Intellectual quiz "Sun, air and water: our best friends." Sun, air and water... what good are they? Cool sun air and water
The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format
1. SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM AREA
“Humanity is doomed to live next to staphylococcus.
The neighborhood is not the most pleasant, but tolerable.
All we can do in this situation is to avoid conflicts..."
Pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky
Health is an incomparable value. Every person has an inherent desire to be healthy. This allows him to remain youthful for a long time and continue full-fledged creative activity.
To maintain health, we need very simple, well-known conditions that are familiar to us from childhood: “Sun, air and water are our best friends.” For these factors to work for our well-being, it is necessary to lead a correct lifestyle. And since it is in early childhood, preschool and school age that human health is formed, the role of the educational institution in this matter is great.
In our lyceum, teachers and high school students carry out many useful, important educational activities to preserve the health of students. As a future physician, I joined this volunteer movement last academic year: I conducted a microbiological study of the air environment of the lyceum for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and, based on the results, developed and created a collection of toys - “microbes” as props for the extracurricular event “Fable about Germs and Water” » for primary school students (see Appendix 1).
The educational event was a success. The first-graders gladly took part in it and learned a lot about the prevention of “Dirty Hands” diseases and airborne diseases. The toys I made—“microbes”—played a significant role in this.
I would like children to know more about their health and how to protect it. After all, “forewarned is forearmed”! Therefore, I would like to continue my activities in this direction.
The ways of organizing work to create a healthy lifestyle for lyceum students are varied (see Diagram 1).
Ways to implement educational activities
Excursion to a medical facility
Educational game
Thematic newspaper
Educational activities
Play
Information presentation
Brochures, leaflets
Having considered various options for implementing educational activities, I decided to develop, create and conduct an educational game with elementary school students (see Appendix 2). As part of the game, the children would receive information that the influence of various environmental factors on microorganisms can suppress their vital activity or cause their death, which is very important for maintaining human health.
I intend to develop the form and main elements of the educational game at the end of the research stage of the project activity (see Chapter 3), based on its results.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
Project goal:
create an educational game that allows you to improve the knowledge of younger schoolchildren about a healthy lifestyle.
Project objectives:
conduct a microbiological study of the lyceum premises, identify the degree of influence of abiotic factors on the vital activity of bacteria (staphylococci);
based on the analysis of the research results, develop the constituent elements of a thematic educational game for primary schoolchildren;
develop sketches for products, select materials;
choose the optimal technological process for creating game elements;
assess your capabilities in the field of project activities.
2.1. Assessing your resources
2.1.1. Intellectual resources
Table 1
2.1.2. Human resources
Table 2
2.1.3. Material and technical resources
Table 3
2.1.4. Information resources
I can obtain information from the following sources: Internet sites, libraries, home collection of books, DVDs with educational programs, as well as materials provided by assistants and consultants.
2.2. Project work planning
Organizational and preparatory stage
Justification for choosing the project topic (the problem and need that arose).
Study of factors influencing the state of air bacteria in enclosed spaces.
Conducting a microbiological study of the air in the lyceum premises, analyzing the results.
Studying the requirements for educational games for primary schoolchildren.
Development of sketches of game elements, selection of the best options.
Selection of base fabric and other materials.
Technological stage
Selection of tools and devices.
Product manufacturing technology.
Final stage
Calculation of the cost of the project product, assessment of its environmental friendliness.
Participation in an extracurricular themed event using an educational game.
Summing up, defending the project.
3. DESIGN TOPIC RESEARCH
Purpose of the study: investigate the influence of abiotic factors on the vital activity of bacteria (staphylococci).
Research objectives:
consider abiotic factors affecting the life activity of bacteria;
study the factors influencing the state of air bacteria in enclosed spaces;
identify the degree of influence of various abiotic factors on the vital activity of bacteria;
study the morphology of bacteria (staphylococci);
become familiar with the methods of bacteriological research of air.
Object of study: abiotic factors: light, temperature, humidity.
Subject of research: influence of abiotic factors on the development of microorganisms (staphylococci).
Research hypothesis: The development of microorganisms (staphylococci) is greatly influenced by abiotic factors: illumination (300-400 lux), temperature (27-32°C), humidity (60-70%).
Research methods: theoretical analysis of literature, observations, experiment, microscopy, mathematical methods of data processing.
The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Lyceum No. 36" in Kaluga and the bacteriological laboratory of the State Budgetary Institution "Kaluga City Emergency Hospital" named after. K.N. Shevchenko.
3.1. Theoretical part
3.1.1. The influence of abiotic factors on the vital activity of bacteria
Environmental factors- properties of the habitat that have any effect on the body. These include a group of abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors- a set of direct (indirect) effects of the inorganic environment on living organisms. The following groups are distinguished:
climatic (temperature, humidity, pressure);
edaphogenic(mechanical composition, density, air permeability of the soil);
orographic(relief, height above sea level);
chemical(gas composition of air, salt composition of water, acidity);
physical(noise, magnetic fields, thermal conductivity and heat capacity, radioactivity, solar radiation intensity).
I decided to investigate how climate change ( temperature regime, humidity) and physical ( degree of illumination) factors on the vital activity of bacteria in the air of the school environment.
Temperature- the most significant factor influencing the life activity of microbes. The form of influence depends on the duration and intensity of its action: stimulation of growth and reproduction of microbes, cell death, changes in metabolism, and, consequently, properties. The life of microorganisms is possible within temperature limits specific to each type of microbe.
Humidity. Water is one of the most important components of the microbial cell (75-85%). The physiological role of water for prokaryotes is significant: water is a good solvent and is necessary for reactions occurring in cells. The exchange of substances between the bacterial cell and the environment also occurs through aqueous solutions. The minimum humidity required for the life of bacteria is 30%, so any dehydration causes disruption of the functions of bacteria and their death.
Solar radiation intensity. Microorganisms vary widely in their sensitivity to the effects of various radiations. Sunlight, its ultraviolet and infrared spectra have a detrimental effect on vegetative forms of microbes within a few minutes. Depending on the dose and duration, radiation has a lethal or mutagenic effect on microorganisms.
3.1.2. Types of bacteria and their morphology
Of all the microorganisms that inhabit the air, the most common are bacteria- a superkingdom of nuclear-free microorganisms, most often unicellular. They are the most ancient inhabitants of our planet, as well as the smallest representatives of wildlife. According to the degree of influence on the body, the following are distinguished: types of bacteria:
- non-pathogenic (symbiotic) bacteria - are safe and perform useful functions, for example, bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract;
- opportunistic bacteria that become pathogenic under certain conditions. An example is E. coli of the human intestine, an acne mite that lives in human skin.
There are several basic forms bacteria: coccoid, rod-shaped, convoluted and branching.
3.1.3. Air microflora
The microflora of the air can be divided into constant, frequent, variable. It is less numerous than the microflora of soil and water. However, there are more microorganisms in the air of enclosed spaces than outside, because... the content of bacteria resulting from human activity is increased, and self-purification processes do not occur, unlike atmospheric air.
Particularly dangerous are pathogenic types of bacteria in the air: plague bacillus, Bordet-Gengou bacteria, Koch bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, staphylococci.
Since genus Staphylococcus currently poses a great danger to humans, because bacteria are widespread in all environments, including in the air, they are representatives of the normal human skin microflora and cause a wide range of diseases (more than 100 diseases belonging to 11 classes according to the International Classification of 1968; staphylococci can affect any tissue, any organ), The work examines the influence of abiotic factors specifically on bacteria of this genus.
3.1.4. Features of the vital activity of air bacteria
Air, as a habitat, is unfavorable for the development of microorganisms. Their viability is ensured by suspended particles of water, mucus, dust, together with which bacteria form bacterial aerosol. Dust and aerosols that pollute the air act as a kind of “vehicle” for various droplet infections and other diseases. The rate of reproduction depends on a number of conditions and can be quite different for each type of bacteria.
3.2. Practical part
3.2.1 Determination of the degree of influence of abiotic factors on the number of staphylococci in the air
For bacteriological research of air, two methods are used:
sedimentation and aspiration (see Appendix 3). When studying the air environment of the lyceum, I used sedimentation method.
The first stage of bacteriological research. Culture of bacteria
The study was conducted on Monday morning, before the students arrived. In several locations of the lyceum, different from each other temperature, light and humidity(see Table 4), bacteria were inoculated by placing a Petri dish horizontally. Yolk-salt agar (a medium selective for staphylococci) was used.
The Petri dishes (except for the control ones) were opened for 40 minutes, after which they were tightly closed and taken to the bacteriological laboratory of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “KOC BSMP named after. K.N. Shevchenko” were placed in a thermostat for a three-day period at a constant temperature of 37°C.
Table 4
Places for placing Petri dishes
Illumination |
Temperature |
Humidity |
|
1 (cc) |
|||
2 (storeroom in the technology room) |
|||
3 (basement) |
|||
4 (library, archive) |
|||
5 (psychology room) |
|||
6 (biology room) |
|||
7 (spare cabinet) |
|||
9 (control) |
*Those rooms in which no classes were held were selected after the weekend in order to trace the influence of only abiotic factors, excluding anthropogenic influence.
The second stage of the experimental study. Colony counting
After removing the crops from the thermostat, a quantitative count of the colonies was made (see Table 5).
Table 5
Colony counting
№ premises |
Number of colonies |
№ premises |
Number of colonies |
9 (control) |
|||
Third stage. Material analysis
An analysis of the obtained data was carried out: two cups were identified, which were located in conditions that differed in one of the studied factors. Knowing the number of grown colonies, I established which factors turned out to be most favorable for the life of staphylococcus.
The following comparative tables show the effect of one single factor on the number of bacteria.
Table 6
Factor: illumination
№ premises |
Illumination level |
Temperature |
Humidity |
Number of colonies |
Conclusion |
0-75 OK |
300-400 OK |
||||
300-400 OK |
|||||
0-75 OK |
300-400 OK |
||||
300-400 OK |
|||||
0-75 OK |
0-75 OK |
||||
300-400 OK |
|||||
0-75 OK |
300-400 OK |
||||
300-400 OK |
Conclusion: illumination of 300-400 lux is more favorable for the development of staphylococci than illumination of 0-75 lux.
Table 7
Factor: temperature
№ premises |
Illumination level |
Temperature |
Humidity |
Number of colonies |
Conclusion |
27-32 °C |
27-32°C |
||||
12-16 °C |
|||||
12-16 °C |
|||||
27-32 °C |
|||||
12-16 °C |
|||||
27-32 °C |
|||||
12-16 °C |
27-32°C |
||||
27-32 °C |
Conclusion: a temperature of 27-32°C is more favorable for the development of staphylococci than a temperature of 12-16°C.
Table 8
Factor: Humidity
№ premises |
Illumination level |
Temperature |
Humidity |
Number of colonies |
Conclusion |
Conclusion: Humidity of 60-72% is more favorable for the development of staphylococci than humidity of 35-45%.
No changes were observed in the control cup, which indicates that the medium was clean at the beginning of the study.
Fourth stage. Gram stain
Micropreparations were prepared from the grown colonies and Gram staining was performed (see Appendix 4). After which the stained bacteria were examined under a microscope (see Appendix 5).
The stained bacteria have acquired a dark purple color, which means they belong to gram-positive. Bacteria were identified arranged in the form of grape bunches - staphylococci.
After the fourth stage of the study, the Petri dishes were delivered to the laboratory, where they were disposed of.
3.2.2. Determination of the number of bacteria per 1 m2 2
Microbial number- number of microorganisms found in 1 m 3 of air.
To determine it in the air, they use the formula of Omelyansky, who believed that during a 5-minute exposure, as many microbes settle on the surface of a dense nutrient medium of 100 cm2 as there are in 10 liters of air (1:100 m3):
Where: a - number of colonies grown on the dish;
b is the area of the cup;
t is the time during which the cup was open;
5 - time according to Omelyansky’s calculation;
10 - air volume (in liters);
100 - area in cm2 over which subsidence occurred;
1000 - the required volume of air in liters.
The microbial number was calculated in cup No. 8 (kitchen), since the number of colonies in it was the largest (see Table 9).
Table 9
Determination of microbial number
From these calculations we can conclude that the air in the lyceum environment is clean, because A count was made in a plate with the maximum number of colonies. However, it is worth noting that this calculation takes into account staphylococcus bacteria, without taking into account other bacteria that could potentially be in the air.
Conclusions:
abiotic factors have a great influence on the vital activity and number of bacteria in the air;
The most favorable conditions for the development of staphylococci were temperature 27-32°C, humidity 60-72%, illumination 300-400 lux.
So my the hypothesis was confirmed.
In addition, I calculated the number of bacteria per 1 m3 (calculation was carried out using the Omelyansky formula). As a result, the conclusion was made that the air environment in the lyceum was safe. However, it is worth noting that this calculation takes into account staphylococcus bacteria without taking into account other bacteria that could potentially be in the air.
The results of the analysis of a microbiological study of the air environment of the lyceum for the presence of pathogenic bacteria allowed me to determine the main elements of the educational game:
drawing “Healthy child”;
drawing “Sick child”;
magnetic puzzles (20 pcs.);
miniature toys with magnets;
cards with questions.
4. ARTISTIC DESIGN OF PRODUCTS
(see Appendix 5).
5. ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF THE OPTIMAL OPTION
GAME SET
When choosing the final versions of the elements of the set for the game, I assessed my physical and material capabilities and took into account the following points:
psychological characteristics of the perception of information by children of primary school age;
complexity of product manufacturing technology;
practicality and environmental friendliness of materials for toys;
compliance of products with the theme of educational games;
compliance of products with sanitary and hygienic requirements.
In my opinion, the most successful sketches of the drawings are 3 and 4 (see chapter No. 4). They most holistically reflect the theme of the project.
In addition, I plan to make miniature toys on magnets: Staphylococcus aureus, the sun, a drop of water and a cloud (air), because... I consider toys to be emotionally warm and positive material.
The estimated average height of the toys is about 8 cm.
6. COGNITIVE GAME
“SUN, AIR AND WATER ARE OUR BEST FRIENDS!”
Purpose of the game: improve children's knowledge about a healthy lifestyle.
Educational game for primary schoolchildren “Sun, air and water are our best friends!” can be used:
participants in the lyceum’s volunteer movement for outreach activities;
primary school teachers in lessons on the surrounding world and in extracurricular activities.
Progress of the game
1). Demonstration of the picture “Sick child”.
The presenter asks the children to talk about what they saw in the picture and to suggest the cause of the child’s illness.
2). Conducting a quiz on the topic of a healthy lifestyle(see Appendix 8).
As a bonus for correct answers, students receive magnetic puzzles and elements of the “Healthy Child” picture.
3). Collecting puzzles. The most active participants in the game collect the “Healthy Child” picture on a magnetic board.
4). Comparison of paintings, discussion of the theme of the game. To develop children's visual perception and logical thinking, miniature toys with magnets are used: the sun, a drop of water, a cloud (air), a bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus).
5). Summing up, summarizing new knowledge, received by junior schoolchildren during the game.
The game described above allows not only to improve children’s knowledge about a healthy lifestyle, but also to develop mental operations (analysis, comparison, synthesis, generalization), and improve healthy behavior skills.
7. PRODUCT DESIGN
Drop of water Sun Cloud Staphylococcus aureus
8. SELECTION OF MATERIALS
Various materials can be used to make soft toys (see diagrams 2, 3).
Materials for making a soft toy
Synthetic fiber fabrics
mixed fibers
natural fibers
Soft toy
Bugles, beads, sequins, etc.
Duplicate materials
Accessories: eyes,
buttons, snaps, etc.
Ribbons, bias tape,
braid, lace
Padding materials
Synthetic materials:
padding polyester, padding polyester, foam rubber, holofiber
Natural materials:
cotton wool, batting, wool, cotton flap
Foam balls
various diameters
Silicone gasket
in the form of fibers of different textures
Plastic
fillers in the form of granules
simple and flavorful balls
Taking into account the information described above, I selected the following materials for the game elements:
varnish of golden, yellow, blue colors - flap;
cotton thread No. 60 - matching the fabric and contrasting;
double-sided tape;
padding polyester - leftovers.
All materials are selected taking into account the requirements for children's toys.
9. EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
To create soft toys I will need:
-
tracing paper, pencil, ruler, square.
sewing machine “Janome Jem Gold 660”;
ironing board, iron with steam humidifier, ironing iron;
needle for handwork No. 10, thimble;
10. OPEN TOYS
10.1. Features of the “Lake” material
Lake is a type of artificial leather that is made by applying a shiny varnish coating to a knitted (nylon) base. To achieve special effects - iridescence, light reflection and shimmer - special pigments are added to the composition of the material (for example, metal lead pigment or pearlescent dye).
In its composition no harmful chemical solvents, therefore it is stored for a long time, remains soft, pleasant to the touch, elastic and resilient.
10.2. Nuances of varnish processing
Table 10
How to work with artificial leather
The pattern is located on the wrong side of the fabric, outlined with a pencil (for the sun - from the front). The allowance for processing cuts is 3 mm.
11. TOY MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
Table 11.
Subsequence execution of work |
Graphic representation |
Tools, devices |
Time, |
||
Sun |
|||||
Cut the round parts of the toy with an allowance of 3 mm. |
pencil, ruler, scissors |
||||
Fold the cut pieces right side inward and stitch, leaving a hole for stuffing. |
needle No. 10 for handwork, Swiss machine, scissors |
||||
Turn the product right side out, straighten the stitching line, and stuff with padding polyester. Insert flat magnetic tape. |
|||||
Sew up the hole for stuffing with an over-the-edge seam using threads to match the fabric. |
needle No. 10 for handwork, scissors |
||||
Connect two layers of varnish with the wrong side facing inward. Trace the “sun” template and cut along the contour. |
double sided tape, pen, scissors |
||||
Connect the parts of the product. |
|||||
The technology for making toys (clouds, water droplets, bacteria) is similar to that described above, with the exception of points Nos. 5 and 6. |
12. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
It is necessary to determine the cost of products whose production requires the following costs:
1) M 3 - material costs
Table 12.
Material costs
Name |
Price for 1 m (piece), rub. |
Material consumption, m (pcs.) |
Total |
|
Copying A3 drawings |
||||
Lamination of A3 drawings |
||||
Making magnetic puzzles |
||||
Total: 1300 rub. |
M 3 = 1300 rub.
2) P op - labor costs
From July 1, 2016, the minimum wage is 7,500 rubles (Federal Law dated June 2, 2016 No. 164-FZ “On Amendments to Article 1 of the Federal Law “On the Minimum Wage”).
The duration of daily work for OU students who combine study and work throughout the year, aged 14 to 16 years, is 2.5 hours; from 16 to 18 years old - 3.5 hours (Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 94).
I am an 11th grade student, I am 17 years old, my work time per day is 3.5 hours, in total I worked 8 hours.
R op = C (rub.) x T (hours), where: C is the cost of one hour of work (rub.),
T - time of work on the product (hours).
The cost of one hour of work is calculated as follows:
C = minimum wage: average number of workers. days per month: working hours per day
The average number of working days per month is 22, minimum wage = 7500 rubles, T = 8 hours, then
R op = 7500: 22: 3.5 x 8 = 779.22 rub., R op = 779.22 rub.
3) A O - depreciation charges
A o = C about x T: N: 12: 2: 8, where:
Equipment - cost of equipment (r.);
T is the operating time of the equipment during the manufacturing process of the product;
N - equipment service life (years), taken from the equipment passport;
12 - number of months in a year;
22 - average number of working days in a month;
8 - operating time of equipment per day at the enterprise (hours).
Because the work was performed at home, A o = 0 rub.
4) Z etc. - other costs
These include the costs of electricity and Internet work.
Calculation of electricity costs: Z e = S en x N rev x T, where:
S en - cost of one kW/h;
N rev - equipment power in kW;
T is the operating time of the equipment in hours.
S en = 2.76 rub.
N machine = 0.1 kW, T machine = 0.2 hour;
Z e = 2.76 x 0.1 x 0.2 = 0.06 rub.
Cost of working on the Internet at T = 3 hours was:
Z int = 600:30:24x3 = 2.5 rub.
Because work was carried out in natural daylight,
Z dr = Z e + Z int = 0.06 +2.5 = 2.56 rub., Z dr. = 2.56 rub.
5) Product cost
C = M 3 + R op + A o + Z dr
C = 1300 + 779.22 + 0 + 2.56 = 2081.78 rub., C = 2081.78 rub.
Thus, the cost of the game elements was 2081.78 rubles. There are many sets for educational games on store shelves, but I have never seen one on this topic or in a similar configuration. Therefore, I believe that my project is economically profitable.
13. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
In my opinion, the set for educational games complies with environmental standards, since for its production you can use:
textile flap (measured and weighted),
old things and accessories,
waste from sewing production (for example, sewing threads, padding polyester).
The process of creating toys almost does not require the use of various harmful substances (glues, impregnation, etc.). The varnish does not contain harmful chemical solvents and does not cause an allergic reaction.
The remains of varnish and padding polyester can be used to make other decorative items. Waste does not require disposal, costs are minimal.
If necessary, drawings and soft toys can be treated with soapy water and disinfectants.
Consequently, in the process of manufacturing products, subject to compliance with safety regulations (see Appendix 9), no harm is caused to human health and their environment.
14. SELF-ASSESSMENT
The work is completed. I am very pleased with the design products - in my opinion, beautiful, original, functional and high quality.
During the study, I studied information about the influence of abiotic factors on the vital activity of bacteria (staphylococci).
I became familiar with the methods of bacterial research of air and settled on sedimentation, based on the settling of microorganisms on the nutrient medium of Petri dishes under the influence of gravity.
I encountered difficulties when developing elements of a set for an educational game: I had to study the features of conducting this type of game with primary schoolchildren.
Sewing soft toys on magnets is not difficult. But the painstaking work took a lot of time. Small parts of the products required careful processing.
The project turned out to be beneficial not only from a practical but also from an economic point of view. Material costs are relatively low. The cost of drawings and soft toys was 2081 rubles.
I am satisfied with my project product. I got exactly what I wanted: an educational game that allows primary schoolchildren to improve their knowledge about a healthy lifestyle.
The children and teachers of the elementary school liked my project product, and the event was successful.
By implementing the project product, I was once again convinced that being a volunteer is interesting and useful both for others and for myself. I believe that this is the way of life of a modern civilized person.
LITERATURE
1. Vladimirov V.V. Urban ecology. Course of lectures. - M.: MNEPU, 1999 - 204 p.
2. Gorbunova T.V. Modern teaching technologies; Contexts, algorithms, images. A textbook for students of advanced training courses and students of pedagogical specialties. Kaluga; KSPU named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky, 2007 - 108 p.
3. Kamkarova-Duke E.D. Handicraft Guide. - M.: Radio and communications - 62 p.
4. Lebedeva L. Theoretical foundations of art therapy. - and. School Psychologist, No. 3, 2006, pp. 9-11.
5. General and sanitary microbiology with microbiological research techniques, edited by A. S. Labinskaya, L.P. Blinkova, A.S. Eschinoy-M.: Medicine, 2004
6. Fundamentals of microbiology: Workshop: educational and methodological manual for universities / Zharikova G.G., Leonova I.B. - M.: Academy, 2008 - 128 p.
7. Petukhova V.I., Shirshikova E.N. Soft toy. - M.: Publisher I.V. Balabanov, 2004 - 120 p., ill.
8. Sidorenko O.D. Microbiology /O.D. Sidorenko, E.G. Borisenko, A.A. Vankova, L.I. War. - M.: Infra, 2005 - 305 p.
9. Firsov N.N. Microbiology: dictionary of terms. - M.: Bustard, 2006 - 256 p.
10. Schlegel G.G. History of microbiology/G.G. Schlegel.- M.: URSS, 2002-153 p.
11. Human ecology: Dictionary-reference book / N.A. Agadzhanyan, I.B. Ushakov, V.I. Torshin et al. - M.: Academy, 1997 - 208 p.
Electronic resources
https://ru.wikipedia.org
http://probakterii.ru/
http://strana-sovetov.com
http://krasodom.ru/stil/odezhda
Appendix 1.
Implementation of the creative project “Fable about germs and water”
Appendix 2.
Types of educational games for primary schoolchildren
Play is the most important and most common type of children's activity that prepares children for life. This type of knowledge in a simple, unobtrusive, and, most importantly, interesting form, teaches phenomena and connections in our big world.
Educational games for children are aimed at gaining new knowledge, developing the child’s intelligence, logic and thinking. In pedagogical practice, it is customary to call educational games for younger schoolchildren didactic, and intellectual games for older schoolchildren.
In the process of educational games, not only the child’s knowledge about the world is enriched, but also conditions are created for the formation of a full-fledged personality, and the educational function is realized. Cognitive games can easily solve possible learning problems, since they are based on the child’s interest in the process. While playing, the student solves the tasks assigned to him and, without noticing it, becomes more disciplined and persistent in achieving his goals.
Types of educational games:
Early educational games kids with toys, objects. By manipulating them, the child learns concepts such as shape, size, color, volume, material, flora and fauna, people, etc.
Creative educational games, where there is a plot and distribution of roles. Games that simulate various life situations, be it “mothers and daughters” and their many variations, prepare for life in the real world, forcing children to try on various social roles.
Didactic games with ready-made rules: board games, wall games, game sets, interactive quizzes and quizzes using cards. A wide selection makes it easy to find a game for a primary school student in any academic subject.
Construction sets, technical play sets such as “Do it yourself” or “Young physicist”, aimed at mastering specific techniques for conducting simple scientific experiments or assembling structures of various types of complexity.
Games on a test basis, allowing to develop methods of self-assessment of acquired knowledge and skills and stimulating for further development. This includes games to train the eye, attention, and coordination.
Educational games for younger schoolchildren allow them to develop their minds, instill the ability to compare and analyze, recognize connections and relationships, demonstrate creative and intellectual abilities, stimulate the child to make independent decisions, and encourage personal development.
Appendix 3.
Methods of bacteriological research of air
All air sampling methods can be divided into sedimentation And aspiration.
Sedimentation- the oldest method, widespread due to its simplicity and accessibility, but is inaccurate. The method was proposed by R. Koch and consists in the ability of microorganisms under the influence of gravity and under the influence of air movement (together with dust particles and aerosol droplets) to settle on the surface of the nutrient medium in open Petri dishes. Cups are installed at sampling points on a horizontal surface. When determining the total microbial contamination, plates with meat peptone agar are left open for 5-10 minutes or longer, depending on the degree of suspected bacterial contamination.
Aspiration. More advanced methods are aspiration, based on the forced deposition of microorganisms from the air onto the surface of a dense nutrient medium or into a trapping liquid (meat peptone broth, buffer solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, etc.). In the practice of the sanitary service, when taking aspiration samples, the Krotov apparatus and the Rechmensky bacteria trap are used.
Appendix 4.
Gram stain
Gram method- a method of staining microorganisms for research, allowing to differentiate bacteria by the biochemical properties of their cell wall. Proposed in 1884 by the Danish physician G. K. Gram.
According to Gram, bacteria are stained with basic dyes - gentian or methyl violet, etc., then the dye is fixed with iodine solution. When the colored preparation is subsequently washed with alcohol, those types of bacteria that turn out to be strongly colored are called gram-positive bacteria (designated Gram (+)), in contrast to gram-negative bacteria (Gram (−)), which become discolored when washed.
Steps for Gram staining of bacteria:
1). Prepare a sample for research (2 types of colonies: white, small, flat; yellow, small, convex).
2). Place one or two drops of the sample on a glass slide (evenly distributed smear). We wait until the smear dries.
3). Fix the smear (it is necessary to pass the glass slide 2-3 times over the top of the burner flame).
4). Apply crystal violet to the sample (wait 30 seconds; crystal violet in aqueous solutions releases chlorine ions (Cl-). Gram-positive bacteria are strongly stained by the solution after treatment with iodine. Gram-negative bacteria form a compound with crystal violet and iodine that is easily destroyed by ethanol.
5). Gently rinse off the dye with water (at low pressure).
6). Apply iodine for at least three seconds (it will fix the color).
7). Rinse thoroughly with water.
8). Decolorize the smear by pouring ethanol (or acetone) onto the slide. The draining liquid should become clear.
9). Gently rinse off the bleaching solution with water.
10). Apply fuchsin dye, which will turn gram-negative bacteria pink.
11). Carefully wash off excess fuchsin with water and dry the sample.
12). Examine the sample under a microscope.
Appendix 5.
Research in photographs
Appendix 6.
Sketches of drawings in M 1:2
Appendix 7.
Toy patterns
Appendix 8.
Quiz questions
1. My appetite is fine
The bunny ate a carrot from the garden,
He didn’t wash it, but put it in his mouth,
And now my tummy hurts.
There is not much work in it,
Always wash your vegetables!
Why does the bunny have a tummy ache? What caused this pain? (bacteria).
2. What do bacteria look like? (according to the shape of the cells, bacteria are divided into spherical, rod-shaped and convoluted).
3. Can we see bacteria with the naked eye? Or do we need special devices for this? Which? (Light, electron, scanning microscopes)
4. How do bacteria differ from all other living organisms? (the smallest organisms on our planet; nuclear-free, cells do not contain nuclei).
5. Are there a lot of bacteria around us? (A lot! Microbiologists believe that there are 5 nonillion bacteria worldwide: 5 followed by thirty zeros)
6. Are bacteria everywhere? (Bacteria are found everywhere, even in space, since many bacteria are anaerobes, meaning they do not need oxygen to live.)
7. Where are the most bacteria? (It turns out that there are more bacteria on mobile phones and computer keyboards than in the toilet).
8. Are there bacteria in the human body? (the human body contains many beneficial and harmful bacteria. There are always fewer harmful bacteria. If the human body is healthy, then the harmful microbes that enter it are immediately destroyed by beneficial microbes).
9. Are there bacteria in the human body at any age? (newborn babies do not have them).
10. How do bacteria get into our body? (through unwashed vegetables, fruits, through dirty hands, when a sick person sneezes and coughs).
11. What diseases do you know that are caused by bacteria? (Sore throat, bronchitis, sinusitis, tuberculosis, etc.).
12. There are a lot of harmful bacteria. How can we escape from them? Guess the riddle:
So that there is no trouble,
We cannot live without... (water).
13. What are ultraviolet germicidal lamps? Why were they called that? Where are they located? (UV lamps are often used in hospitals for disinfection and disinfection to kill harmful and dangerous bacteria that can cause disease).
14. Why do adults often ventilate rooms? (this allows you to get rid of harmful microorganisms, fungi and infections and maintain health).
15. We often see our parents boiling water, milk... Why do they do this?
(High temperature kills most dangerous bacteria.)
16. Are there beneficial bacteria? (bacteria help prepare kvass, sauerkraut, and bake bread. There are also fermented milk bacteria).
17. Which fermented milk products contain beneficial bacteria? (yogurt, kefir, fermented baked milk, yogurt).
18. Are bifidobacteria and lactobacilli considered beneficial for the human body? (help restore the intestinal microflora of children and adults).
19. What destroys beneficial bacteria? (preservatives, dyes, flavors, antibiotics).
Appendix 9.
Organization of the workplace. PTB
PTB when performing manual work
Before starting work:
Place tools and equipment in the designated place.
During operation:
be attentive to work;
put the thimble on the middle finger of the right hand;
put needles and pins only in the needle bar;
Place the scissors with the blades closed in the rings forward.
Upon completion of work:
clean the workplace.
For operations performed manually, you need a work table on which the necessary tools (hand needles, thimble, scissors, measuring tape) and devices (mannequin, patterns, peg, pins, cutter), as well as the workpieces, are located. All work is done on the table; the workpiece should be held in front of you. It should be borne in mind that correct posture has a great influence on my well-being and the quality of my work.
PTB when performing machine work
Before you start:
fasten the sleeve cuffs;
check the serviceability of the machine;
Check to see if there are any hand needles or pins left in the cut pieces.
During operation:
Install the bobbin case and thread the upper thread with the machine turned off;
do not place scissors and other tools near rotating parts of the machine;
Do not pass scissors, product or parts while the machine is running.
Upon completion of work:
turn off the car;
clean the workplace.
A workplace for performing machine work consists of a table on which a sewing machine is installed and the necessary tools, fixtures and parts are laid out. You need to sit straight at the machine, slightly tilting your body and head forward. The workplace should be well lit; on the table there are only items necessary to perform this technological operation.
Appendix 10.
Picture of finished products
Sun, air and water are our best friends!
Group: average.
Program content: Continue to acquaint children with the healing effects of natural factors on human health, with elements of breathing exercises. To consolidate the properties of water, air, their benefits and harm to humans. Improve motor activity and form correct posture. Cultivate a desire for a healthy lifestyle.
Materials and equipment: glass jug with water, empty glass, bubbles of different shapes and sizes; pictures depicting crayfish, fish, whale. , the game “Fishing”, balloons, a frog, fans according to the number of children, straws according to the number of children.
Leisure activities:
Guys, guess the riddle:
“Who is the most useful in days of illness?
And heals us from all diseases"
- Did you guess? (doctor). Okay, well done! And Mother Nature has her own doctors who give us health every day, all at once, and even when we don’t ask them for it. So who are they?
“How brightly he shines, generously gives gifts to everyone:
Warmth, kindness and light for millions of long years.
In the morning I will look out the window - there is a joyful sky in the sky... (sun)
Today the sun is shining brightly, adults and children love it, everyone is happy about the Sun. Let's do the “Suns” exercises with me. We stood up straight, feet shoulder-width apart, slowly raised our arms up, reaching for the sun. The sun is high. Stretch yourself towards the warm rays, high blue sky above your head. Your body is filled with elastic strength, vigor, becomes slim, flexible, strong. The sun's rays penetrate every cell of your body. Catch some rays of sunshine, put one in your heart, give the rest to those you love and wish them well.
Guys, let's play the game “The sun is harmful - beneficial” (using cards)
-Let’s find out what’s harmful? (you can’t look at the sun for a long time, it’s bad for your eyes, you can’t be without a hat in the heat, you might get sunstroke) And the benefit is that the sun is good for hardening, strengthens the nervous system, helps the formation of vitamin D in the skin and thereby protects us from diseases. Well done!
- Is it possible to stay in the sun for a long time in summer? (no, you can get sunburned or get sunstroke)
“Let’s move quickly under the trees, here under the trees there is beauty!
Well, the air here is very clean!
We will not only admire nature,
We will do breathing exercises!
- For breathing exercises, the proper functioning of our lungs, what do we need?
Children: we need air.
Let's do the breathing exercise “The Aroma of Flowers.” Let’s inhale through the nose, hold our breath slightly, and as we exhale we say for a long time: “A-a-ah!”
Now let’s remember the game you played when you were little “Bubble”. Now let's go to the veranda.
What do you guys think, how to catch air? The teacher shows and picks up the package. That's how much air there is!
Now take some glasses of water, drink some water, and now let’s blow into the tube, the air passes through the tube and bubbles form. Place the glasses.
Now let's find out how air moves.
Take the fan in your hands and wave it in front of your face. How did you feel? Especially in hot weather, using a fan is very easy and comfortable.
Conclusion: Air moves.
So, air is necessary for all living things, without it we cannot live even 5 minutes. Try it, close your mouth and pinch your nose with two fingers. Don't breathe. Air is part of nature.
The teacher asks the children riddles and asks them to find the answers in the pictures:
Not a blacksmith, but with claws. (Cancer)
Wags his tail back and forth -
And she is gone, and there is no trace. (Fish)
A miracle - a giant - is swimming across the sea - the ocean.
He hides his mustache in his mouth, stretched out for a mile. (Whale)
Teacher. Guys, what do fish, crayfish and whales have in common?
Children. They live in water.
Teacher. In other words, they are united by their habitat (the place where they live). Where can you see water?
Children. In a tap, in a stream, in a river, in an aquarium, in the sea, in the ocean.
Teacher. How does a person use water? What is it for?
Children. Water is needed for washing, washing, cooking, washing dishes, and watering plants.
Teacher. That's right, guys, water is needed not only by humans, but by all living things on Earth. Without water there is no life. For fish, some plants and animals, water is their habitat.
Teacher. Tell me, guys, what is water?
Children. It's liquid.
Teacher. What can water do?
Children. It flows. You can pour it into anything. You can pour it, pour it from one vessel to another.
Teacher. Let's play with water. (the teacher pours and pours water from a jar into a glass, the children do the same, making sure that water is a liquid, it can be poured and poured).
Teacher. Now we will try to do a series of experiments that will help us draw scientific conclusions.
Look at these objects (shows a cube, a ball). What is their shape?
Children. This is a cube. This is a ball.
Teacher. Let's knock the cube on the table, roll the ball... have they changed their shape?
Children. No. They remained a cube and a ball.
Teacher. Now I’ll pour water into a round container. What happened to it?
Children. The water inside the round container became round.
Teacher. In other words, it took the shape of this container. And if I pour the same water into this container (in the shape of a cube), what happens to it?
Children. She became a cube.
Teacher. It took the form of a cube. So does water have its own shape?
Children. No, water has no form.
Conclusion: water has no form. It takes the form of the vessel into which it is poured.
Teacher. And now we will find out: does water have color, taste and smell?
(The teacher places a glass of water and a glass of milk on the table. Places a sheet of clean white paper next to it.)
Teacher. What color is milk and paper?
Children. White.
Teacher. What about water? Can we say that the water is white?
Children. No.
Teacher. Does water have color?
Children. No, the water is colorless.
Next, the teacher invites the children to smell the water.
It turns out that the water has no odor.
The teacher invites the children to taste the water. It turns out that the water has no taste.
Conclusion: water is a liquid that has no shape, no color, no smell, no taste.
Self-massage "Wash".
Tap, open!
Nose, wash your face!
Wash both eyes at once!
Wash your ears!
Wash yourself, neck!
Neck, wash yourself thoroughly!
Wash, wash, shower!
The dirt is washed away, the dirt is washed away!
I know that all of you love to play with water and water is everyone’s friend, but in the summer you need to bathe and swim more. GAME "FISHING".
Creative exercise “Drawing with water on asphalt.”
Children depict any objects on the asphalt using water poured into bottles.
Bottom line.
Nature is also a doctor, constantly taking care of us and making sure we don’t get sick. Let's say the words:
“I’ll save my health, I’ll help myself.”
“Sun, air and water are our best friends”
Form an idea of a healthy lifestyle; give children an idea of the importance of air, water and light for all life on earth, expand knowledge about the role of water, air, sun in a person's life; to develop knowledge that nature is a source of health; to develop knowledge about personal hygiene items and the concept of personal hygiene.
Download:
Preview:
Summary on the topic:
“Sun, air and water are our best friends”
Completed:
Ovcharenko M.M.
Educator
Krasnodar
2018
Target: form an idea of a healthy lifestyle;give children an idea of the importance of air, water and light for all life on earth, expand knowledge about the role of water and air, the sun in human life; to develop knowledge that nature is a source of health; to develop knowledge about personal hygiene items and the concept of personal hygiene.
Tasks:
Educational.
1. Expand children’s understanding of household items related to cultural and hygienic habits, and the idea that nature is a source of health.
2. Expand the understanding of cultural and hygienic habits through fiction.
Developmental.
1. To develop the ability to navigate in space.
2. Develop the ability to accurately perform movements in accordance with the text.
Educational.
1. Develop the ability to conduct a simple dialogue with adults and peers regarding compliance with cultural and hygienic habits.
2. Cultivate a desire to take care of your appearance and neatness.
Preliminary work: Learning poetry, solving riddles; reading the work of K. I. Chukovsky “Moidodyr”; conversations with children: about the sun, air, water; about personal hygiene.
Equipment: teeth brushing chart, blue ribbons, balloon, pictures based on the fairy tale by K. Chukovsky: “The Stolen Sun.”
Progress of the lesson
Educator: guys, today we will go on a trip to the country“Hello,” and we’ll go on a magical transport.Sit on the airplane carpet, close your eyes, say the magic words:
Our carpet is rushing across the sky,
The magic is about to happen...
So we arrived.
Guys, tell me, when we were flying, what was shining on our way?
Children: The sun.
Educator: You warm the whole world,
And you don’t know fatigue
Smiling at the window
And everyone calls you...
Children: sun.
Educator : Children, what does Sunny give us?
Children: warmth, light, sun tan, vitamin D.
Educator : That’s right, with the sun we get a tan, we take sunbathing, we need vitamin D to keep our bones strong.
Educator: Let's remember the work of K. Chukovsky “The Stolen Sun”. (Show a picture from the work). What happened to the animals when the crocodile swallowed the red sun?
Children: the animals got scared and got lost...
Teacher: a Can people, animals, birds, plants, animals live without the sun?
Children: no.
Educator: That's right, without the sun there would be no life on our planet. But the sun is a medicine that should be taken in doses and not overdo it. But in reasonable quantities the sun heals. Under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is formed, which cannot be obtained from food. Vitamin D is beneficial to our body because it helps us grow and strengthens our bones. But if you do not follow certain rules, the sun can harm our body. When do you think the sun can be dangerous for us?
Children: in the summer.
Educator: That's right, the sun can be dangerous in the summer when it gets very hot. In the summer, we all go with our family to the sea, where we love to swim and sunbathe. Let's remember what tips will help us when we sunbathe.
Educator:
Tan gradually, in moderation, without abusing long exposure to the sun;
The duration of the first sunbath should be no more than 20-30 minutes;
Take sunbathing in the morning from 7 to 12 o'clock, when the air is still clean and not overheated;
Be sure to protect your head from the sun's rays with a scarf or a Panama hat;
Do not sunbathe in a stationary position.
Physical education minute
Sun, air and water
Our true friends
(walk in place)
Early in the morning we woke up
And we reached the sun
(Stretch on tiptoes)
To always be healthy
Water helps us
(Show that they are floating)
Take a ball for a walk
Jump, run, don't be sad!
(They jump, pretending to hit the ball)
This is how the sun rises
Higher, higher, higher. Children raise their arms up through their sides, rising onto their toes.
By night the sun will go down
Below, below, below. Children squat, lowering their arms down.
Okay, okay, the sun is laughing,
And under the sun for us
Life is fun. Children walk in place, clapping their hands.
Educator: guys, Let's all close our eyes and imagine that we are on the shore of a pond. The sun is shining. Its rays caress our cheeks, nose, arms and legs. A breeze has arrived, blowing us from all sides. We feel pleasure from his touch. We feel good. You're in a great mood. All eyes were opened.
Educator : children, an unusual guest came to us.
What is this?
Children: ball.
Educator : for some reason he is deflated.What was inside it?
Children: Air.
Educator: What should I do to make it round again?
Children: inflate.
Educator: where can we feel the air?.
Children: in a ball, a balloon, on the street.
Educator: why do we need air?
Children: to breathe.
Educator: can we live without air?
Children: no.
Breathing exercises - exercise “Pogonchiki” according to Strelnikova.
I.P – standing, legs slightly apart, arms along the body.
Inhale through the nose, smoothly turn the head to the right shoulder, exhale through the mouth, head straight, inhale, smoothly turn to the left shoulder, exhale.
Music sounds and “Moidodyr” enters
Moidodyr: Hello kids,
Girls and boys.
I am a great washer.
The famous Moidodyr.
Umyvalnikov chief
And the commander of the washcloths.
Answer me.
Are you healthy?
Children: Yes
Moidodyr: Are you clean?
Children: yes.
Moidodyr: are you friends with soap?
Children: yes.
Moidodyr: are you friends with water?
Children: yes.
Moidodyr: Show how you make friends with water, how you wash your hands (show children the rules of hand washing)
Reading and imitation by movements.
Open the tap, wash your nose
Wash both eyes at once
Wash your ears, wash your neck, wash your neck thoroughly.
Wash, wash, shower, wash off the dirt, wash off the dirt.
Moidodyr: where can you find water?
Children: in a river, stream, ocean... (children's answers).
Game "Stream": short ribbons laid out in different places in the group room, connect them into one “big river”.
Moidodyr: What personal hygiene items do you know?
Children: comb, soap, toothbrush, toothpaste...
Moidodyr: Everyone needs to brush their teeth every morning and evening because food remains between the teeth. Review the rules for brushing teeth with your children.
Can you guess my riddles?
Riddles:
As many as 25 teeth for curls and tufts.
And under each tooth, hair will lie in a row. (comb)
Bony back, hard bristles,
Goes well with mint paste
Serves us diligently
(toothbrush)
Smooth and fragrant, washes very clean,
Everyone needs to have one. What is this? (soap) .
If your hands are waxed,
If a blot gets on your nose,
Then she is our first friend,
Removes dirt from face and hands. (water)
Moidodyr : Well, well done, now I’m sure that you will always monitor the cleanliness of your body and your health. Goodbye guys.
Gives children baby soap.
Educator : guys, our journey has come to an end, it’s time for us to go to kindergarten, let’s take our seats on the airplane carpet.
Flew:
Our carpet is rushing across the sky,
The magic is about to happen...
So we returned to kindergarten. Tell me what have you learned, who can we call our best friends?
Children : Sun, air and water are our best friends.
Educator : I wish you guys to always be healthy,
But achieving results is impossible without difficulty.
Try not to be lazy - every time before eating,
Before sitting down at the table, wash your hands with water.
And do exercises every morning,
And, of course, toughen up - it will help you so much!
Breathe fresh air whenever possible
You go for a walk, it will give you strength, friends!
Progress of the event.
Leading:
Hello, the sun is clear
And the land is beautiful!
Hello Mother Nature
And good weather!
Leading: Today our quiz is dedicated to three natural elements: Sun, Air and Water.
Greetings from the teams.
Leading: Health is an invaluable happiness in a person’s life. Each of us has an inherent desire to be strong and healthy, to maintain mobility, vigor, energy for as long as possible and to achieve longevity. What will help us do this? (sport)
1. “Say the word.”
I wake up early in the morning
Together with the rosy sun,
I make the crib myself
I quickly do...(exercise)
Not offended, but pissed off,
They lead him across the field,
And if they hit me, it doesn’t matter
Can't keep up with... (ball)
Two birch horses
They carry me through the snow,
These red horses
And their names are... (skis)
Who will catch up with me on the ice?
We're running a race
And it’s not the horses that carry me,
And the shiny ones... (skates)
I took two oak blocks,
Two iron skids.
I didn’t fill the bars, the slats,
Give me snow! Ready...(sleigh)
I want to become a strongman
I come to the strong man:
“Tell me this:
How did you become a strongman?
He smiled in response:
“Very simple: for many years,
Every day, getting out of bed,
I lift...(dumbbells)"
The rain is warm and thick,
This is not an easy rain:
He is without clouds, without clouds
Ready to go all day.
Do you want to break the record?
This will help you...
He is with you and with me
Walked in forest stitches,
A hiking friend behind your back
On belts with buckles.
In the new wall
In the round window
During the day the glass was broken,
Inserted overnight.
(Ice hole.)
Clear morning along the road
Dew glistens on the grass.
Feet are moving along the road
And two wheels run.
The riddle has an answer
This is my...
(Bike.)
Guys, I have
Two silver horses.
I drive both at once -
What kind of horses do I have?
To become a great athlete,
There is a lot to know.
And skill will help here
And, of course...
(Training.)
People, for some reason, do not value what they get for free. For example, the health we get from nature. People take care of things, clothes, jewelry. And health is only wasted. They are lazy to do morning exercises, eat too much, and damage their eyes while watching TV. In general, it’s as if they are doing everything on purpose to reduce their health.
Guys, don’t forget that the Sun, Air and Water are our best friends! Let's praise them!
And the next task is 2. Depict the sun, water and wind with the whole team. (sheet, paints, pencil...)
3. Collect a proverb and explain it.
The red sun in the white light warms the black earth.
There would be water, and greenery would appear.
You won't be able to breathe enough air.
Live with your mind, you don’t need a doctor.
3. Instead of dots, insert the missing words. Assignment for teams...
Sunbathe gradually, in moderation, without overusing long stays... (in the sun).
The duration of the first sunbath should be no more than...(20-30 minutes).
Take sunbathing in the morning from...(7 to 12 o'clock), when the air is still clean and not overheated.
-… (your head) be sure to protect from the sun’s rays with a scarf or a Panama hat.
One of the most effective procedures is water hardening. Water cleanses and heals the skin, strengthens the nervous... (system). Water hardening should be done all year round. This can be wiping with a damp... (sponge, towel) after charging. The second type of hardening is dousing. During the warm season, dousing can be done outside. And the best way to harden in the summer is... (swimming) in a river, sea, lake. You should not swim if you have a runny nose, cough, or malaise.
Never enter ... (unknown) body of water.
A beginner must swim...(along) the shore.
After leaving the water...(rub yourself) with a towel, change into...(dry).
And at this time - the Captains Competition.
(Who can twirl a pen onto a pencil faster)
+ “Who can inflate the balloon faster.”
4. “Keep the ball in the air” for the whole team.
(Teams stand in a tight circle and blow on the ball. The team that keeps the ball in the air the longest wins).
5. find a continuation.
Key: 1 – 3; 2 – 4; 3 – 2; 4 – 5; 5 – 1.
5. crossword. rebus.
Questions:
Horizontal:
1. Two-wheeled or three-wheeled riding machine driven by foot pedals
2. In children's games and gymnastic exercises: a cord through which they jump, twisting it and throwing it over themselves
3. Roller bar with steering wheel
4. Type of athletics
5. Moving on your feet; moving in a long step with straightening the supporting leg and with arms bent at the elbows
6. An organic substance, the primary source of which is usually plants, necessary for the normal functioning of the body, as well as a preparation containing such substances
7. Action according to verb. swim
8. An integral part of physical culture - sets of physical exercises for the development and strengthening of the body, competitions in such exercises and complexes, as well as the system for organizing and conducting these competitions
9. From the verb: to make/become physically or morally strong, persistent, hardy
10. Type of sport - group hikes aimed at physical training of the body
11. A branch of medicine that studies the conditions for maintaining health, as well as a system of actions and measures aimed at maintaining cleanliness and health
12. A celestial body is a hot plasma body of a spherical shape around which the Earth and other planets revolve
13. Transparent colorless liquid, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
Vertical:
1. Correct, normal activity of the body, its complete physical and mental well-being
2. An artificial reservoir built for swimming, bathing, and for decorative purposes
3. A set of specially selected physical exercises to improve health and harmonious development of the body
4. Water procedure
5. A sports game of shuttlecock, thrown with rackets over a net from one player to another, as well as the corresponding sport
6. The object for the game is a solid or hollow ball made of elastic material, which bounces off a hard surface when struck.
7. A mixture of gases that makes up the Earth’s atmosphere
Crossword words:
Horizontal:
1. bike
2. jump rope
3. scooter
6. vitamin
7. swimming
9. hardening
10. tourism
11. hygiene
12. sun
Vertical:
1. health
2. swimming pool
3. gymnastics
4. dousing
5. badminton
6. Quick poll
Each of us, unfortunately, has bad habits. But they have a bad effect on our health. Let's find out what prevents us from being healthy, that is, let's talk about bad habits.
1. Why shouldn’t you chew the tip of a pencil or pen?
(The teeth will be uneven.)
2. How often and why should you wash your hair?
(To keep your hair clean and free from lice and fleas, wash it once every 5-7 days.)
3. A friend asks you to give her your comb to fix her hair. What will you do?
a) offer her your comb (0 points);
b) give her the comb, but then you won’t use it again until you wash it (1 point);
c) politely refuse, explaining that you cannot use other people’s combs (3 points).
4. Explain why you shouldn’t bite your nails?
(Under the nails there are pathogens of various diseases, helminth eggs.)
6. What can the habit of putting inedible objects in your mouth lead to?
(You can swallow an object, you can block the entrance to the trachea, you can pierce the roof of your mouth or cheek, you can become infected with diseases.)
7. Why is it forbidden to exchange clothes, shoes, or take other people’s hats?
(You can become infected with skin diseases, infectious diseases, lice, fungal diseases.)
11. Summing up the results of the competition. Rewarding participants.
SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL EVENTS
“Sun, air and water are our best friends”
Educator: Kudryashova V.V.
Shape: mini project protection
Tasks :
Correctional and educational: give knowledge about the benefits that the sun, air and water bring to people;
Correctional and educational: cultivate a desire to lead a healthy lifestyle, perform proper hygiene skills, and be careful;
Correctional and developmental: expand children's horizons and vocabulary, encourage them to answer questions, and be able to follow the rules of the game.
Equipment .
1. Main equipment:poster of the mini-project “Sun, air and water are our best friends.”
2. Equipment for tasks:pictures based on the fairy tales of K. Chukovsky: “The Stolen Sun”, “Moidodyr”, a scarf for the game.
Venue : playroom 1-2 classes.
Progress of the event
1.Preparatory stage.
Educator.
Hello guys and adults!
A ray of sunshine makes us laugh and teases,
We're having fun this morning,
And with us everywhere
Our best friends
Sun, air and water! (with children)
Today the children of our class will present their mini-project “Sun, air and water are our best friends!”
2. Introductory part.
Educator.
We meet our friends Sun, Air and Water every day. Our life is impossible without them. But in order for them to always be our friends, we need to know and follow the advice of our friends. Today we will find out what advice our friends will give us so that we will always be healthy and happy.
3. Main part.
Child 1.
Well, which one of you will answer?
It’s not fire, but it burns painfully,
Not a lantern, but shining brightly,
And not a baker, but a baker (the Sun).
Child 2.
You warm the whole world,
And you don’t know fatigue
Smiling at the window
And everyone’s name is…….. (Sun).
Educator.
Let's remember the work of K. Chukovsky “The Stolen Sun”. (Show a picture from the work). What happened to the animals when Red Sun was swallowed by the Crocodile.
Children's answers.
Educator.
Can people, animals, birds, plants, animals live without the sun?
Children's answers.
Educator.
That's right, without the sun there would be no life on our planet. The healing properties of sunlight have been known since ancient times; sun treatment is also called heliotherapy. But, the sun is a medicine that should be taken in doses and not overdo it, because, as you know, excessive sunbathing is fraught with skin cancer. But in reasonable quantities the sun heals. Under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is formed, which cannot be obtained from food. Vitamin D is beneficial to our body because it helps us grow and strengthens our bones. But if you do not follow certain rules, the sun can harm our body. When do you think the sun can be dangerous for us?
Children's answers.
Educator.
That's right, the sun can be dangerous in the summer when it gets very hot. In the summer we all relax in the camp, where we love to swim and sunbathe. Let's think about what advice our friend the Sun could give us when we sunbathe.
Child 1.
The sun is hot. Summer heat.
We'll sunbathe with you.
Just - mind you! - in a colored Panama hat
And under the awning in the clearing.
Child 2.
To avoid burns
When it comes to tanning, you need to know when to stop!
Let's expose our body to the sun in the morning
And also in the evenings.
Then it’s beautiful, even
Skin color is guaranteed to us.
Educator.
Name the Sun's friend's tips so that we can have a beautiful tan.
Children's answers.
Educator.
Advice from a friend of the Sun.
Tan gradually, in moderation, without overusing long periods of sun exposure.
The duration of the first sunbath should be no more than 20-30 minutes.
Take sunbathing in the morning from 7 to 12 o'clock, when the air is still clean and not overheated.
Be sure to protect your head from the sun's rays with a headscarf or Panama hat.
Do not sunbathe in a stationary position.
Educator.
Friend the Sun invites us to play the game “Three Words”.
Game "Three words".
Children stand in a circle, the leader reads a little rhyme, stops on someone
tells him any topic, and the player must quickly tell him three words from this topic. For example:
"Daily routine" Answer: rise, walk, dream.
"Rise." Answer: making the bed, getting dressed, cleaning rugs.
"Breakfast". Answer: wash your hands, eat carefully, put away the dishes.
Children are playing.
Educator.
Well done guys! We played well. Now let’s meet friend Voda and his advice.
Child 1.
If our hands are waxed,
If there are blots on your nose,
Who is our first friend then?
Will it remove dirt from your face and hands?
What mom can't live without
No cooking, no washing,
Without what, we will say frankly,
Should a person die?
For the rain to fall from the sky,
So that the ears of bread grow,
For the ships to sail,
So that the jelly can be cooked,
So that there is no trouble -
We can't live without... (water)
Educator.
Why does a person need water?
Children's answers.
Educator.
That's right, water helps us follow the rules of hygiene so as not to
get sick. Name the advice of a friend of Water.
Children's answers.
Educator.
Well done. Let's find these tips in our project and repeat them together again.
The teacher reads out the tips, and the children repeat in chorus.
Tips from a friend of Water:
Wash thoroughly twice a week.
In the morning, wash yourself well: wash your hands, face, neck, ears.
Be sure to wash your hands after cleaning the room, toilet, playing, walking, socializingwith animals, travel in transport.
Educator.
Well done guys! Friend Water invites us to play the game “Vodyan Grandfather”.
Game "Grandfather Merman".
Contents: all participants in the game walk in a circle and say:
“Grandfather Vodyanoy, why are you sitting under water?
Look out for a little bit, just for a minute!”
The driver, “Grandfather Vodyanoy,” sits in the center of the circle with his eyes closed. After calling the guys, Vodyanoy gets up and chooses any player at random and tries to guess who it is by touch. If you guess correctly, then the identified player becomes Vodyanoy.
Children are playing.
Educator.
Well done guys! Did you like the game?
Children's answers.
Educator.
Let's get to know our friend "Air" and his advice.
Child 1.
You won't be able to live without him
No eating, no drinking, no talking.
And even, to be honest,
You won't be able to light a fire.(Air)
Child 2.
What do we breathe?
What are we missing? (Air)
Educator.
What do you think, why should we go for a walk?
Children's answers.
Educator.
You answered correctly, but I still want to add.Being in the fresh air helps strengthen the heart muscle, improves the functioning of the respiratory system and, most importantly, improves your mood. Also, walking in the air helps increase appetite, improves performance, and reduces lactic acid in the muscles. What advice do you think our friend “Air” could give us?
Children's answers.
Educator.
Well done. Let's find these tips in our project and repeat them together again.
Air Friend Tips:
So that we grow strong,
Dexterous and brave
Every morning
We are doing exercises.
Take a walk in the fresh air.
Ventilate the premises.
Educator.
Well done guys. Doctor Air would like to introduce you to the game “The further you throw, the closer you run.” You can play this game while walking.
With your opponent you are standing at the start. Each of you holds small identical sticks in your hand. You need to throw your stick as far as possible. The second participant in the competition does the same. And now forward, get a stick, not just your own, but your opponent’s stick. Whoever returned with the stick to the starting place first won.
4. Conclusion.
Educator.
Did you like the games we taught you?
Children's answers.
Educator.
Today we got acquainted with the advice of our friends: the Sun, Air and Water. Tell me, why do we need to follow their advice?
Children's answers.
Educator.
That's right, all these tips are needed to keep us healthy and happy. I hope that you liked the games that we taught you and that you will play them.
I wish you guys to always be healthy,
But achieving results is impossible without difficulty.
Try not to be lazy - every time before eating,
Before sitting down at the table, wash your hands with water.
And do exercises every morning,
And, of course, toughen up - it will help you so much!
Breathe fresh air whenever possible
Go for walks in the forest, it will give you strength, friends!
I have revealed to you the secrets of how to maintain your health.