Mucor mushroom, or white mold: features of structure, reproduction and nutrition. Always be in the mood
Class Zygomycetes. The mucor fungus develops in the soil, on food, organic residues plant origin, which leads to molding of root crops, fruits, and feed if stored improperly. At first, a fluffy coating is visible to the naked eye white, which darkens over time. This is due to the formation of many sporangia with spores for asexual reproduction. If you cultivate the mucor mushroom on the agar nutrient medium, colonies will form round shape. The mucor hyphae are unsegmented and highly branched. The spores of the fungus are concentrated in sporangia, which have a spherical shape. Sporangia are located on elongated hyphae (sporangiophores) growing vertically upward. Even with slight magnification, sporangia can be clearly seen under a microscope. Those areas of the mycelium where there are clusters of sporangiophores look like a lot of pins. In this regard, fungi of the genus Mucor are called capitate molds.
Mucor mycelium not divided by septa and is one huge multinucleate branched cell. Otherwise internal structure hyphae are typical for eukaryotes. Mucor hyphae, which have a slightly curved shape, are called stolons. The edges of the stolons are framed by bundles of shortened hyphae, which resembles root system. The threads of the fungal mycelium are thin and transparent, so at first the mold has the appearance of a white fluff before the formation of sporangia. After the spores mature, the sporangium shell, consisting of callose, high humidity bursts, and several thousand multinucleated immobile sporangiospores scatter. They are very small, so they can only be seen with a microscope. Sporangiospores, which appeared after the reduction division of nuclei, are the predecessors of a new generation of fungi.
There is a method of sexual reproduction in mucor. In this case, two threads of one (in homothallic species) or different (in heterothallic species) mycelium are connected to form a diploid zygote. A short germinal hypha with an embryonic sporangium grows from it, giving rise to a new fungus.
The meaning of the mushroom The genus of Mucor in nature and human life is very large. Certain species Mucors have high enzymatic (mainly amylolytic and proteolytic) activity, and therefore they are used as a starter (“Chinese yeast”) to produce fermented products such as “soy cheese”, potato alcohol, etc. An antibacterial drug, ramicin, is obtained from mucor rammanianum. Selected species can provoke the occurrence of diseases (muromycosis) in farm animals and humans.
MUKOR MUKOR
(Micor), a genus of fungi of the order Mucorales of the class of zygomycetes. At the top of single colorless sporangiophores (up to 10 cm in length), one sporangium develops (up to 180 µm in diameter). The shell of a mature sporangium, consisting of callose. easily dissolves in the presence of moisture, releasing several. thousands of multinucleate, nonmotile sporangiospores. During the sexual process, two branches of one (in homothallic species) or different (in heterothallic species - most M.) mycelia merge, forming a diploid zygote, the edges of which grow with a short germinal hypha with an embryonic sporangium. Sporangiospores formed after the reduction division of nuclei give rise to a new generation. OK. 60 species. Widely distributed in the top layer of soil. Develop organically. residues of plants, origin, food, causing molding of feed, fruits and root crops during storage. Some types, for example. M. sinensis (M. sinensis). M. racemosus, have high enzymatic (mainly amylo- and proteolytic) activity and are used as a starter (“Chinese yeast”) to produce fermented food products (“soy cheese”, etc.), alcohol from potatoes, etc. Cultures of M. ramaunianus produce the antibiotic ramicin. Certain species cause diseases (mucoromycosis) in humans and agriculture. animals.
.(Source: “Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary.” Editor-in-chief M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial Board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)
mudGenus molds. Includes approx. 60 species. Widely distributed in the upper layers of soil. Causes a white coating on food products and their spoilage. After some time, the plaque turns black due to the formation of numerous sporangia with spores (serve for asexual reproduction). The mycelium is not divided by partitions and is represented by one giant multinucleate branched cell. Some mucor mushrooms have high enzymatic activity and are used as a starter to produce fermented food products and alcohol; others cause skin diseases and respiratory tract. The antibiotic ramycin is obtained from mucor ramannianum.
.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)
See what "MUKOR" is in other dictionaries:
Mukor ... Wikipedia
mukor- a, h. Rid of the lower mushrooms of the homeland of the flour family; They appear on the ground, grub products, vegetable and vegetable racks, on fruits, nas and so on... Ukrainian Tlumach Dictionary
mukor- the name of the human family... Spelling dictionary of Ukrainian language
This family includes fungi in which the stylosporangia are not separated. The release of sporangiospores in mucoraceae occurs as a result of the dissolution or rupture of the stylosporangium membrane directly on the stylosporangiophores. Stylosporangia... ... Biological encyclopedia
MOLD, deposits on the surface of organic substrates (food, paper, leather, textiles). They are formed by so-called mold fungi (aspergillus, penicillium, mucor, etc.), widespread in the soil. Some cause diseases... ... Modern encyclopedia
- (from the Greek parthenos virgin and ... genesis (See ... genesis)) virgin reproduction, one of the forms of sexual reproduction of organisms, in which female reproductive cells (eggs (See Ovum)) develop without fertilization (See ... ...
Fluffy or velvety coatings on plants (sometimes on animals) and objects of plant and animal origin, formed by so-called sporulation. molds from ascomycetes, phycomycetes and imperfect fungi. Mushroom threads... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Mucor mushrooms occupy a rather isolated position among other lower fungi. Discovering a lot common features in the structure of the thallus (hyphal structure) with oomycetes (saprolegniaceae, peronosporaceae), mucoraceae at the same time... ... Biological encyclopedia
The most important components of soil are microscopic plants and animals that live in it in a huge number and taking part in a number of basic transformations of substances that occur in the soil. It can be said without exaggeration that the big... Biological encyclopedia
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You've probably noticed that a white coating appears on stale food products. This is the mucor mushroom, which will be discussed in our article. What effect does it have on the human body? What is contained in the black balls of the mucor mushroom? Let's figure it out together.
Classification
Mucor and penicillium fungi are representatives of the class Zygomycetes. Their mycelium is represented by a noncellular structure without partitions. This characteristic feature lower fungi. Taxonomists distinguish 60 types of mucor. This fungus is also called white mold because its hyphae form a light coating on the substrate.
The mycelium of mucor is one large unbranched cell, in the cytoplasm of which there is large number cores. Partitions, or septa, are formed only during the breeding season. This ensures the separation of sporangia, which are the reproductive organs of lower fungi.
Habitat
There is no place in nature where the mucor mushroom could not settle. The main conditions for the development of white mold are the presence of nutrients in the substrate, heat, air and moisture. “In search of food,” mucor hyphae can penetrate plaster, brick and concrete, destroying building structures.
If favorable conditions does not occur, mold spores become covered with a dense shell, and the intensity of metabolic processes in the cytoplasm decreases. They may be in this state for a long time. When conditions change, new mycelium quickly grows from the spores.
The traditional habitats of mucor are organic remains, food and topsoil, which is rich in humus. Mold hyphae have even been found on the structures of nuclear reactors and orbiting satellites.
Nutrition
All fungi, including white mold, are characterized by a heterotrophic type of nutrition. This means that these organisms are able to absorb only ready-made organic substances. All fungi are saprotrophs, or decomposers. organic matter. This feeding method is also typical for bacteria and some algae. Saprotrophs are capable of decomposing substances of both plant and animal origin.
Reproduction
The main method of reproduction of mucor is asexual. It is carried out through the formation of spores - cells of asexual reproduction. Their formation occurs most intensively in the presence of sufficient quantity nutrients in the substrate. Spores are carried by wind over long distances, so mucor spreads easily.
The sexual process occurs when unfavorable conditions. When there is not enough organic matter in the soil for hyphae to develop, these structures move closer together. They connect in the area of gametangia - organs of sexual reproduction. The result of this process is a diploid zygote, from which hyphae subsequently grow. Next, phases life cycle are repeated. During this process, both hyphae of the same mycelium and different ones can take part. In the first case, the species are called homothallic, and in the second - heterothallic.
The structure of the mucor mushroom
Visually, single-celled mold mycelium looks like a white coating. The collection of hyphae forms colonies. Over time they darken. This means that the process of spore maturation has begun. These cells of asexual reproduction develop in special organs. They are called sporangia. These are black balls of mucor mushroom. As they ripen, their shells dissolve when exposed to moisture. This releases thousands of spores into the air, which are easily carried by the wind.
In the mucor mushroom they have the shape of a rounded head. Sporangia can also be branched: mono-, sympoidal or racemose.
Meaning in nature and human life
Some types of white mold are used in the food and medical industries. For example, Chinese, racemose and snail-shaped mucor are used as a starter and fermentation of dairy foods. There is also a known method for obtaining antibiotics from mycelium and ethyl alcohol from potato tubers using mucor. This scope of use is due to its high enzymatic activity. Since the mushroom is used in industrial scale, it is cultivated in laboratories.
But if you find white plaque on the walls, furniture or food, you need to get rid of it urgently. This is even though real threat for humans and animals there are only a few species of fungus.
The fact is that white mold causes dangerous disease, which is called mucormycosis. Usually it affects several organs at once, characterized by certain symptoms. For example, with nasal-cerebral mucormycosis there is a sharp increase in body temperature and headache, redness and swelling of the skin, pain in the face, impaired vision. Lung damage can be identified by a characteristic cough with bloody sputum. Fever and flank pain may be signs of renal mucormycosis. An accurate diagnosis can only be made using chemical and biological analysis.
So, the mucor mushroom, or white mold, is a representative of the lower fungi of the zygomycetes class. Its mycelium is a single unbranched multinucleate cell. Type of nutrition - saprotrophic. Its essence lies in the decomposition of dead organic matter. For the development of the fungus, mucor is necessary nutrients in the substrate, heat and moisture. Due to its high enzymatic activity, white mold is used in food and pharmaceutical industry. Some species of this fungus can cause a dangerous disease - mucormycosis.
Except cap mushrooms, other fungi, such as molds, are also found in nature. They are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. This is the mucor fungus that forms mold. This mushroom often appears on bread and vegetables in the form of a fluffy white plaque, which turns black after a while. Under a microscope, it is clearly visible that the mucor mycelium consists of thin, colorless threads.
The mucor mycelium is just one highly overgrown cell with many nuclei in the cytoplasm. Mucor reproduces by spores. Some threads of the mycelium rise upward and expand at the ends. In these round black heads, spores are formed.
What are we doing? Look at it with the naked eye mold on bread.
Describe it appearance: note the color of the mold, the smell.
Use a dissecting needle to push some of the mold to the side. Mark the condition food product underneath it.
What are we doing? We are preparing a microscopic specimen of the mycelium of the mucor mushroom.
What are we doing? Examine the fungal hyphae, fruiting body and spores under a microscope at 60x magnification. Pay attention to the color of the hyphae and spores.
What is mold mycelium?
What are we doing? Examine the microscopic specimen under high magnification (300x). Look for black heads with spores at the ends of the hyphae. These are sporangia. Consider them.
What to watch. On the microslide, look for burst sporangia from which spores spill out. Consider the disputes.
What are we doing? Prepare a dry (without water) microspecimen of mucor mushroom. Before viewing, place a drop of water under one edge of the cover slip.
What we are seeing. Watch how the heads of the fungus burst from the water and the spores of the fungus fly away.
Conclusion. The body of the mucor consists of a branched multinucleate mycelium resembling white fluff without transverse walls. Sporangiophores (legs with black heads) develop on the mycelium. Thousands develop in the head (sporangia).
Mukor(lat. Mucor) - a genus of lower mold fungi of the class of zygomycetes, which includes about 60 species. Widely distributed in the top layer of soil, they also develop on food and organic residues. Some species cause diseases (mucormycosis) in animals and humans, others are used to obtain antibiotics or as a starter (since some mucormycosis fungi have high enzymatic activity). The mycelium is not divided by partitions and is represented by one giant multinucleate branched cell.
Solitary colorless sporangiophores, at the top of which one sporangium develops. Sporangiophores are simple or branched (monopodial, irregularly sympodial or racemose). The mycelium is a single multinucleate branched cell, not separated by partitions. Colonies are usually beige or gray in color and grow quickly (up to several centimeters in height). Old colonies are darker due to the formation of numerous sporangia with spores.
Reproduction
During asexual reproduction, the shell of a mature sporangium easily dissolves from moisture, releasing several thousand spores.
Sexual reproduction involves two branches of the same (homothallic species) or different (heterothallic species) mycelia. They fuse and form a diploid zygote, which germinates as a hypha with an embryonic sporangium in warm and humid conditions.
27.Order Agaricaceae. Distinctive features. Edible representatives. Distribution, biology and significance in nature.
Order Agaricales or Lamellares (Agaricales)
Species of this order are represented mainly by mushrooms with soft, fleshy fruiting bodies, with a central stalk and a cap on it. Less often fruiting bodies have a cartilaginous or leathery consistency and a lateral stalk. They also happen to have no legs - they are sessile: this is typical for some species that develop on wood, such as oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus). The hymenophore is lamellar or tubular, related in origin to the lamellar one, as indicated in the section “Hymenomycetes”. The order covers 13-16 families. The family is divided according to the color of the spores and hymenophores, the presence or absence of a private and common veil, and the structure and type of arrangement of the plates in relation to the stalk. The plates can be free, not reaching the stem, or reaching the stem, but not attached to it. The plates can be attached to the stem with the entire edge or tooth. There are plates descending along the stem, etc.
The edge of the plates can be smooth, jagged, colored differently than the entire plate, etc.
The surface of the plate - the hymenium - consists of basidia with basidiospores, paraphysis and cystids. The anatomical structure of the plates, especially their central part - the trama, is also of known systematic importance. Trams lamellar mushrooms are divided into 4 types (according to the location of their constituent hyphae).
Irregular trama consists of irregularly shaped intertwined hyphae. These are typical thick hyphae. This trama is typical for species Genus Lentinus(Lentinus).
A regular trama consists of hyphae that run more or less parallel to the length of the plates. Sometimes they intertwine, maintaining this direction. This trama is composed of hyphae with cylindrical cells. The plates of the species have this structure genus Lepiota, or umbrella mushrooms(Lepiota).
Bilateral trama has central part, composed of parallel hyphae. This part is small and forms a thin layer in the middle of the plate. From this trama layer, the hyphae diverge in two opposite directions towards the edges of the plate. They form the side layer of the tram. A typical bilateral trama develops in the plates of species kind of fly agaric, or amanita(Amanita).
The inverted, or inverted, trama has a similar structure to the bilateral one, but the hyphae of the lateral layers seem to be inverted and directed towards the center of the plate. This trama is typical for records. genera volvariella(Volvariella), spittle(Pluteus).
Edible: tubular - porcini mushroom, boletus, boletus, butterfly, fly mushrooms, etc., lamellar - russula, volushka, champignons, saffron milk caps, etc., poisonous: red fly agaric, pale grebe etc.
Most genera are cosmopolitan. One kind pseudobeospora(Pseudobaeospora) includes only 2 species with a limited range: Pseudobaeospora oligophylla - an Asian species - is characteristic of Siberia (mainly Altai), and P. pillodii - a European species - lives in the subalpine zone. They are all saprophytes. They are found on various soils, including sand, often on humus in forests, in deep moss, in steppes and semi-deserts, on sand dunes, very often in greenhouses, and fields. Some live on dead plant debris, and sometimes on living plants, especially ferns and coniferous wood (certain species of lepiots). Mostly cosmopolitan, but some genera are more confined to temperate zones, for example agaricus(Agaricus), macrolepiote(Macrolepiota), melanophyllum(Melanophyllum), while others are tropical, for example lepiota(Lepiota), cystoderm(Cystoderma), leucoagaricus(Leucoagaricus).
Thus, species of this family can be found almost anywhere on the globe. Among them there are many valuable edible mushrooms, but many are also dangerous and deadly poisonous.
The most extensive genera that are of significant importance in nature and human life are Agaricus, Macrolepiota, Lepiota, Cystoderma. The remaining genera are small, including from 1-2 to 10-12 species, differing from the main typical genera in a number of morphological characteristics, for example, the color of the spores (fungi of the genus Leucoagaricus with white spores, and mushrooms of the genus Agaricus with brown-purple spores), punctures on the surface of the spores (fungi of the genus Melanophyllum with punctate bluish or olive-green spores, and mushrooms of the genus Lepiota with smooth white spores).