Use of oil in the world. How is oil extracted and is it possible to do it yourself in Russia? History of the discovery of oil fields
Oil is the main component of the energy resources of our planet. Due to its advantages in terms of thermal efficiency and ease of use, oil has conquered the markets of developed and developing countries.
Oil is a fuel for transport, thermal power plants and raw materials for chemical industry. Due to the limited supply of oil and its reserves in the world, all time is running political and armed struggle for uninterrupted supply of oil.
The role of oil in the modern world
Since oil is important look energy raw materials, its role in the global economy and politics is steadily increasing. Oil exporting countries can use this natural resource achieve economic and social success. At the same time, the dependence of the economies of such countries on oil prices on the market is their weakness. This was repeatedly observed in Russia when oil prices fell. The only way to combat such a negative phenomenon is diversification of the country's economy.
In terms of oil production, Saudi Arabia ranks first, producing 542 million tons per year, which is 13.1% of world production. In 2nd place is Russia (12.9%), followed by the USA (10.8%), China (5%), Canada (4.7%), Iran (4%). World production oil in 2013 amounted to 4.13 billion tons.
In terms of oil consumption, the United States is in first place, using 831 million tons per year, which is 19.9% of all world oil consumption. In second place, as one might expect, is China (12.1%). Major oil producers, Saudi Arabia and Russia, account for just 3.2% and 3.7% of global oil consumption, respectively.
Where is oil used?
Before petroleum products are used, it is processed in a petroleum refinery (petroleum refinery). During initial processing, oil is separated into fractions using special devices - distillation columns. Heated crude oil is fed into columns where it is separated into light and heavy fractions:
- petrol,
- naphtha,
- kerosene,
- gas oil,
- fuel oil
The first two fractions are subjected to pressure treatment at T = +300–350 °C and the presence of catalysts. The result is high-quality gasoline for cars and hydrocarbons, which become raw materials for the petrochemical production of various plastics and other products.
Kerosene is purified and obtained different kinds kerosene, including aviation, tractor and lighting. Fuel oil, which is the residue after the separation of all other fractions, is used to fire boilers or distillate to obtain motor oil and tar.
The petrochemical industry uses hydrocarbons, which include products such as methane, which is used to make ammonia to make fertilizers, and methanol, used to make resins and plastics, as well as paints and medicines.
Another common product derived from hydrocarbons is ethylene, which is used to make ethanol, dichloroethane and polyethylene (and HDPE). In addition, from hydrocarbons that are a product of petroleum distillation, it is possible to obtain very a large number of various products.
Impact of oil production on the environment
Oil contains volatile toxic hydrocarbons, naphthalene, which makes oil dangerous to nature and human health.
To sources of pollution environment The following objects can be included:
- oil fields,
- oil pipelines,
- oil storage facilities,
- means of land and sea transport.
Each of these objects, in the event of any malfunction, can pose a threat to the environment.
If these are ground-based objects, then the result of their accident may be an oil spill on the surface of the earth.
Particularly dangerous can be the occurrence of an emergency situation, as a result of which oil spills into the sea. This can happen on a tanker or at a shore terminal. In this case he dies marine fauna, birds and fish are dying.
To combat such spills, various mechanical means of collecting oil from the surface of the earth or sea are used, as well as special substances– sorbents.
Oil production
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Geological exploration on the territory of the Kuyumbinskoye field. Oil production planning. Drilling methods. Project financing. Number of wells
Main brief information about the Megion oil field in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra. For a wide range of readers, without complex scientific and professional terms
The main characteristics of the Yurkharovskoye field in the north are considered Western Siberia. The values of proven reserves of gas and liquid hydrocarbons are given, the significance and development prospects of this field are assessed
Until recently, Uvat was considered a bad place. With the start of the development of the Uvat project and the Ust-Tegusskoye field, which is part of the project, life in this area became full of life - work appeared for local population, roads and entire villages began to be built
The Ust-Balykskoye field is considered one of the pioneers of the West Siberian oil chronicle. It is rightfully recognized as a 50-year strategic stronghold of Russia’s fuel and energy security. Despite the falling flow rate, it is still too early to write it off
The main characteristics of the deposit, the history of its development, Negative influence oil and gas production at surrounding nature
Development of the Yarakta oil and gas condensate field by INK LLC is in full swing, and the planned life of this oil and gas condensate field is seventy years
Pilot development of the Suzunskoye field will end in next year. On this moment two bushes are under construction production wells and industrial site on the embankment
Peculiarities of exploitation of the Talakanskoye oil and gas field, capacity of deposits, stages of development, ecological problems
The Lensky branch of Gazprom Dobycha Noyabrsk LLC, called the Chayandinskoye Oil and Gas Production Department, is engaged in the development and development of oil and gas condensate fields - the main link of the “Power of Siberia”
A feature of the Komsomolsk State Oil Reservoir is the presence of predominantly tectonically screened deposits with a minor participation of lithologically screened and strata-vault type deposits
The most viscous and especially valuable oil in the deposits near Pechora
World oil reserves
The distribution and production of oil on earth is very uneven. According to data statistical collection British Petroleum's main oil fields are located in the Middle East. They are estimated at 109.4 billion tons and account for 47.9% of all world reserves. At the same time, oil reserves in Saudi Arabia make up 15.8% of world reserves. Reserves North America make up 13.6%, South America– 19.5%. At the same time in Venezuela 17.7% of oil reserves are concentrated. Eurasia has oil reserves equivalent to 8.8% of the world's reserves, with Russia accounting for 5.5%.
In order to roughly estimate the period for which the world economy will have enough oil resources at the current rate of oil consumption, we can divide the world reserves of 238.2 billion tons by the total annual oil production, which is 4.13 billion tons. This period is approximately 50 years. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the uncertainty that is associated with the fact that, on the one hand, annual oil consumption may increase with the growth of the economies of the countries of the planet. On the other hand, the process of replacing oil with renewable energy sources is underway.
Energy sources can also be obtained from synthetic materials. A striking example may be production .
One of the accidents associated with oil production is a change in composition, after which it turned from freshwater to saltwater.
In order for the enterprise to be successful and the investment profitable, you should think about saving energy. Read on to see how this can be done.
conclusions
- Oil is the main component of the energy resources of our planet and is used not only as fuel, but also as a raw material for the petrochemical industry.
- Countries with the most developed economy consume large amounts of oil.
- Oil exporting countries, including Russia, receive additional features in economic and social development.
Barrels, tons, cubic meters and hectoliters... Millions, billions. Where does the oil actually go? What is made from it, what is produced? Why is it expensive and why will it continue to rise in price?
A barrel of oil is only 42 gallons. Those. a barrel of oil is 158.98 liters. Why do such stupid units of measurement exist? Like everything else in the world - according to historical reasons. Oil trade is carried out in barrels and these stupid units have to be reckoned with.
Let me remind you that a barrel of oil now costs $101.70. In other words, a liter of black slurry, rumored to be the remains of stumps and dinosaurs, is valued at 64 cents. Since oil weighs significantly less water, then when converted to kilograms it comes out to about 80 cents.
A kilogram of oil costs more than a kilogram of sugar! This is despite the fact that oil is often extracted very simply and cheaply (in some regions - with buckets and shovels), and the production of sugar is a whole process. A kilogram of crude oil costs more than a kilogram of grain or a kilogram of oatmeal. At the same time, it is absolutely clear that it requires much less costs. A liter of oil costs more than peasant milk. One could say that “oil prices are overheated” if not for one circumstance - there is no substitute for oil and there will not be in the near future. And it ends.
There can be no substitute for oil. Petrochemical products, even the simplest ones, are absolutely irreplaceable. Gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel are the most compact and safe forms of energy storage. All alternatives to them are in best case scenario expensive toy, at worst - a broken expensive toy.
So, the extracted barrel of oil, the famous blue barrel, is imported for processing. What comes out of it:
85.55 liters - coveted, sweet, sticky gasoline;
25.36 liters - household diesel, fuel for tractors and jeeps
20.82 liters - aviation kerosene
9.08 liters - solvent, solvent mixtures
8.33 liters - graphite black
5.68 liters - fuel oil
4.54 liters - liquefied gas
3.03 liters - bitumen
1.51 liters - lubricants, greases
2.65 liters - other utilities
Those. in total you will get 166 liters of various kinds of irreplaceable things. Depending on the brand of oil, these indicators can vary greatly - for example, there will be more bitumen, less gasoline. Oils from many fields in the USSR have this composition - they contain a lot of paraffin and other heavy fractions.
Our barrel turned into a dozen smaller barrels and bottles, which by the way explains this fact - gasoline prices do not accurately correlate with oil prices. If everything except gasoline was thrown away, gasoline would cost much more.
Now from all this you can make plastic robots, birthday candles, Vaseline, medicines, paints and everything that you see around, except perhaps concrete walls. Any suggestions on how to replace oil?
Petroleum is a fossil substance that is an oily flammable liquid. Oil deposits are found at depths from several tens of meters to 5-6 kilometers. Maximum amount The deposits are located at a depth of 2-3 kilometers. Oil remains the main fuel raw material in the world. Its share in the global energy balance is 46%.
Characteristics and types of oil
In terms of chemical composition, oil is a mixture of about 1000 substances. The main “ingredient” is hydrocarbons with different molecular weights. There are about 80-85% of them in oil. There are three types of hydrocarbons: paraffinic (methane), naphthenic and aromatic. The latter are the most toxic.
About 4-5% of oil is occupied by organic compounds - sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Other components: hydrocarbon gases, water, mineral salts, metals, mechanical impurities (sand, clay, limestone).
The color of oil varies from light yellow to dark brown. There is also black oil, and rich green and even colorless. The smell can also be different: from light and pleasant to heavy. It all depends on the content of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen in oil.
Most important indicator The quality of oil is its density. The lighter it is, the higher it is valued. There are: light oil (800-870 kg/m³), medium (870-910 kg/m³) and heavy (over 910 kg/m³). The indicators depend on the composition of the oil, temperature, pressure and amount of gases. Oil density is measured with a hydrometer.
Other parameters by which the quality of oil is determined: viscosity, crystallization, combustion and flash points, electrical conductivity and heat capacity.
Oilfield
Oil is a non-renewable resource. Deposits of this mineral are classified differently: depending on geographical location, on exploration and study, on the shape and size of deposits.
The richest country in oil is Saudi Arabia (36 billion tons). This is followed by Canada (28 billion tons), Iran (19 billion tons) and Libya (15 billion tons). Russia is in 8th place on this list (13 billion tons).
Super-giant oil fields, the reserves of which exceed 5 billion tons: Rumaila in Iraq, Cantarel in Mexico, Tengiz in Kazakhstan, Al-Ghawar in Saudi Arabia, Samotlor in Russia, Burgan in Kuwait and Daqing in China.
Work is constantly underway to develop new deposits. According to the BP Statistical review of world energy, Venezuela and Canada are very promising in this regard. Experts believe that at the current rate of industrial development, oil in these two countries alone will be enough for the entire world to last 110 years.
Oil production and refining
Oil production is very difficult process, consisting of many stages.
There are three methods of oil production:
Primary - the oil itself gushes out under the natural pressure of the upper layers. In order for oil to rise to the surface, submersible pumps and pumping machines are used. Up to 15% of the world's oil is produced this way.
Secondary method. When natural pressure is no longer enough, water is pumped into the formation to increase pressure. fresh water, carbon dioxide or air. The oil recovery factor in this case is 45%.
The tertiary method is used when the secondary one is no longer relevant. In this case, either water vapor is pumped in or the oil is liquefied by heating it to a certain temperature. In this way, another 15 percent of oil can be pumped out of the field.
Oil refining is a multi-stage cycle of operations that is carried out to obtain petroleum products from raw materials. First, oil is purified from gases, water, and various impurities, then transported to oil refineries, where complex operations receive industrial products.
Application of oil
People began to use oil long before our era. For example, asphalt and bitumen were used in the construction of the walls of Babylon. King Nebuchadnezzar heated a huge furnace with oil. And the ancient Greek historian Herodotus described the method of oil production used by the ancient Greeks. And in Ancient India Oil was widely used in construction.
Currently, the list of products derived from oil numbers in the thousands. Suffice it to mention that petroleum products are used in almost all types of industry: energy, heavy and light, chemical and food. Petroleum products have found application in the automotive industry, medicine, rocket science, agriculture and construction.
In the magazine charming vl_ad_le_na I read a great post about oil production. I publish with the permission of the author.
What is oil?
Oil is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons: paraffins, aromatics and others. In fact, oil is not always black - it can also be green (Devonian, I used to have it in a jar, sorry, I threw it away), brown (the most common) and even white (transparent, it seems to be found in the Caucasus).
Oil is divided into several quality classes depending on its chemical composition - accordingly, its price changes. Also, associated gas is often dissolved in oil, which burns so brightly in flares.
Gas can be dissolved from 1 to 400 cubic meters in a cubic meter of oil. That is a lot. This gas itself mainly consists of methane, but due to the difficulty of its preparation (it must be dried, purified and brought to GOST Wobbe numbers - so that there is a strictly defined calorific value), associated gas is very rarely used for domestic purposes. Roughly speaking, if gas from the field is released into an apartment into a gas stove, the consequences can range from soot on the ceiling to a fatally damaged stove and poisoning (for example, hydrogen sulfide).
Oh yes. Another associated nasty thing in oil is dissolved hydrogen sulfide (because oil is organic matter). It is highly poisonous and highly corrosive. This imposes its own difficulties on oil production. FOR OIL PRODUCTION. Professionalism, which, by the way, I don’t use.
Where did the oil come from?
There are two theories on this matter (more details -). One is inorganic. It was first proposed by Mendeleev and is that water flowed past hot metal carbides, and thus hydrocarbons were formed. Second - organic theory. It is believed that oil "ripened", as a rule, in marine and lagoon conditions, by rotting organic remains of animals and plants (silt) under certain thermobaric conditions (high pressure and temperature). In principle, research supports this theory.
Why is geology needed?
It is probably worth mentioning the structure of our Earth. In my opinion, everything in the picture is beautiful and clear.
So, oil geologists deal only with the earth's crust. It consists of a crystalline basement (oil is very rarely found there, since these are igneous and metamorphic rocks) and a sedimentary cover. The sedimentary cover consists of sedimentary rocks, but I will not delve into geology. Let me just say that the depths oil wells usually about 500 - 3500 m. It is at this depth that oil lies. Above is usually only water, below is a crystalline foundation. The deeper the rock, the earlier it was deposited, which is logical.
Where is the oil located?
Contrary to some reason widespread myths about " oil lakes ah" underground, oil is in traps. To simplify, traps in a vertical section look like this (water is the eternal companion of oil):
(A fold curved with its “back” up is called an anticline. And if it looks like a bowl, it is a syncline; oil is not retained in synclines).
Or like this:
And in plan they can be round or oval elevations. Dimensions range from hundreds of meters to hundreds of kilometers. One or more of these traps located nearby constitute an oil deposit.
Since oil is lighter than water, it floats to the top. But to prevent oil from flowing anywhere else (to the right, left, up or down), the layer with it must be limited by the caprock above and below. Typically these are clays, dense carbonates or salts.
Where do the bends inside come from? earth's crust? After all, rocks are deposited horizontally or almost horizontally? (if they are deposited in heaps, then these heaps are usually quickly leveled by wind and water). And bends - uplifts, downwards - arise as a result of tectonics. Did you see the words “turbulent convection” in the picture with a section of the Earth? This very convection moves lithospheric plates, which leads to the formation of cracks in the plates, and consequently, displacements of blocks between cracks and changes in internal structure Earth.
Where is oil located?
Oil does not occur on its own; as has already been said, oil lakes do not exist. Oil is found in the rock, namely, in its voids - pores and cracks:
Rocks are characterized by such properties as porosity- is the proportion of volume of voids in the rock - and permeability- the ability of a rock to pass liquid or gas through itself. For example, ordinary sand is characterized by very high permeability. And concrete is much worse. But I dare to assure that the rock lying at a depth of 2000 m with high pressure and temperature properties are much closer to concrete than to sand. I felt. However, oil is extracted from there.
This is a core - a drilled piece of rock. Dense sandstone. Depth 1800 m. There is no oil in it.
Another important addition is that nature abhors a vacuum. Almost all porous and permeable rocks are, as a rule, saturated with water, i.e. there is water in their pores. Salty because it flowed through many minerals. And it is logical that some of these minerals are carried away along with water in dissolved form, and then, when thermobaric conditions change, they fall out in these very pores. Thus, the rock grains become held together by salts and this process is called cementation. That is why, according to by and large, wells do not crumble immediately during the drilling process - because the rocks are cemented.
How is oil found?
Usually, first for seismic exploration: they start vibrations on the surface (by explosion, for example) and measure the time of their return to the receivers.
Next, based on the return time of the wave, the depth of a particular horizon at different points on the surface is calculated and maps are constructed. If an uplift (=anticlinal trap) is detected on the map, it is checked for the presence of oil by drilling a well. Not all traps contain oil.
How are wells drilled?
A well is a vertical mine opening with a length many times greater than its width.
Two facts about wells: 1. They are deep. 2. They are narrow. The average diameter of a well at the entrance to the formation is about 0.2-0.3 m. That is, a person definitely cannot get through there. The average depth is, as I already said, 500-3500 m.
Wells are drilled from drilling rigs. There is such a tool for crushing rock as a chisel. Note, not a drill. And it is completely different from the same screw-shaped device from “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.”
The bit is suspended on drill pipes and rotates - it is pressed to the bottom of the well by the weight of these same pipes. There are different principles for setting the bit in motion, but usually the entire drill string of pipes rotates so that the bit rotates and crushes the rock with its teeth. Also, it is constantly pumped into the well (inside the drill pipe) and pumped out (between the well wall and outer wall pipes) drilling fluid - in order to cool this entire structure and carry away particles of crushed rock.
What is the tower for? To hang these same drill pipes on it (after all, during the drilling process, the upper end of the column is lowered, and new pipes must be screwed to it) and to raise the pipe string to replace the bit. Drilling one well takes about a month. Sometimes a special annular bit is used, which, when drilling, leaves a central column of rock - a core. Core is selected to study properties rocks, although it is expensive. There are also inclined and horizontal wells.
How do you know which layer is where?
A person cannot go down the well. But we need to know what we drilled there, right? When a well is drilled, geophysical probes are lowered into it on a cable. These probes work on completely different physical principles works - self-polarization, induction, resistance measurement, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, borehole diameter measurement, etc. All curves are written to files, resulting in this nightmare:
Now geophysicists get to work. Knowing the physical properties of each rock, they identify layers according to lithology - sandstones, carbonates, clays - and break down the section according to stratigraphy (i.e. what era and time the formation belongs to). I think about the park Jurassic period everyone heard:
In fact, there is a much more detailed division of the section into tiers, horizons, packs, etc. - but that doesn’t matter to us now. It is important that oil reservoirs (layers capable of producing oil) are of two types: carbonate (limestone, like chalk, for example) and terrigenous (sand, only cemented). Carbonates are CaCO3. Terrigenous - SiO2. This is if it's rude. It’s impossible to say which ones are better, they are all different.
How is a well prepared for production?
After the well is drilled, it is cased. This means that they lower a long string of steel casing pipes (almost the same diameter as a well), and then ordinary cement mortar is pumped into the space between the wall of the well and the outer wall of the pipe. This is done to ensure that the well does not crumble (after all, not all rocks are well cemented). In cross-section, the well now looks like this:
But we covered the formation we needed with casing and cement! Therefore, the column is perforated opposite the formation (how do you know where the desired formation is? Geophysics!). Again, a hammer drill with explosive charges embedded in it is lowered on a cable. There the charges are triggered and holes and perforation channels are formed. Now we don’t worry about water from neighboring layers - we perforated the well just opposite the one we needed.
How is oil extracted?
The most interesting part, Think. Oil is much more viscous than water. I think what viscosity is is intuitive. Some petroleum bitumens, for example, are similar in viscosity to butter.
I'll come in from the other end. The fluids in the formation are under pressure - the overlying layers of rocks press on them. And when we drill a well, there is no pressure from the side of the well. That is, there is low pressure in the area of the well. A pressure difference is created, called depression, and it is this that leads to the fact that oil begins to flow towards the well and appear in it.
To describe the influx of oil there are two simple equations, which all oil workers should know.
Darcy equation for straight flow:
Dupuis equation for plane-radial flow (exactly the case of fluid inflow to the well):
Actually, we stand on them. There is no point in delving further into physics and writing an equation for unsteady inflow.
WITH technical point In terms of oil production, there are three most common methods.
Fountain. This is when the reservoir pressure is very high, and oil not only flows into the well, but also rises to the very top and overflows (well, it doesn’t actually overflow, but into the pipe - and further).
Pumps SRP (rod pump) and ESP (electric centrifugal pump). The first case is a regular rocking machine.
The second one is not visible on the surface at all:
Notice there are no towers. The tower is needed only for lowering/raising pipes in the well, but not for production.
The essence of the pumps' operation is simple: creating additional pressure so that the liquid entering the well can rise through the well to the surface of the earth.
It is worth remembering an ordinary glass of water. How do we drink from it? Let's tilt it, right? But you won’t be able to tilt the well. But you can put a straw in a glass of water and drink through it, sucking in the liquid with your mouth. This is roughly how a well works: its walls are like the walls of a glass, and instead of a tube, a string of tubing is lowered into the well. Oil rises through pipes.
In the case of a sucker rod pump, the pumping machine moves its “head” up and down, respectively, setting the rod in motion. When the rod moves upward, it carries the pump along with it (the lower valve opens), and when it moves downward, the pump lowers (the upper valve opens). So, little by little, the liquid rises up.
The ESP operates directly from electricity (with a motor, of course). Wheels (horizontal) spin inside the pump; they have slots in them, so the oil rises to the top.
I should add that the open gushing of oil, which they like to show in cartoons, is not only emergency situation, and also ecological catastrophy and millions in fines.
What to do when oil production is poor?
Over time, oil ceases to be squeezed out of the rock under the weight of the overlying strata. Then the RPM system comes into operation - maintaining reservoir pressure. Injection wells are drilled and water is pumped into them under high pressure. Naturally, the injected or produced water will sooner or later enter the production wells and rise to the top along with the oil.
It should also be noted that the greater the share of oil in the flow, the faster it flows, and vice versa. Therefore than more water flows along with oil, the more difficult it is for oil to get out of the pores and get into the well. The dependence of the fraction of oil permeability on the fraction of water in the flow is presented below and is called relative phase permeability curves. This is also a very necessary concept for an oil worker.
If the bottomhole zone of the formation is contaminated (with small particles of rock carried along with oil, or solid paraffins have fallen out), then acid treatments are carried out (the well is stopped and a small volume of hydrochloric acid is pumped into it) - this process is good for carbonate formations because they dissolve. But for terrigenous (sandstones) acid doesn’t matter. Therefore, hydraulic fracturing is carried out in them - a gel is pumped into the well under very high pressure, so that the formation begins to crack in the area of the well, after which proppant is pumped in (ceramic balls or coarse sand so that the crack does not close). After this, the well begins to work much better, because the obstacles to the flow have been eliminated.
What happens to the oil after it is extracted?
First, oil rises to the surface of the earth in a pipe that runs from each well. 10-15 nearby wells are connected by these pipes to one metering device, where it is measured how much oil is produced. Then the oil is processed according to GOST standards: salts, water, mechanical impurities (small rock particles) are removed from it, if necessary, hydrogen sulfide is removed, and the oil is completely degassed until atmospheric pressure(You remember that oil can contain a lot of gas?). Marketable oil enters the refinery. But the plant may be far away, and then the Transneft company comes into play - main pipelines for finished oil (as opposed to field pipelines for crude oil with water). Oil is pumped through the pipeline using the same ESPs, only placed on their side. The impellers rotate in the same way.
The water separated from the oil is pumped back into the formation, the gas is flared or sent to a gas processing plant. And oil is either sold (abroad by pipelines or tankers) or goes to an oil refinery, where it is distilled by heating: light fractions (gasoline, kerosene, naphtha) are used for fuel, heavy paraffin fractions are used for raw materials for plastics, etc., and the heaviest fuel oils with a boiling point above 300 degrees usually serve as fuel for boiler houses.
How is all this regulated?
For oil production, there are two main project documents: a project for calculating reserves (it proves that there is exactly that much oil in the reservoir, and not more and not less) and a development project (it describes the history of the field and proves that it should be developed exactly this way, and not otherwise).
To calculate reserves, geological models are built, and for a development project, hydrodynamic models are built (where it is calculated how the field will operate in one mode or another).
How much does all this cost?
I’ll say right away that all prices are usually confidential. But I can roughly say: a well in Samara costs 30-100 million rubles. depending on the depth. A ton of commercial (not refined) oil costs differently. When I was counting the first diploma, they gave a value of about 3000 rubles, when the second - about 6000 rubles, the time difference is a year, but this may not be real values. Now I do not know. Taxes are at least 40% of profits, plus property tax (depending on the book value of the property), plus mineral extraction tax. Add the money required for employee salaries, for electricity, for well repairs and field development - the construction of pipelines and equipment for collecting and treating oil. Very often the economics of development projects go into the negative, so you have to manage to work in the plus.
I will add a phenomenon called discounting - a ton of oil produced next year is less valuable than a ton of oil produced this year. Therefore, we need to intensify oil production (which also costs money).
So, I briefly outlined what I studied for 6 years. The whole process, from the appearance of oil in the reservoir, exploration, drilling, production, processing and transportation to sale - you see that this requires specialists of completely different profiles. I hope that at least someone read this long post - and I cleared my conscience and dispelled at least a few of the myths surrounding oil.
Oil- one of the representatives of the class of liquid minerals (in addition to it, it also includes artesian water). It got its name from the Persian “oil”. Together with ozokerite and natural gas forms a group of minerals called petrolites.
WHAT IS OIL FROM THE POINT OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
It is a fatty, oily substance, the color and density of which varies depending on where it is mined. It can be bright green or cherry red, yellow, brown, black, and in rare cases, colorless. The fluidity of oil also varies greatly: one will be like water, the other will be viscous. But what do such different people have in common? physical properties substances, so these are theirs chemical composition, which is always a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Impurities are responsible for other properties - sulfur, nitrogen and other compounds, of which the smell depends mainly on the presence aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds.
The name of the main component of oil - “hydrocarbons” - speaks volumes about its composition. These are substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, whose general formula is written as CxHy. The simplest representative of this series is methane CH4, present in any oil.
The elemental composition of average oil can be expressed as a percentage:
- 84% carbon
- 14% hydrogen
- 1-3% sulfur
- <1 % кислорода
- <1 % металлов
- <1 % солей
FEATURES OF OIL AND GAS OCCUPATION
Oil and gas are usually travel companions, that is, they are found together, but this only happens at a depth of 1 to 6 kilometers. Most fields are located in this range, and the combinations of oil and gas vary. If the depth is less than a kilometer, then only oil is found there, and above 6 kilometers - only gas.
The formation where oil is found is called a reservoir. Usually these are porous rocks, which can be likened to a solid sponge that collects and retains oil, gas, and other mobile fluids (for example, water). Another prerequisite for oil accumulation is the presence of a cap layer, which prevents further movement of the fluid, which is why it becomes trapped. Geologists look for such traps, which are then called deposits, but this is not an entirely correct name. Because oil or gas originated much lower, in layers under high pressure. They get to the upper layers because, being light fluids, they tend upward. They are literally squeezed to the surface of the earth.
WHERE AND WHEN OIL WAS ORIGINED
To understand the mechanism of oil formation, you need to travel back millions of years. According to the biogenic theory (also known as the theory of organic origin), starting from the Carboniferous period (350 million years BC) and up to the mid-Paleogene (50 million years BC), numerous areas of shallow water became places where remains of organic matter accumulated. life - dying microorganisms and algae fell to the bottom, forming bottom layers of organic matter. Very slowly these layers were covered by other, inorganic ones - sand deposits, for example, and sank lower and lower. The pressure increased, the covering layers hardened, and there was no oxygen access to the organic matter. In the darkness, under the influence of pressure and temperature, the remains were transformed into simple hydrocarbons, some of which became gaseous, some - liquid and solid.
As soon as the fluids were given the opportunity to escape from the parent formation, they rushed upward until they were trapped. True, the climb also took a lot of time. In traps, fluids are usually distributed as follows: gas at the top, then oil, and water at the very bottom. This is due to the density of each of them. If the fluids did not encounter an impermeable layer along the way, they ended up on the surface, where they were destroyed and dispersed. Natural oil seeps to the surface usually appear as pools of thick malta and semi-liquid asphalt, or it permeates sand, forming so-called tar sands.
THE HUMAN HISTORY OF OIL
The release of oil to the surface could not fail to attract the attention of ancient man. There is practically no information about the earliest stages of acquaintance, but during the period of well-developed material culture, oil was used in construction - this is evidenced by data from Iraq, where evidence was found of the use of oil to protect houses from moisture. In Egypt, oil was discovered to be flammable and was used for lighting. In addition, it has found use in mummification and as a sealant for boats.
Although rare, oil became a valuable commodity in ancient times: the Babylonians traded it in the Middle East. It is assumed that it was this trade that gave birth to many cities and villages. It is also possible that oil was used to create one of the famous “wonders of the world” - the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. There it was useful as a sealant that did not allow water to pass through.
The Chinese were the first who were not satisfied with the sources coming to the surface. It was they who invented drilling wells, using hollow bamboo trunks with a metal “drill” at the end. At first they were looking for salty sources to extract salt, but then they found oil and gas. With the help of the latter, they evaporated the salt - setting it on fire. There is no data on the use of oil in China at that time.
Another ancient way of using oil was to treat skin diseases. A similar practice among the inhabitants of the Absheron Peninsula is mentioned in the notes of Marco Polo.
Oil was first mentioned in Rus' only in the 15th century. Historians have found references to the collection of crude oil on the Ukhta River, where it formed a film on the surface of the water. There it was collected and used to make medicine or a source of light - usually as an impregnation for torches.
A new use for oil was found only in the 19th century, when the kerosene lamp was invented. It was developed by the Polish chemist Ignatius Lukasiewicz. It is possible that he was also the inventor of a method for extracting kerosene from oil. A few years earlier, Canadian Abraham Gesner came up with a way to produce kerosene from coal, but obtaining it from oil turned out to be more profitable.
Kerosene was actively used for lighting, so the demand for it was constantly growing. Therefore, it was necessary to solve the issue of its extraction. The oil industry began in 1847 in Baku, where the first well was drilled that produced oil. Soon there were so many wells that Baku was nicknamed the Black City.
But those wells were still drilled by hand. The first well, drilled by a steam engine that drove a drilling rig, appeared in Russia in 1864 in the Kuban region. Two years later, mechanical drilling of another well was completed at the Kudakinskoye field.
In the world, the beginning of industrial oil production was laid in 1859 by Edwin Drake, who on August 27 of this year drilled the first oil well in the United States - it had a depth of 21.2 meters and was located in the town of Titusville in Pennsylvania, where previously, when drilling artesian wells, it was often found oil.
Drilling oil wells sharply reduced the cost of oil production and led to the fact that this product soon became the most important for modern civilization. At the same time, this marked the beginning of the development of the oil industry.
OIL APPLICATIONS
Currently, we no longer use pure oil. However, there are many products of its processing, without which our world is unthinkable. After the first distillation, five types of fuel are obtained:
- aviation and motor gasoline
- kerosene
- rocket fuel
- diesel fuel
- fuel oil
The fuel oil fraction is the source of another series of further distillation products:
- bitumen
- paraffin
- oils
- boiler fuel
The further fate of bitumen is to combine it with gravel and sand to produce asphalt. Another oil product that is also used for road work is tar, which is a concentrate of oil residues after its distillation. Another residue, petroleum coke, is used in the manufacture of ferroalloys and electrodes.
The chemical industry uses simple hydrocarbons as raw materials for reactions that change the formula of compounds. The result is plastics, rubbers, fabrics, fertilizers, dyes, polyethylene and polypropylene, as well as many household chemicals.