alder – a tree up to 15-20 meters high with a trunk diameter of 30-40 cm, has a narrow ovoid crown shape and a ribbed trunk. The bark is light gray, smooth. The shoots are brown with gray pubescence. The buds are red-brown, hairy, 8-15 mm long. The leaves are elliptical, pointed, doubly serrate along the edge, 4-10 cm long, dark yellow above, almost glabrous, gray-green below, pubescent. Female flowers in short hairs, growing into cones. Men's earrings are sessile or on short stalks, 3-5 pcs. The cones are arranged in groups of 6-10 pieces, black-brown, woody, elliptical, 1.5 cm long. The nuts are light or dark brown with a more developed membranous wing. The root system is quite well developed, thanks to symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria. It is a shade-tolerant and cold-resistant breed. It reproduces by seeds and root suckers, and after cutting it produces stump shoots. Used to secure slopes, ravines and river banks. A good herbage develops among the sparse thickets. The wood is soft, light, slightly pinkish. It is used in furniture and container production, and serves as a raw material for the chemical industry.
Beech family. English oak. Tree up to 40 meters high with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5-2 meters. The crown is spreading or broadly cylindrical. The bark is brown or reddish-brown with numerous lentils. The buds are ovoid, blunt, light gray. The breed is monoecious with dioecious flowers. Acorns are usually arranged in 1-3 pieces. on an elongated stalk. Ripens in autumn in the year of flowering. It blooms simultaneously with the leaves blooming. It begins to bear fruit in open areas from 10-20 years, in plantings of seed origin from 35 to 40 years, and in coppice plantings from 25-30 years. Flowering and fruiting occur annually, but abundantly after 4-5 years. Under natural conditions, it reproduces by acorns or shoots from a stump. In the first years of its life, the oak grows slowly; due to its demands on light, it cannot tolerate apical shading (it turns into sticks), but always needs lateral shading from species - linden, elm, maple. Oak prefers aerated dark gray and gray forest loams. Tolerates dry soil and air, used in landscaping work. Oak is a durable hardwood, over 500 years old. Wood is used in furniture and carpentry production, in housing and civil construction, wood waste and bark are raw materials for tannins and in medicine. Acorns serve as food for birds, wild boars and other animals.
Poplar genus. The most common in our territory is trembling poplar (aspen).
Trembling aspen or poplar - a deciduous, fast-growing tree with a columnar trunk and a wide-cylindrical openwork crown. Up to 35 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter, the bark is greenish-olive, smooth, dark gray only on the lower part of old trunks. The shoots are round, greenish-brown, shiny with a pentagonal core. Leaf buds are shiny, ovoid-pointed, sticky. The leaves are round or diamond-shaped, with sparse, irregular teeth along the edge. It blooms in April - early May before the leaves bloom and is pollinated by the wind. The seeds are small, yellowish-gray, located in capsules, ripen in June-early July, and due to the presence of hairs, are carried by the wind over considerable distances. They bear fruit annually from 10-12 years. Very light-loving and frost-resistant. Grows on various soils, does not tolerate stagnant water. Used for afforestation of ravines. The wood is white, soft, light. Used in match cellulose and plywood production.
Genus maple . There are two common species on our territory: Norway maple and Tatarian (black maple).
Norway maple – up to 30 m high with a trunk diameter of more than 1 m with a dense, wide crown. The bark is smooth, reddish-gray, later dark gray, finely fissured. The shoots are reddish-brown with a white core, the leaves are dark green, shiny, opposite, large, up to 18 cm long, up to 20 cm wide, lobed with 3-5 pointed lobes and rounded notches between them. The petioles are long, the flowers are greenish-yellow, and are pollinated by insects. Blooms before the leaves bloom. Lionfish mature in the fall and gradually drop off until spring. It bears fruit annually, but abundant harvests take 3-4 years. It produces shoots from the stump and is demanding on soil fertility and moisture. Lives 15-120 years. Used as a protective and decorative species. It is a honey plant; maple sap is consumed as food. Durable wood with beautiful patterns is used in the manufacture of furniture, plywood and musical instruments.
Tatarian maple – a tree 10-12 m high, with a spreading crown or a large shrub. The crown on the trunk is smooth, dark gray, almost black. The shoots are reddish-brown, ribbed, bare or slightly drooping, dotted with light lentils. The leaves are entire or slightly three-lobed, double-serrate along the edge, slightly notched or rounded at the base, dark green above, glabrous, lighter below, pubescent along the veins. The leaf blade is 5-10 cm long, 3-7 cm wide. The petiole is 2-8 cm long. It blooms after complete leafing in late May - early June. The flowers are greenish-white, in erect panicles, fragrant. The lionfish are initially bright red, when fully ripe they are brown and are located at an acute angle to each other. The length of each lionfish is up to 3.5 cm. The seed is dark reddish, oval, slightly convex, 1 cm long. It reproduces by seeds, produces shoots from the stump, is shade-tolerant and frost-resistant. It is used for landscaping roads and populated areas, the wood is used for firewood, and paint is obtained from the bark.
Linden genus – small-leaved linden. A slender tree 30 m high with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m, with a dense spherical crown. The bark is smooth, dark gray, with a reddish tint. With age, dark brown, shallowly shaped. The leaves are heart-shaped, pointed at the apex, finely serrated along the edges, the leaf blade is dark green, glabrous, light green below, pubescent at the corners of the veins with reddish hairs. The petiole is up to 5 cm long. It blooms in late June - early July, the flowers are small, yellow-white. The fruits ripen in August-September. Fruits abundantly and annually. They are found on various soils and are winter hardy. It is a shade-tolerant breed, lives 300-400 years. A good companion for other species enriches the soil with lime, restores structure, and increases fertility due to leaf litter. The wood is soft, light, durable, and is widely used in the production of furniture, plywood, carved items and children's toys. Bast is used to make bast, young branches are used as animal feed, and linden flowers are used in medicine.
Bibliography
Antrokhin V.G. Forestry. M. Timber industry, 2015
Verkhunov P.M., Dvoretsky M.L. Silvicultural characteristics and taxation indicators of the forest stand. Gorky, State University, 2016
Goryunov A.K., Sadovnichy V.P. Forest exploitation and the basis of forest commodity science. Forest industry 2015
Novoseltsev V.D., Forester's Handbook, Agropromizdat, 2015.
Rulkov V.V., Forestry and forest taxation, Agropromizdat, Moscow, 2016.
Imshchenetskaya L.I. World of plants. Moscow 2016
Ivanova R.G. Dictionary reference book on the flora of Tatarstan. Kazan, 2016
Journal "Biology at School" No. 5, 2002, 2015
Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2015
MBOU "Vyshinskaya Secondary School"
Research
on the topic of:
“The forest is our wealth!”
Completed by: Vika Chigir,
5th grade student
Head: Lazareva N.E.,
geography teacher
1
20152016
Table of contents
1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
1.1. General view on the problem of forest protection.................................................... ...35
1.2. The role and importance of forests for all life on Earth………………………..4
2. Research in my village…………………………………………………………….59
2.1. Activities of the Vyshinsky territorial forestry in the matter of protection
forests…………………………………………………………………….………………………….4
2.2. Protected natural areas……………………………………….
2.3. The problem of fires…….……………………………....………………….5
3. Results and conclusions……………………………………………79
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…9
5. Sources used…………………………………………….910
2
Forests occupy most of the territory of the Zubovo Polyansky district.
My home village of Vysha is surrounded by forest on all sides. And me, like anyone
a caring person who is concerned about the ecological state of the forest in
territory of my settlement, because I am not indifferent to the fate of my little one
Motherland.
Goal of the work:
Find out the role and significance of forests for all life on Earth, show
vulnerability and defenselessness of the natural forest zone; find out what measures
accepted by local forestry workers to protect the forest, so that
to predict his future fate.
Tasks:
1) Study the scientific literature on the role and importance of forests.
2) Monitor the statistics of forest fires within Vyshinsky
forestries and their scale.
3) Show the need for every resident of the village to participate in the matter
protection of forests.
Relevance of the work:
This work has educational and economic significance, since
The conclusions drawn allow us to think about the need to take measures to
protection of the forest on the territory of the village and its restoration.
Research methods:
Scientific (study of necessary literature, analysis of articles);
Sociological (survey of specialists);
Cartographic research (study of geographical location
forests of the Vyshinsky forestry on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia);
Drawing up a diagram “The significance of the forest”.
3
Duration of the study:
The study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016.
Research results
It was revealed that the forest is the wealth that nature has endowed our village with.
But even hundreds of thousands of hectares can become scarce and impoverished over time if
use it ineptly and irrationally.
1. Introduction
1.1. A general view of the problem of forest protection
Forest protection is an urgent problem of our time, to which no one
must remain indifferent. After all, the future life of people is fully
depends on whether we manage to protect the forest, as well as many species of plants and
animals from extinction.
How to protect the forest? Why is it necessary to protect biological diversity?
Forests, as you know, are the lungs of planet Earth. Without growing green
plants, humanity will be doomed to sudden death. To people
There simply won’t be enough oxygen, which is so necessary for them to breathe. Also forest
is a breadwinner and a doctor for a person. You can find edibles here
mushrooms, berries, nuts and various herbs that have healing properties
properties.
In addition, the forest is legally home to various species
wild animals, birds, fish. Forest walks are good for people's health,
Being in the lap of nature is a true pleasure for the eyes and soul.
In short, forest resources are the national heritage of every
countries, therefore special attention should be paid to their protection.
1.2. The role and significance of forests.
4
1. Forest allows you to improve the hydraulic regime of all large and small
reservoirs whose basins are located on the territory of the massifs. Soil protection
from destruction is carried out both due to species growing in
natural conditions, and thanks to special plantings that
Recently, people have been increasingly using them. Forests help preserve
mineral composition of the soil. Runoff water, passing through layers of soil,
are freed from harmful solid impurities.
2. Forest is the main storehouse of plant matter on the planet. Exactly
therefore, there is a large species diversity of herbivores in the community,
predatory and omnivorous animals that form food chains. Thanks to
These connections in nature remain in balance. Many forest inhabitants
are plant pollinators, participate in the distribution of seeds, helping
representatives of the flora to reproduce and survive. Animals and birds have
commercial significance in human economic activity. Man mines
There is valuable fur and meat here. Today, hunting of animals is regulated by law, which
contributes to the restoration and conservation of some species.
3. When considering the role of forests in nature and people’s lives, one cannot ignore
attention to the human need for wood. She was always great, she didn't become
less today. Moreover, in modern economic activity it
is becoming global. Projections regarding reduction
use of wood raw materials are not justified either in Russia or in
world market. The emerging trend may lead to
wood will become a scarce raw material, and this will have an impact on production
many consumer goods necessary for humans.
4. The role of forests in nature and people’s lives is very important during
rapid growth of cities. Therapeutic effects of greens
effects on the human body have been proven by doctors. Exactly because of this reason
holiday homes, sanatoriums, rehabilitation centers are most often located in
5
forest zone. People, walking through groves, parks, squares, get
great aesthetic pleasure, which leads to an improvement in overall
well-being.
2. Research in my village
2.1. The activities of the Vyshinsky territorial forestry in the case
forest protection
In our village, the State Public Institution “Vyshinskoe” deals with forest protection issues.
territorial forestry". I conducted my research using
survey of specialists from this institution. I was given everything
necessary statistical and cartographic data.
I found out that the Vyshinsky territorial forestry
located in the southwestern part of the Republic of Mordovia, on the territory
ZubovoPolyansky municipal district. Forestry in the west borders
Ryazan region, in the south with the Penza region. Northern border
runs adjacent to the Zubovo Polyansky territorial forestry.
Appendix 1 shows the location of Vyshinsky
territorial forestry on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia.
Vyshinsky territorial forestry was organized by order
Rosleskhoz dated June 27, 2007 No. 295. Total area of Vyshinsky forestry
is 55,791 hectares, it includes 3 district forestries. Structure
Vyshinsky territorial forestry, area of district forestries,
are given in table 1.
Structure of the Vyshinsky territorial forestry
№№
p.p.
Name
precinct
Administrative
area
General
square,
Table 1
6
forest districts
2
(municipal
education)
3
Izvestkovskoe
ZubovoPolyansky
Vyshinskoye
ZubovoPolyansky
Shiringushskoe
ZubovoPolyansky
1
1.
2.
3.
Total for forestry
ZubovoPolyansky
Total:
ha
4
22405
17384
16002
55791
55791
Forest lands occupy 95.8% of the total forest land area;
lands covered with forest vegetation - 93.7%, which indicates a high
level of use, protection, protection and reproduction of forests on its area.
Non-forest lands occupy 4.2% of the total forestry area. Mostly
they are represented by swamps (1.6%), roads and clearings (1.0%).
State Institution "Vyshinsky Territorial Forestry" is actively involved in
reforestation,
which is carried out in order to restore
cut down, dead, damaged forests. Reforestation must
ensure restoration of forest plantations, conservation of biological
diversity of forests, preservation of beneficial functions of forests. Reforestation
carried out in clearings, burnt areas, clearings, clearings, and other areas suitable for
reforestation of lands.
Artificial reforestation is carried out by creating
forest crops: planting seedlings, saplings, cuttings or sowing forest seeds
plants. And the school forestry provides great assistance in this. Members
school forestry are engaged in growing seedlings, take part in
their planting, care; carry out environmental actions and labor landings.
2.2. Protected natural areas.
Studying the “Forestry Regulations of the Vyshinsky Territorial
forestry", I was surprised to learn that on the territory of the forestry there are
specially protected natural areas (SPNA) - natural monuments, to
which include:
“Black pine tree.” The natural monument was created to preserve
single specimen of a rare arboreal North American species
black pine (age 80-100 years). It is located within the boundaries of block 7 on
cordon Green of Izvestkovsky district forestry.
“Artificial larch forest planted in 1917.” The
the natural monument was created with the aim of preserving the oldest plantings
larches on the territory of the republic. The protected area is located in
boundaries of block 18, section 2 of the Izvestkovsky district forestry and
occupies an area of 0.4 hectares.
“Pine Grove” is an area of pine forest with recreational
value, occupies an area of 1.6 hectares. Located within the boundaries of block 59
section 26 of the Shiringushsky district forestry.
“Big Peat Bog.” This natural monument was created with the purpose
conservation of the lowland swamp ecosystem, rare in the Republic of Mordovia
type with the presence of taiga flora and fauna. Occupies territory
with an area of 82.0 hectares and located within the boundaries of block 106, divisions 13, 32,
48, block 107, division 117 of the Vyshinsky district forestry.
2.3. The problem of fires.
Fires cause great damage to forestry, which often
They destroy more forest areas than they restore.
8
The causes of forest fires are varied. Fires continue
occur near populated areas, and their main culprits are
local residents. Uncontrolled agricultural burning, beginning of harvest
wild plants, deforestation - all this contributes to the fire.
We must not forget the main economic reason - the low standard of living.
people when mushrooms and berries are an important source of their income.
I was provided with data on forest fires in the territory
Vyshinsky forestry since 2010. This fire year 2010 was
15 fires were recorded and 3,500 hectares of forest were destroyed. In 2011, 2012, 2013
No fires have been recorded in years. In 2014, 1 fire was recorded,
0.5 hectares of forest were destroyed.
3. Results and conclusions
To summarize what has been said, it is necessary to mention a few
important factors:
1. The components that make up an ecosystem are closely interconnected.
2. Forests influence the Earth's climate.
3.
Wood raw materials are actively used by humans in economic
activities.
4. Plantings have a healing effect on humans
organism.
As a result, I compiled a diagram “The importance of forests in nature and life
of people",