Mushrooms are a separate kingdom. Why are mushrooms classified as a separate kingdom? for humans and what is their harm
Fungi are eukaryotic living organisms that are both plant- and animal-like. Previously, they were considered a subspecies of plants, and in 1970 it was decided to distinguish them into separate kingdom. The study of mushrooms is the task of the science of mycology. Let's figure out why mushrooms were isolated in independent kingdom, what characteristics caused this.
Introduction to the kingdom of mushrooms
Mushrooms are interesting for their diversity. This group of living organisms consists of more than 250 thousand species. Their habitat is different. Mushrooms can grow anywhere organic matter necessary for their life.
What makes mushrooms unique? Biology gives the concept of mushrooms as a special form of life. They consist of a mycelium and a fruit part. The basis of life activity is undoubtedly the mycelium. Fungi can reproduce asexually or vegetatively.
We are used to looking for mushrooms in forests and plantings, under a layer of dry leaves, on rotten stumps and snags. But few people know that mushrooms can live in soil, in water, and even on the bodies of animals or people.
Why were mushrooms separated into an independent kingdom?
Mushrooms still remain a mystery to science. The characteristics of the fungal kingdom are common to both plants and animals. Take, for example, their principle of nutrition. Mushrooms absorb ready-made organic matter, this makes them similar to animals. But the method of nutrition itself is characteristic of plants, since this occurs through absorption.
In their own way, they are both unicellular and multicellular, which is more common. The cells of some representatives of this species contain a clear sign of similarity between fungi and animals, in particular insects. Another such characteristic is the absence of pigments capable of photosynthesis in fungal cells. But at the same time, mushrooms and plants are united by their immobility.
Mushrooms reproduce by spores, which is typical for plants, but during their life processes they release urea, which is typical for animals.
All these factors do not make it possible to unambiguously determine the identity of the mushrooms and become the reason why mushrooms were separated into an independent kingdom.
for humans and what is their harm?
Mushrooms are eaten. They are even called meat for vegetarians. The variety of their types gives the same variety of tastes mushroom dishes. But at the same time there are more than 100 species poisonous mushrooms. For example, it causes huge amount fatal poisonings.
Some representatives of this kingdom are used for medicinal purposes. With their help, it is possible to remove radionuclides from the body and treat tumor diseases.
Known for his healing properties. It is widely used in cosmetology. Its ability to influence the natural regeneration of the skin is especially valuable. Many well-known cosmetic brands produce anti-aging serums and creams based on extracts of this mushroom.
But at the same time, they can cause many human diseases. These are diseases of the skin - dermatomycosis, and sometimes serious damage to internal organs.
It is impossible not to mention the global importance of mushrooms for the planet’s biosphere. Their ability to decompose organic matter makes them an integral and important part of the ecosystem.
Taking into account all the diversity and specificity of the representatives of the species, it becomes clear why mushrooms were separated into an independent kingdom. The importance of the mushroom kingdom for humans and the biosphere as a whole does not require additional interpretation.
To the question why are mushrooms classified as a separate kingdom? given by the author Nastya =) the best answer is
Brings them closer to plants.
2) immobility;
3) reproduction by spores;
What they have in common with animals is:
These structural features and vital functions of fungi allow us to consider them one of the most ancient groups of organisms.
Answer from Yatyanochka[expert]
Because they cannot be classified as either plants or animals... And they have their own special characteristics...
Answer from philosophize[expert]
Because they insert :-))
Answer from Drizzle[newbie]
Mushrooms have properties characteristic of both plants and animals. But at the same time, they differ from both plants and animals.
Difference from plants:
– storage substance glycogen;
– presence of chitin in cell walls;
– heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Difference from animals:
– unlimited growth;
– reproduction using spores;
– presence of a cell wall.
Answer from European[active]
The concept of mushrooms as a separate kingdom was formed in science by the 1970s, although E. Fries proposed distinguishing this kingdom in 1831, and Carl Linnaeus expressed doubts when placing mushrooms in the plant kingdom in his “System of Nature”. In the second half of the 20th century, the idea of polyphyletic fungi was finally formed. By the end of the 20th century, data on genetics, cytology and biochemistry had been accumulated, which made it possible to divide this group of organisms into several unrelated branches and distribute them between different kingdoms, leaving only one of them in the kingdom of “real”, or mushrooms themselves.
They are similar to plants:
the presence of a well-defined cell wall;
immobility;
reproduction by spores;
ability to synthesize vitamins;
absorption of food by absorption (adsorption).
What they have in common with animals is:
heterotrophy (feeding on ready-made organic compounds);
the presence of chitin in the cell wall, characteristic of the exoskeleton of arthropods;
absence of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments in the cells;
accumulation of glycogen as a reserve substance;
formation and release of a metabolic product - urea.
These structural features and vital functions of fungi allow us to consider them one of the most ancient groups of organisms.
Answer from Artem Malikov[newbie]
Mushrooms are neither animals nor plants; that is why they were separated into a separate kingdom. Traditionally, fungi were studied in botany courses because they seemed closer to plants than to animals. A sedentary lifestyle, unlimited growth, the absence of centrioles, the presence of a cell wall - all this brought fungi closer to plants. Now mushrooms are classified into a separate kingdom along with the kingdoms of plants and animals, like separate group living organisms. The reasons for this are the peculiarities of their nutrition, metabolism, structure and reproduction, which do not allow them to be combined with either plants or animals.
Mushrooms are characterized by a rich spectrum of enzymes and secondary metabolites. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs (unlike autotrophic plants), but if in animals food is digested inside the body after the animal absorbs it, then the fungi secrete enzymes outside, the substrate is digested, and then ready nutrients are absorbed (absorbed, absorbed) by the cells of the fungus. The absence of plastids and chlorophyll, the presence of chitin in the cell wall, the synthesis of glycogen (and not starch), and the formation of urea (as a product of nitrogen metabolism) also bring fungi closer to animals.
The structure of mushrooms is peculiar. There are no real fabrics; various structures ( fruiting bodies) are formed by plectenchyma - a plexus of hyphae. Hyphae are formed by cells completely isolated from each other by septa (or not septated at all) so that neighboring cells can freely exchange contents. The cells themselves can be without nuclei, with one, two or several nuclei.
Mitosis in fungi occurs without destruction of the nuclear membrane: it is distributed between daughter nuclei, and the spindle passes directly through the nucleus. Meiosis in fungi occurs immediately after the formation of the zygote. Reproduction by spores is typical. There are no motile cells at any stage.
IN cap mushrooms After germination, the spore forms a primary mycelium, each cell of which contains one haploid nucleus. Hyphae may fuse; germinating, they form secondary mycelium, each cell of which contains two haploid nuclei. If the nuclei are identical (a consequence of the fusion of hyphae sprouted from the same spore), such a strain (mycelium) is called homokaryotic, if different (a consequence of mutation or fusion of hyphae sprouted from different spores) - heterokaryotic. Heterokaryosis is genetically similar to heterozygosity, but the genomes of different strains are located in different nuclei (haploid).
Sometimes haploid nuclei in such mycelium can merge, forming diploid ones, in which homologous chromosomes can conjugate and exchange sections. Subsequently, haploid ones can be formed again from diploid nuclei. This process is called the parasexual cycle.
Answer from Dima Vlasenko[newbie]
They are the chosen ones
Answer from Daniil Izmerov[newbie]
Mushrooms are a kingdom of living organisms that combine the characteristics of plants and animals.
Brings them closer to plants.
1) the presence of a well-defined cell wall;
2) immobility;
3) reproduction by spores;
4) ability to synthesize vitamins;
5) absorption of food by absorption (adsorption).
What they have in common with animals is:
1) heterotrophy (feeding on ready-made organic compounds);
2) the presence of chitin in the cell wall, characteristic of the exoskeleton of arthropods;
3) absence of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments in the cells;
4) accumulation of glycogen as a reserve substance;
5) formation and release of a metabolic product - urea.
These structural features and vital functions of fungi allow us to consider them one of the most ancient groups of organisms.
Why do mushrooms secrete special kingdom organic world?
=Why is it wrong to classify mushrooms as plants?
Answer
Because fungi, unlike plants, are heterotrophs, do not have chloroplasts, their cell wall consists of chitin. But at the same time, unlike animals, mushrooms are immobile, grow throughout their lives, and have a cell wall.
What are the structural features and vital functions of mushrooms?
=What are characteristic features kingdom of mushrooms?
Answer
Fungi, unlike plants, do not have chloroplasts and a large central vacuole. Unlike animals, fungi are immobile and have a cell wall made of chitin. The body of the mushroom consists of mycelium (mycelium). Mushrooms do not move, but grow throughout their lives. Fungi are heterotrophs, i.e. finished organic substances are obtained from food. Mushrooms secrete digestive juices from themselves and then absorb the digestion products.
Answer
2) Among the mushrooms there are single-celled organisms, for example, yeast.
3) There are no autotrophs among fungi.
4) The cell walls of fungi consist of chitin.
Find three errors in the given text and correct them. 1) Fungi are classified into a separate kingdom of organisms. 2) The body of the mushroom consists of mycelium. 3) A fungal cell has a cell wall, which contains cellulose. 4) In fungal cells, ATP synthesis occurs in mitochondria. 5) The storage nutrient is glycogen. 6) According to the method of nutrition, mushrooms are autotrophs. 7) Mushrooms are immobile, their growth is limited.
Answer
3) The cell wall of fungi includes chitin.
6) According to the method of nutrition, fungi are heterotrophs.
7) Mushrooms grow unlimitedly throughout life.
How does a person use molds?
Answer
1) Receives antibiotics (penicillin from penicillium).
2) Receives some types of cheeses ("blue").
What basic rule must be followed when collecting mushrooms to maintain their numbers?
Answer
The mycelium must not be damaged. Mushrooms must be cut with a knife or carefully twisted.
Why is the soil in forest plantations populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
=
For what purpose, when progressively planting trees on poor soils, is the soil infected with special types of fungi?
Answer
Sysbiosis with fungi (mycorrhiza) helps plants absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.
Answer
The mycelium of these fungi spreads throughout the plant body, destroying and digesting cells.
What are the features of the structure and life activity cap mushrooms? Name at least 4 features.
Answer
1) They have a fruiting body consisting of a stem and a cap.
2) Use the fruiting body to disperse spores.
3) As a rule, they form mycorrhiza (symbiosis with trees).
4) As part of mycorrhiza, it supplies the plant with water and mineral salts in exchange for sugar.
Why is it dangerous to eat mushrooms collected near the highway?
Answer
Fungi absorb substances from the soil, including harmful substances emitted by cars (for example, lead salts).
The familiar russulas, plump boletuses, white milk mushrooms, saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, chanterelles, boletuses, aspen mushrooms, slippery boletuses - these are all mushrooms. We are happy to collect them under a layer of dried needles and leaves in undergrowth and forests, on rotten stumps and snags. These mushrooms have the following structure:
- hat;
- leg;
- mycelium.
Mushrooms and plants
Mushrooms are not like plants in that they are completely devoid of chlorophyll, the green pigment needed for photosynthesis. Sun rays, liquid, carbon dioxide help plants form mineral and organic substances necessary for their existence. In doing so, they release oxygen. This type of nutrition is called autotrophic. Fungi reproduce by spores, and plants in most cases reproduce by seeds. Like plants, mushrooms are immobile and they also feed like plants, absorbing nutrients.
Mushrooms and animals
The above reasons do not make it possible to correctly determine the identity of the mushrooms. Therefore, they were separated into a separate independent kingdom. Also, completely different sciences study plants, fungi and animals: botany, mycology, zoology.
Mushrooms are neither animals nor plants; that is why they were separated into a separate kingdom. Traditionally, fungi were studied in botany courses because they seemed closer to plants than to animals. A sedentary lifestyle, unlimited growth, the absence of centrioles, the presence of a cell wall - all this brought fungi closer to plants. Now mushrooms are classified into a separate kingdom along with the kingdoms of plants and animals, as a separate group of living organisms. The reasons for this are the peculiarities of their nutrition, metabolism, structure and reproduction, which do not allow them to be combined with either plants or animals.
Mushrooms are characterized by a rich spectrum of enzymes and secondary metabolites. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs (unlike autotrophic plants), but if in animals food is digested inside the body after the animal absorbs it, then the fungi secrete enzymes outward, the substrate is digested, and then the finished nutrients are absorbed (absorbed, absorbed ) fungal cells. The absence of plastids and chlorophyll, the presence of chitin in the cell wall, the synthesis of glycogen (and not starch), and the formation of urea (as a product of nitrogen metabolism) also bring fungi closer to animals.
The structure of mushrooms is peculiar. There are no real fabrics; various structures (fruiting bodies) are formed plectenchyma- plexus of hyphae. Hyphae are formed by cells completely isolated from each other by septa (or not septated at all) so that neighboring cells can freely exchange contents. The cells themselves can be without nuclei, with one, two or several nuclei.
Mitosis in fungi occurs without destruction of the nuclear membrane: it is distributed between daughter nuclei, and the spindle passes directly through the nucleus. Meiosis in fungi occurs immediately after the formation of the zygote. Reproduction by spores is typical. There are no motile cells at any stage.
In cap mushrooms, the spore after germination forms a primary mycelium, each cell of which contains one haploid nucleus. Hyphae may fuse; germinating, they form secondary mycelium, each cell of which contains two haploid nuclei. If the nuclei are identical (a consequence of the fusion of hyphae sprouted from one spore), such a strain (mycelium) is called homokaryotic, if different (a consequence of mutation or fusion of hyphae sprouted from different spores) - heterokaryotic. Heterokaryosis is genetically similar to heterozygosity, but the genomes of different strains are located in different nuclei (haploid).
Sometimes haploid nuclei in such mycelium can merge, forming diploid ones, in which homologous chromosomes can conjugate and exchange sections. Subsequently, haploid ones can be formed again from diploid nuclei. This process is called the parasexual cycle.
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