Ideal atmospheric pressure. Atmosphere pressure
"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug"- Nenets camp. Settlement of the territory of the district. Geographical terms. Uralic language family. Kinds economic activity Khanty High level development of reindeer husbandry. Khanty dwelling. Farming. Use different sources geographic information. Introduce students to the history of development and study territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Samoyeds. Selkups. Basic knowledge. Selkup settlements. South Siberian forest-steppe.
"Red Book of the Omsk Region"- Pelican pink. Sculpin. Mole. Altai mole. Red Book Omsk region. Red Book Russian Federation. Sections of the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Nelma. Eared hedgehog. Black-throated loon. History of the Red Book. Strengthening independence local authorities. The Red Books have not been published in all regions of Russia. Siberian sturgeon. The need to protect rare biological species. Pelican curly.
"Ecology of Ugra" - Surface water. Population size. System of program events. Strategic goals of environmental policy. Atmospheric air. Department of Ecology Autonomous Okrug. Environmental policy of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. State of the environment in Surgut. Solid waste movement diagram. Ensuring coordination and interaction. Placing solids household waste. Measures of the Government of Ugra.
"Development of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug"- Deductions from oil and gas producing companies. Tax and tariff burden. Dynamics of world oil prices. Dependence of economic development. Main results of implementation. Participation oil companies. Main trends. Basic sector. Internal conditions. Optimization of tax and tariff burden. Scenarios for the socio-economic development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Migration mobility. Declining share of the population.
"Red Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug"- Mushrooms. Regional Red Books. Taimen. Saprotrophic fungi. Fish. Beaver. Introduction to the Red Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Gray crane. Tugun. Species of mammals and birds. Lynx. Perch. Study of avifauna. Red Book. Area reindeer. Nelma. Forests.
"Geography of Western Siberia"- Western Siberia. Climate. Forest-steppe and steppe zone. Geographical position. Siberia is generous and rich to everyone. Inland waters. Tundra, occupying the northernmost part of the Tyumen region. About 80% of the area Western Siberia located within West Siberian Plain. Forest zone The West Siberian Plain is divided into subzones. Stone berry. At the base of the territory lies a young platform. Neither hit nor fall.
Topic 3. Asian Russia (Eastern macroregion)
Geographical position. Big square territory and a low degree of exploration and development, poor population. The concentration of the bulk of the population in the south.
Diversity of natural conditions. Wealth in natural resources. The focal nature of the location of production, its raw materials, mining focus. Poor development of processing industries. Difficulties in organizing production and life of the population in extreme conditions.
Western Siberia. Composition of the region. Geographical location in the west of the Asian part of Russia, between the Urals and Yenisei.
The West Siberian Plain is one of the largest lowland plains globe. Its position on the young Epipaleozoic plate and features of relief formation. Kara Sea. Climate and inland waters. Severe swampiness. Clearly expressed zoning of nature from tundra to steppes. The North Zone and its significance. The dominance of medium-high and high mountains in the south of Western Siberia. Basins separating mountains. Contrast of climatic conditions. Altitudinal zone.
Agroclimatic resources. Assessment of natural conditions for human life and everyday life.
Indigenous peoples (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, etc.). Disproportions in the area and population of Western Siberia. Scientific centers and future technopolises.
Richness and variety natural resources: mineral, forest, feed, fur, aquatic, fish. The economy is focused on the extraction and processing of its own resources. The petrochemical complex is the basis of the region's economy. Features of its structure and placement. The largest Russian oil and gas companies. Pipeline system. Main directions of oil and gas transportation. Agroindustrial complex: development of territory, agricultural areas and their specialization. Main types of transport. Trans-Siberian Railway, Ob River, Tyumen - Surgut - Yamburg railway. Contemporary issues and prospects for the development of leading sectors of the economy. The main geographical focuses of economic, social and environmental problems in Western Siberia.
Practical work. Study and assessment of the natural conditions of the West Siberian region for human life and everyday life.
North of Eastern Siberia. Composition of the region. Geographical location east of the Yenisei. The role of the Lena River and the Northern Sea Route. Seas: Kara, Laptev, East Siberian. Russian explorers of the northern seas.
Diversity of tectonic structure and relief. Features of the relief and geological structure of the Central Siberian Plateau. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, diamonds, hard and brown coal, chemical raw materials. Sharply continental climate, temperature inversion, permafrost. Climate influence and permafrost on the features of the relief, water network and soil and vegetation cover. Forest resources.
Great Siberian rivers: their water content, nutrition, regime, energy and water resources. Taiga is the main natural area. Altitudinal zone; steppe basins. Land and agroclimatic resources. Agroindustrial complex: features of structure and development in extreme conditions. Hunting objects and hunting grounds. Other fisheries in the region. The largest nature reserves. The discrepancy between natural resources and human resources, ways to solve it. Indigenous peoples, features of their life and way of life, problems.
Historical features of settlement by Russians. Ostrogi. Discovery of the copper-nickel-cobalt province. Founding of Norilsk.
The fuel and energy complex is the basis of the territory's economy. Angara-Yenisei hydroelectric power station cascade. Development of energy-intensive industries: non-ferrous metallurgy and pulp and paper industry, main centers and development prospects. The role of conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises in the regional economy. Prospects for industrial development.
Features of construction in permafrost conditions. Environmental problems of the area.
Yakut diamonds, Mirny city.
Prospects for transport development of the region. Amur-Yakutsk highway. Water and air transport. The influence of transport routes on population distribution. The largest cultural, historical, industrial, transport centers.
Natural and economic regions: Putorana and the Central Siberian Plateau. Basic economic, social and ecological problems district.
Practical work. 1. Compilation of characteristics of the Norilsk industrial hub (geographical location, natural conditions and resources, a set of industries and their relationships, industrial centers). 2. Assessing the nature of the region from the perspective of human living conditions in rural areas and the city.
Southern Siberia. Composition of the region. Geographical location: in the mountain range Southern Siberia, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Transport links with border states: China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Communication with the North along the Yenisei and Lena. BAM
Mountain systems Southern Siberia. Fold-block mountains: Altai, Salair Ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, Sayan Mountains. Mountains of the Baikal region and Transbaikalia.
Upper reaches of large Siberian rivers: Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. Hydroenergy significance of rivers. Features and problems of Lake Baikal.
Sharply continental climate. "Pole of Cold" of the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature inversions. Permafrost.
Natural resources: mineral, forest.
Internal differences: Kuznetsk-Altai, Angara-Yenisei, Transbaikal subdistricts.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. Stages of settlement and development. Creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Kuzbass, its problems. Novosibirsk - science Center.
Angaro-Yenisei subdistrict. Kansk-Achinsk basin. Hydro resources. Formation of the Angara-Yenisei thermal power plants and TPK. Settlement of the territory. Migration and labor problems. Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, closed defense centers. Problems of development of the subdistrict.
Transbaikal subdistrict. Mountain systems, earthquakes, Baikal rift zone. Natural resources: non-ferrous and rare earth metals, coal. Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chita region. Prospects for the development of the BAM zone.
The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.
Practical work. Compilation of comparative characteristics of subregions of Southern Siberia.
Far East. Composition of the region. Features of the geographical and geopolitical position: strong meridional elongation, the presence of mainland, peninsular and island parts.
Stages of territory development, Russian explorers in the 17th century, establishment of the Russian-Chinese and Russian-Japanese borders.
Geological youth of the territory. Predominance of mountains. Tectonic mobility of the territory: frequent earthquakes and volcanism, seaquakes, tsunamis. Valley of Geysers, thermal springs. Strip of the Pacific metallogenic belt: deposits of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals. The region's area of specialization is the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Oil and gas fields on Sakhalin and the shelf.
Discrepancy between area and population. Uneven population distribution. The relative youth of the population. Migration, demand for labor resources. Indigenous peoples: life, culture, traditions, problems.
Monsoon climate of the Pacific coast. Climatic contrasts of north and south. Great density and full flow of the river network. Floods and floods. Hydro resources and hydroelectric power stations. The influence of the coastal position on the displacement of borders natural areas to the south. Gigantism of plants. Characteristics of the tundra and forest zone. The Ussuri taiga is a unique natural complex. Logging and pulp and paper production. The wealth of the Pacific seas in biological resources. Salmon fish. Fish processing complex. Prospects for the development and problems of the ocean economy in the east of the region.
Auxiliary industries: electric power industry, oil refining, ship repair. Branches of the military-industrial complex. Transport network Far East. Favorable soil and agroclimatic resources in the south of the territory. Agro-industrial complex. The Far East in the Asia-Pacific region. Integration with Asia-Pacific countries. Problems of free economic zones. Intradistrict differences and cities. Vladivostok is a commercial, industrial, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.
Practical work. 1. Identification on the map of industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East. 2. Educational discussion: free economic zones of the Far East - problems and development prospects.
Topic 4.Russia in modern timesworld
Russia and CIS countries. Geography of the new foreign countries. Assessment of their historical, economic and ethnocultural ties with Russia. Relations between Russia and other countries of the world.
Assimilation educational material implemented using basic groups teaching methods and their combinations:
Methods of organizing and implementing educational and cognitive activities: verbal (story, educational lecture, conversation), visual (illustrative and demonstration), practical, problem-search under the guidance of a teacher and independent work of students.
Methods of stimulating and motivating educational activities: educational games, business games.
Methods of monitoring and self-monitoring of efficiency educational activities: individual survey, frontal survey, sample control, written work.
The degree of activity and independence of students increases with the use of explanatory and illustrative, partly search (heuristic), problem presentation, research teaching methods.
The following are used means of education:
educational visual aids (tables, posters, maps, etc.),
organizational and pedagogical means (cards, tickets, handouts).
ICT and office resources
Planned results:
Name and (or) show:
subject of study of Russian geography;
basic means and methods for obtaining geographic information:
subjects of the Russian Federation;
border states;
peculiarities geographical location, size of territory, length of sea and land borders of Russia;
time zone boundaries:
basic geological eras, structures of the earth's crust, seismically hazardous areas;
climate-forming factors, weather features in cyclones and anticyclones;
distribution of the country's rivers among ocean basins;
main areas of modern glaciation and large glaciers:
zonal types of soils, their main properties, examples of land reclamation in different zones and regions;
main types of natural resources and examples of their rational and irrational use;
the most important natural and economic objects of the country, including centers: industrial, transport, scientific and information, financial, trade, recreational, cultural and historical, areas of new development, old industrial and depressed:
peoples, most common languages, religions;
examples of rational and irrational production location;
objects of the World cultural and natural heritage of Russia (UNESCO list);
areas exposed to natural disasters natural phenomena(droughts, floods, mudflows, earthquakes, etc.);
ecologically unfavorable regions of Russia:
routes and territories of discoverers and explorers of Russian territory.
2. Determine (measure):
geographical location of objects;
differences in zone time between territories;
weather according to a synoptic map;
parameters of natural and socio-economic objects and phenomena according to various sources of information.
3. Describe:
geographical location of the country, individual regions and geographical objects, its types (economic-geographical, geopolitical, etc.);
images of natural and economic objects, including one of the areas of new industrial, agricultural, urban, transport or recreational construction;
features of life and religion of individual peoples.
4. Explain:
the influence of geographical location on the characteristics of nature, economy and life of the population of Russia;
formation and placement of relief forms, patterns of placement of the largest mineral deposits;
education atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, their influence on weather conditions, smog formation;
the influence of climate on human life, everyday life, and economic activities;
how to make a weather forecast;
distribution of permafrost, its impact on the state natural complexes and human development of the territory;
soil-forming processes, features of the flora and fauna of natural zones;
the causes of the occurrence of hazardous natural phenomena, their spread throughout the country;
diversity of natural complexes in the country;
differences in natural population growth, its growth rate and level of urbanization individual territories, directions of migration, formation and development of various forms of urban and rural settlement;
change in proportions between spheres, sectors, intersectoral complexes and sectors in the structure of the economy, features of the location of the main sectors of the economy and the main specialization of the regions, factors and conditions for the location of enterprises;
features of nature, population, economy of individual regions, differences in the levels of their socio-economic development;
role geographical factor in the development of human society using the example of the Russian Federation;
the uniqueness and universal value of natural and cultural monuments;
reasons for changes in natural and economic complexes of regions;
features of tools, means of transportation, housing, types of economic activity that arose as a result of human adaptation to environment in different geographical conditions;
explain the causes of geographical phenomena based on the application of the concepts: “geological chronology”;
role geographical knowledge in solving socio-economic, environmental problems
“cyclone”, “anticyclone”, “solar radiation”, “evaporation”, “evaporation”;
"reclamation": "agglomeration";
"metropolis"; "labor resources";
"concentration"; "specialization";
“cooperation”; “combination”; “fuel and energy balance”; “intensive” and “extensive” ways of economic development.
Assess and forecast: natural resource potential of the country, region; environmental situation in the country, region
changes in natural and socio-economic objects under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;
changes in population, changes in the ratio of urban and rural populations, development of the system of urban settlements;
economic development and problems
regions of the country
, your region and your locality
Mandatory practical work to be completed in the course “Geography of Russia. Nature, population, economy"
8th grade “Comparative characteristics of state enterprises of Russia, the USA and Canada.” Designation on the contour map of Russia's neighboring countries.
“Determination of standard time for different populated cities in Russia”
“Analysis of the administrative-territorial division of Russia”
“Identification of the relationship between the structure of the earth’s crust, relief and minerals”
"Drawing up a layout climate map according to specified values"
“Assessment of the climate of the Russian region as a factor in the economy and living conditions of people” “Comparative characteristics of rivers in the European and Asian parts of the country”“Determination of the relationship between land waters, relief and climate”
"Assessment of security
water resources
territories of the country"
"Characteristic
soil resources your locality"“Characteristics of natural economic zones. Relationships and interdependence of the components of nature and human life and economic activity using the example of one of the natural-economic zones.” “Comparative characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of Russian regions”“Characteristics of the characteristics of the population movement in Russia”
9th grade "Analysis economic maps
to define types
territorial structure
farms"
“Identification from maps and ecological and climatic indicators of areas for growing grain and industrial crops”
“Identification of main livestock production areas”
"Designation on the contour natural map, geographical areas, constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Comparison of them according to various indicators (size of territory, borders, population, etc.)
“Comprehensive characteristics of an economic region using the example of the Urals”
“Identification and analysis of conditions for the development of the economy of the region’s districts”
“Comparison of regional gas resources and its impact on nature, people’s lives and economies”
“Identification of the level of socio-economic development of Russia and Russia’s place in the world based on the analysis of various sources of information”
Criteria and norms for assessing students’ knowledge:
Verbal response.
Rating "5"" is put if the student:
Shows deep and complete knowledge and understanding of the entire scope program material;
a complete understanding of the essence of the concepts, phenomena and patterns, theories, relationships under consideration; Able to compose a complete and correct answer based on the material studied; highlight the main points, independently confirm the answer with specific examples and facts; independently and reasonedly make analyses, generalizations, and conclusions. Establish interdisciplinary (based on previously acquired knowledge) and intradisciplinary connections, creatively apply acquired knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. Consistently, clearly, coherently, reasonably and accurately present educational material; give an answer in a logical sequence using accepted terminology; draw your own conclusions; formulate precise definition and interpretation of basic concepts, laws, theories; When answering, do not repeat the text of the textbook verbatim; present the material in literary language; answer correctly and thoroughly additional questions teachers. Use visual aids independently and rationally, reference materials, textbook, additional literature, primary sources;
apply the system
good knowledge of the map and its use, correct solution of geographical problems.
Rating "4" is given if the student:
Demonstrates knowledge of all studied program material. Gives a complete and correct answer based on the theories studied;
minor errors and omissions in the reproduction of the studied material, definitions of concepts were incomplete, minor inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations from observations and experiments; presents the material in a certain logical sequence, while making one minor mistake or no more than two shortcomings and can correct them independently if requested or with a little help from the teacher; basically mastered the educational material;
supports the answer with specific examples; correctly answers additional questions from the teacher.
Able to independently identify the main points in the studied material; based on facts and examples, generalize, draw conclusions, and establish intra-subject connections. Apply acquired knowledge in practice in a modified situation, follow the basic rules of culture
oral speech
and accompanying writing, use scientific terms;
Basically, the definitions of concepts are given correctly and scientific terms are used;
The answer is independent;
Presence of inaccuracies in the presentation of geographical material;
Definitions of concepts are incomplete, there are minor violations of the sequence of presentation, minor inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations;
Coherent and consistent presentation; with the help of the teacher’s leading questions, the gaps made are filled in;
The presence of specific ideas and elementary real concepts of the studied geographical phenomena; is given if the student:
Understanding of basic geographic relationships;
Knowledge of the map and ability to use it;
When solving geographical problems, minor mistakes were made.
Rating "3"
Has mastered the main content of the educational material, has gaps in mastering the material that do not prevent further mastery of the program material;
Has difficulty applying the knowledge needed to solve various types of problems, explaining specific phenomena based on theories and laws, or confirming specific examples practical application theories;
Answers the teacher’s questions incompletely (missing the main point), or reproduces the content of the textbook text, but does not sufficiently understand individual provisions that have important in this text;
Reveals insufficient understanding of certain provisions when reproducing the textbook text (records, primary sources) or answers the teacher’s questions incompletely, allowing one or two gross mistakes.
Poor knowledge of geographical nomenclature, lack of practical skills in the field of geography (inability to use a compass, scale, etc.);
Geographical ideas are poor, formalistic knowledge predominates;
Knowledge of the map is insufficient, the display on it is confusing;
Only with the help of leading questions does the student grasp geographic connections.
Rating "2" is given if the student:
Did not assimilate and did not reveal the main content of the material;
Does not draw conclusions or generalizations.
Does not know or understand a significant or major part of the program material within the limits of the questions posed;
Has poorly formed and incomplete knowledge and does not know how to apply it to solving specific questions and problems according to the model;
When answering (one question), he makes more than two gross mistakes, which he cannot correct even with the help of a teacher.
There are serious errors in using the card.
A grade of "1" is given if the student:
Cannot answer any of the questions asked;
Didn't fully understand the material .
Note. At the end of the student’s oral response, the teacher gives brief analysis answer, a motivated assessment is announced. It is possible to involve other students to analyze the answer, self-analysis, and offer an assessment.
Assessing the quality of practical and independent work in geography.
Mark "5"
Practical or independent work completed in full in compliance with the required sequence. The students worked completely independently: they selected the sources of knowledge necessary to carry out the proposed work, demonstrated the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for carrying out practical and independent work.
The work is neatly presented in a form that is optimal for recording the results.
The form of recording materials can be proposed by the teacher or chosen by the students themselves.
Mark "4"
Practical or independent work is completed by students in full and independently.
Deviations from the required execution sequence are allowed without affecting the correctness of the final result (rearranging points of the standard plan when characterizing individual territories or countries, etc.).
The sources of knowledge indicated by the teacher were used, including pages of the atlas, tables from the appendix to the textbook, pages from statistical collections. The work showed knowledge of the basic theoretical material and mastering the skills necessary to perform work independently.
Inaccuracies and negligence in the presentation of work results are allowed.
Mark "3"
Practical work is completed and documented by students with the help of a teacher or by well-prepared students who have already performed “excellently” this work students. A lot of time was spent on completing the work (you can give the opportunity to complete the work at home). Students showed knowledge of theoretical material, but experienced difficulties when working independently with atlas maps, statistical materials, and geographical tools.
Mark "2"
It is exhibited in the case when students were not prepared to perform this work. The results obtained do not allow us to draw correct conclusions and are completely at odds with the stated goal. Poor knowledge of theoretical material and lack of necessary skills were revealed. Guidance and assistance from the teacher and well-prepared students are ineffective due to the student's poor preparation.
changes in population, changes in the ratio of urban and rural populations, development of the system of urban settlements;
Textbook “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.P. Dronov, L.E.
Savelyeva. Moscow, Education, 2009.
Exercise book “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". E.Yu. Mishnyaeva, N.V.
Olkhovaya, S.V. Bannikov. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2011
Examiner's notebook “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.V. Barabanov.
Moscow, Education, 2010. Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8-9 grade." V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2010.
"Characteristic
Textbook “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy" V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva.
Moscow, Education, 2010.
Exercise book “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy" E.S. Khodova, N.V. Alder.
Moscow, Education, 2010.
Examiner's notebook “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy" V.V. Barabanov. Moscow, Education, 2010.
Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: Nature.
Population. Farming. 8-9 grade" V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2006. Contour maps “Geography. Russia: Nature.
Population. Farming. 9th grade” Moscow, Education, 2010.
Lesson thematic planning “Geography.
Russia: Nature. Population. Farming.
9th grade" N.V. Alder. Moscow, Education, 2010.
Geography. Navigator. Materials to help the teacher.
6-9 grades. Teacher's Guide
educational institutions
. Edited by V.P. Dronova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009
Additional literature:
1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade: textbook for general education. institutions/V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Education, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres): Digital educational resources:, 1. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius., 2. Geography of Russia. Nature and population. Multimedia textbook on geography for grade 8. Authors: Dronov V.P., Savelyeva L.E., Pyatunin V.B.. 8 3. Geography lessons from Cyril and Methodius. 4. Great Encyclopedia of Russia. Nature and geography of Russia. Internet resources: 1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade: textbook for general education. institutions/V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Education, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres). 8 3. Geography lessons from Cyril and Methodius.. 1. - section "Geography" in the Wikipedia encyclopedia (free encyclopedia). Russia Nature population Internet resources: 1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade: textbook for general education. institutions/V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Education, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres) farmingClass
. - M.: Bustard, 2010. 2. Sirotin V.I.Geography Working notebook with set contour maps . – M.: Bustard, 2011. 3.. 8th grade... Explanatory note This work program is compiled on the basis of: standard of basic general education in geography (basic level) 2008 Explanatory note Explanatory a note
This
workingprogram compiled on the basis of: the basic standard general education Internet resources: 1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade: textbook for general education. institutions/V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Education, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres). Digital educational resources: By 1. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.. geography(a basic level of... Work program subject: Geography of Russia. Nature and population. Economy and geographical areas Class 8 Internet resources: 1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade: textbook for general education. institutions/V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Education, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres) Working programm Year EXPLANATORY