Mushroom galerina fringed. Poisonous mushroom galerina fringed
Galerina bordered ( lat. Galerina marginata) - view poisonous mushrooms in the Strophariaceae family of the Agarikov order.
Bordered gallerina hat:
The diameter is 1-4 cm, the shape is initially bell-shaped or convex, with age it opens to almost flat. The cap itself is hygrophanous, changing appearance depending on humidity; the dominant color is yellow-brown, ocher, in damp weather - with more or less pronounced concentric zones. The pulp is thin, yellow-brown, with a faint, vague (possibly mealy) odor.
Records:
Medium frequency and width, adherent, initially yellowish, ocher, then reddish-brown. In young mushrooms they are closed with a dense and thick white ring.
Spore powder:
Rust brown.
Framed gallerina leg:
Length 2-5 cm, thickness 0.1 - 0.5 cm, somewhat thickened at the bottom, hollow, with a whitish or yellowish ring. The top of the ring is covered with a powdery coating, the bottom is darker, the color of a cap.
Spreading:
Galerina marginata grows from mid-June to October in forests various types, preferring heavily rotted wood coniferous species; often grows on a substrate immersed in the ground and therefore invisible. Bears fruit Not in large groups.
Similar species:
Galerina fringed can be very unfortunately mistaken for summer honey fungus (Kuehneromyces mutabilis). To avoid fatal misunderstandings, it is strongly recommended not to collect summer honey mushrooms V coniferous forests(where they, as a rule, do not grow). It is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the fringed one from many other representatives of the genus Galerina, but a non-specialist, as a rule, does not need this. Moreover, recent genetic studies seem to have been abolished similar species galerinas, such as Galerina unicolor: all of them, regardless of their own morphological characteristics, are genetically indistinguishable from Galerina carinatum.
Edibility:
The mushroom is extremely poisonous. Contains toxins similar to those of the toadstool (Amanita phalloides).
Galerina fringed is a mushroom of the Strophariaceae family, genus Galerina. This inedible mushroom, and it is extremely poisonous, and tasting it is life-threatening.
The Latin name of the mushroom is Galerina marginata.
The diameter of the fringed galerina cap is 1-4 centimeters. Its shape is initially bell-shaped, then it becomes convex, and with age it becomes flat. The cap of this mushroom is hygrophanic, that is, it absorbs moisture and changes appearance depending on the humidity. The main color of the cap is yellow-brown and ocher, and in wet weather concentric circles become noticeable.
The pulp is thin, yellow-brown in color. The smell of the pulp is weak and indefinite. Under the cap there are plates of medium width and frequency.
The plates grow to the stem. Their color is initially yellowish or ocher, and over time it becomes reddish-brown. In young specimens the plates are covered with a thick dense ring white color. Spore powder rusty brown.
The length of the leg is 2-5 centimeters, and the thickness does not exceed 0.1-0.5 centimeters. The lower part of the leg is somewhat thickened. The leg is hollow inside. It has a whitish or yellowish ring. The upper part, above the ring, is covered with a powdery coating, and bottom part matches the color of the cap.
Places of growth of galerina fringed
These mushrooms grow from June to October. They can be found in forests different types. They prefer rotten coniferous wood, but they also often grow on the substrate, while immersing themselves in it and becoming invisible. Galerinas fringed in small groups bear fruit.
Similarity of galerina fringed with other mushrooms
The fringed galerina can be confused with the summer honey fungus. To avoid the danger of serious poisoning, it is not recommended to collect honey mushrooms in coniferous forests, where they, as a rule, are not found.
It is difficult to distinguish the fringed galerina from other representatives of the family; it is almost impossible for a non-professional to do this.
Poisonousness of galerina fringed
In one of the foreign sources, the bordered gallerina was called good edible mushroom and generally combined it with the summer honey mushroom. It is worth noting that trusting some translated reference books is not only impossible, but even dangerous, since without a shadow of a doubt they call deadly poisonous mushrooms edible, but, for example, valui are classified as poisonous species.
If bordered gallery is really so dangerous, it becomes clear why cases of poisoning are so numerous pale toadstools. After all, doctors are far from mycology; they can only state that the death occurred from certain group toxins, and in toadstools and fringed gallerinas the toxins are the same.
Other mushrooms of this genus
Galerina sphagnum is an inedible mushroom. Her hat is small - 0.6-3.5 centimeters in diameter. Its shape varies from cone-shaped to convex. The surface of the cap can be fibrous or smooth. The hat absorbs moisture. The color of the cap is ocher, brown or yellowish. The leg is long and very thin - its length reaches 12 centimeters, and its diameter does not exceed 0.3 centimeters. The stem is hollow inside and its color matches the cap.
Galerina sphagnum bears fruit from June to September. These mushrooms grow in Northern and South America, in Europe and Asia. They settle in damp places and swampy areas. Sphagnum galerinas grow in whole families.
Moss galerina is a poisonous mushroom. The diameter of the cap is small - 0.4-1.5 centimeters; as it matures, its shape can be cone-shaped, hemispherical and convex. The hat absorbs moisture and swells. Its color is light brown or honey yellow. The length of the leg reaches 4 centimeters, and the thickness is 0.2 centimeters. The color of the legs is light yellow. There is a ring on the stem, but it disappears in mature specimens.
Galerina moss bears fruit from August to September. These mushrooms grow in moss and on dead wood. They prefer to live in small groups, and single specimens are extremely rare.
Honey mushrooms grow in the forest, one might say, throughout the year: the first to appear, in May, is the summer honey mushroom ( Kuehneromyces mutabilis), growing until December, then - autumn honey fungus ( Armillaria mellea- from September to November), followed by winter honey fungus ( Flammulina velutipes), appearing after the first frost and growing throughout the winter during the thaw period. Many novice mushroom pickers have heard the warning of more experienced ones that they should be careful when collecting honey mushrooms, as they have deadly dangerous double– gallerina bordered ( Galerina marginata).
It is most likely to confuse the galerina with the summer honey fungus - the mushrooms have the same fruiting periods and habitats (stumps, lying mossy trees). Both prefer wet places, often found near swamps. Both grow in clumps and have similar cap color and size (at certain ages). Galerina appears later than the summer honey fungus - in August and also grows until December. In the cold season, there is also a possibility of confusing it with winter honey fungus, but this is unlikely for beginner mushroom pickers, who, as a rule, end up mushroom season at the end of September. In addition, the winter honey fungus has one thing characteristic difference– velvety black-brown leg at the base. I was lucky to meet the gallerina at the end of September, when there are still summer honey fungus, – there was a rare opportunity to compare both mushrooms in the photo.
Let's look at this group of mushrooms. What do we see? Are these all summer mushrooms or are there “saboteurs” among them?
Let's look at the same group from a different angle and closer. Are there fewer or more questions?
So, experienced mushroom pickers We have already noticed that among the summer honey mushrooms shown in the photo there is one suspicious mushroom - this is just the fringed galerina. They are similar in color to the honey fungus, but there are also differences. The most important distinguishing feature– the presence of scales on the cap and stem of the mushroom. The honey fungus has them (especially in at a young age) and are completely absent in Galerina. The stem of galerina is fibrous, with a whitish coating that rubs off when touched. With age, the scales of the honey fungus become less frequent, but do not disappear completely.
Cap shapes V at a young age, if you look closely, they also differ – in the honey fungus it is more common irregular shape – obtuse bell-shaped, Galerina’s is more correct, hemispherical. IN mature age the shape of the cap of both mushrooms becomes flat-convex or spread out, that is, this distinguishing feature ceases to work. But the size of the honey mushroom’s cap is always larger than that of the galerina.
Compare the caps of young and mature honey mushrooms.
And now a young and mature gallerina (photos taken with an interval of 5 days).
Another striking distinguishing feature is hat color. At the gallery he homogeneous– from ocher-red to light ocher.
In the honey fungus - with a distinct zonality. In the center of the honey fungus's cap is a darker ocher tubercle, then there is a pale yellow ring with blurred edges and a dark ocher rim along the edge of the cap. IN rainy weather the tubercle in the center can merge with the pale yellow ring - the cap becomes two-colored. If there is not enough moisture in the forest, then the cap of the honey fungus loses its usual stickiness and acquires an almost uniform color - ocher-yellowish with a thin, darker rim along the edge; the tubercle in the center can also retain a darker color.
Records in the honey fungus they are lighter and more frequent, with age, however, they darken and acquire a rusty color similar to the galerina plates. Only specialists can distinguish mushrooms by this feature.
Summer honey fungus prefers to grow in large clumps, while galerina is more often found singly or in 2-3 mushrooms. Sometimes among a large group edible honey mushrooms You may come across a single poisonous galerina, so you need to be extra vigilant when collecting them. It is better not to take mushrooms at all if in doubt. Galerina is extremely poisonous and causes severe liver damage, which - if not treated promptly - can be fatal.
Experienced mushroom pickers avoid the mushroom that appears in our forests at the end of summer called “fringed galerina,” which is classified as poisonous.
General description
Galerina are small-sized soil and woody saprophytes of the family Cortinariaceae. The main features are yellowish-brown caps with attached plates and brown spore powder. Determining species affiliation is sometimes difficult, because these signs are not so obvious. In total there are up to several hundred species of Galerina. IN different sources These data differ, so it is difficult to talk about the exact number. Significant adjustments have been made as a result of ongoing genetic research mushrooms belonging to this genus. Among them, galerina fringed is considered extremely poisonous, a photo and description of which are presented in this article.
Appearance
A small cap with a diameter of no more than 4 cm has a conical shape at the growth stage, and in maturity it becomes convex-spread, sometimes even flat. There is usually a small bump left in the center.
The edges of the cap are slightly ribbed, slightly translucent. At high humidity its matte smooth surface is covered with sticky mucus. Frequent records young mushroom may be covered with a white fibrous film.
The color of the cap largely depends on humidity. In wet weather, it has a rather bright red, brownish or streaky plate. Through the lighter, almost translucent edges, stripes of plates are visible. During the dry period, Galerina fringe acquires a duller pale yellow color.
The cylindrical thin stem of this mushroom, 0.1 to 0.5 cm thick, can have a height of up to 5-7 cm. Its upper part is lighter, has a white coating, and the lower part is darker, becoming almost brown over time. The stalk has a leathery, slightly raised ring that disappears with age. The spores are a fine brown-rusty powder.
Habitats
The mushroom Galerina fringe is distributed almost everywhere, most often found in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, V North America, in Russia and even in Australia.
It lives mainly in swampy and forested areas. It usually grows on rotted wood of conifers or hardwood, near trunks, on stumps, and occasionally found on moss-covered soil.
The mushroom obtains nutrients through decay organic matter. The dissolution of polysaccharides occurs due to secreted enzymes of most major classes.
Usually the fringed galerina appears already in June, but the mass release of these mushrooms occurs from August to October, and with prolonged warm autumn You can also find them in November. Most often they grow singly. Fruiting usually occurs in September and continues until November.
Microscopy
A very variable species is the fringed galerina. Photos taken with a microscope confirm the fact that the spores of this fungus are the most diverse. There are variants with an adherent perisporium, and with an almost completely free one, with a pronounced to varying degrees sometimes with or without it.
The spores are almond-shaped, wrinkled, 7-10x5.5-7 microns in size. Pleurocystids have a fusiform shape, their neck is slightly rounded at the apex.
Toxicity
Galerina fringed - very containing the same toxins as it includes. Its toxicity has been known for more than 100 years, since 1912, when the first fatal case was recorded in the United States. Then, reports of fatal galerina poisonings appeared repeatedly. Between 1978 and 1995 alone, there were 11 cases of serious poisoning, 5 of which resulted in death. The remaining six patients in Kansas and Ohio successfully completed the therapy.
They do not appear immediately, but a day after eating mushrooms. The first symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, excessive urination and chills. After 3 days, these symptoms subside, and a period of apparent improvement begins. But soon signs of jaundice appear and the person dies as a result of impaired liver function. Often mistaken for another mushroom, galerina fringe ends up in food. How to distinguish it so as not to become another victim, you can find out from this article.
The toxicity of the mushroom is due to the presence of alpha- and beta-amantine toxins in it. These are bicyclic peptides, very poisonous, but slow-acting. IN fresh the amatoxin content is 78-270 mcg per 1 gram of fruiting body, which is much higher than in the pale grebe, which grows in Europe. This concentration can kill a child weighing 20 kg when eating a dozen medium-sized mushrooms.
Galerina bordered - how to distinguish it from honey mushrooms
The poisonous galerina has the greatest resemblance to it. It is with this that novice mushroom pickers most often confuse it. To avoid misunderstandings, you should know the features of the appearance of each of these mushrooms and exercise maximum vigilance when collecting them. You should never look for honey mushrooms in a coniferous forest - they don’t grow there, but for galerina it is favorite place habitat. It usually grows singly or in small clusters. Honey mushrooms, as a rule, are located in large groups. In addition, they have a pronounced ring on the stem, which is absent in the poisonous mushroom.
If you have the slightest doubt about the mushrooms you find, it is better to leave them in the forest and not expose yourself to mortal risk.
When going into the forest for a mushroom harvest, you need to know well what types you can put in the basket. There are, however, some mushrooms whose descriptions should be studied thoroughly so as not to collect them under any circumstances. Galerina fringed belongs precisely to this category.
The deadly poisonous marginata (Galerina marginata) belongs to the strophariaceae family, the class of Agaricomycetes. The photo shows in detail appearance dangerous mushroom.
It has the following species characteristics:
- the cap is yellowish-brown or brown, up to 4 cm in diameter, glabrous and smooth. Initially convex, sometimes bell-shaped, with edges curved inward, then opens to a flat surface, the edge becomes translucent with parallel grooves;
- the plates are narrow, frequent, descending or adherent, initially lighter, ocher, later, as the spores mature, rusty-brown. Closed at a young age light color a film that subsequently breaks and forms a ring on the stem;
- rusty colored spores;
- the leg is brownish, up to 0.5 cm in diameter, up to 5 cm long, somewhat thicker towards the base. It has a fibrous structure and a yellowish ring in the upper part, which almost disappears with age. Above the ring it is covered with a light powdery coating, below it it has a darker shade, close to the color of the cap.
- The pulp with a mealy odor is yellowish in the cap, brownish in the stem.
Distribution and fruiting season
Galerina fringe grows on three continents - in European, Asian, North American and Australian forests. It colonizes damp, decaying and dead coniferous wood, including those lying shallow in the soil. Fruit bodies ripen from August to October.
Similar types and differences from them
Poisonous galerina fringed is almost a double of the edible summer honey mushroom (Kuehneromyces mutabilis). Both mushrooms have a similar color, shape and ring on the stalk, overlap in ripening season, and grow on stumps and rotting wood. They can be distinguished by the following characteristics:
- galerina is somewhat smaller, in young specimens the edges of the cap are characteristically turned up;
- the fringed galerina settles in coniferous forests, and the honey fungus - mainly in deciduous and mixed forests;
- in galerina, the lower part of the leg is fibrous, sometimes with spots of light coating, in honey fungus it is scaly;
- the pulp of poisonous edged galerinas has a floury smell, and edible lookalikes smell like fresh wood;
- galerinae do not grow together with legs at the base, but this usually happens in honey mushrooms.
Thus, it is possible to recognize a poisonous twin, but for greater confidence it is recommended:
- do not collect summer honey mushrooms in coniferous forests;
- do not put old summer honey mushrooms in the basket, which are much more difficult to distinguish from mature edged galerinas.
Effect of poison
The amatoxin that fringed galerina contains is similar in composition and action to the poison of the toadstool. It intensively destroys the liver, and this effect does not appear immediately. The latent period lasts from 10 to 14 hours, followed by the stage of acute poisoning, a period of imaginary well-being lasting up to 3 days and further deterioration of the condition. Without timely qualified medical care, death is likely.
Signs of poisoning and first aid
Amatoxin poisoning has the following symptoms: uncontrollable vomiting, diarrhea, frequent and excessive urination, decreased body temperature, and convulsions. Since the poison has already entered the body, you should immediately call an ambulance.
While waiting for the doctor, rinse the victim’s stomach, provide rest, apply warm heating pads to the arms and legs, give plenty of heated drinks, and in case of severe weakness, strong tea. If specialized medical care provided within the first day after poisoning, the outcome in most cases is favorable.
Bordered gallery - deadly poisonous species, which bears a strong resemblance to edible honey fungus summer To be sure to avoid life-threatening mistakes, it is recommended to collect these honey mushrooms only in mixed and deciduous forests, where galerinas are practically not found.