The state is a special organization of political public power that has a special apparatus or mechanism for managing society. The main features of the state Society is
Rule of law The state is an organization of political power that manages society and protects its economic and social structure. Signs of the state: Unity of territory Public power Sovereignty Legislative activity Tax policy Monopoly, illegal use of force Functions of the state: internal function external function internal function external function Economic Organization of defense and social security of the country Taxation International Security Ecological
Form of government MONARCHY MONARCHY 1 Limited (constitutional) 2 Unlimited (absolute) REPUBLIC REPUBLIC 1 Presidential 2 Parliamentary 3 Mixed Form of government: 1 Unitary state 2 Federal state 3 Confederate state
Forms of state: Form of state government Form of state government (way of organizing state power) Form of government Form of government (dividing the state into parts) Form of state regime Form of state regime (methods and techniques by which the government controls people)
Political regime Democratic Democratic Rule of law Election of authorities Separation of powers The constitution guarantees the rights and freedoms of citizens Anti-democratic Anti-democratic 1 Authoritarian 2 Totalitarian Its features: The power of one person Restriction of rights and freedoms and their violation Dominance of one party or ideology Use of violence
Signs of a rule-of-law state: A person, state, public organizations must comply with legal norms and laws. But these should not be just laws, but fair and humane laws. Individuals, the state, and public organizations must comply with legal norms and laws. But these should not be just laws, but fair and humane laws. Inviolability of human rights and freedoms. Inviolability of human rights and freedoms. Separation of three branches of government. Separation of three branches of government. legislative executive judicial parliament government courts parliament government courts Federal President constitutional Assembly head of state arbitration Assembly head of state arbitration Council G.D. courts of general Council G.D. courts of general jurisdiction of the Federation
Dictionary The state is an organization of political power that manages society and protects its economic and social structure. The state is an organization of political power that manages society and protects its economic and social structure. Monarchy is a form of government in which the bearer of state power is one person by right of birth or charisma. Monarchy is a form of government in which the bearer of state power is one person by right of birth or charisma. Republic is a form of government in which the bearer of state power is the people and elected officials. organs. A republic is a form of government in which the bearer of state power is the people and elected bodies. A political regime is a set of methods, methods and techniques for exercising state power. A political regime is a set of methods, methods and techniques for exercising state power.
The concept and characteristics of the state
The state is a product of the development of society, a product of irreconcilable class contradictions. The state appears where, when and insofar as class contradictions cannot be objectively reconciled, when society is divided into exploiters and exploited. Everywhere and always, along with the growth and strengthening of this division, a special institution arises and develops - the state, which in no way represents a force imposed from the outside on society. The state is a product of society at a certain stage of development; the state is a recognition that this society is entangled in insoluble contradictions, split into irreconcilable opposites, from which it is powerless to get rid of. A force was needed that would moderate clashes and keep society within the boundaries of “order.” And this force, originating from society, placing itself above it, alienating itself more and more from it, is the state.
The emergence of the state is the adaptation of society to new conditions, which does not eliminate what happened in production (i.e. in the economy), but, on the contrary, serves to ensure that new economic relations of private property are preserved, supported, and developed. Economic relations are the basis, the cause of all transformations taking place in the superstructure, which includes the state.
The state differs from the tribal organization in the following ways. Firstly, public authority not coinciding with the entire population, isolated from it. The peculiarity of public power in the state is that it belongs only to the economically dominant class and is political, class power. This public power is based on special detachments of armed people - initially on the squads of the monarch, and later on - the army, police, prisons and other coercive institutions; finally, on officials specially engaged in managing people, subordinating them to the will of the economically dominant class.
Secondly, division of subjects not by consanguinity, but on a territorial basis. Around the fortified castles of monarchs (kings, princes, etc.), under the protection of their walls, the trade and craft population settled, and cities grew. Rich hereditary nobility also settled here. It was in the cities that people were primarily connected not by blood, but by neighborly relations. With the flow
Over time, consanguineous ties are replaced by neighbors and in rural areas.
The reasons and basic patterns of state formation were the same for all peoples of our planet. However, in different regions of the world, among different peoples, the process of state formation had its own characteristics, sometimes very significant. They were associated with the geographical environment, the specific historical conditions in which certain states were created.
The classic form is the emergence of a state due to the action of only internal factors of development of a given society, stratification into antagonistic classes. This form can be considered using the example of the Athenian state. Subsequently, state formation among other peoples, for example the Slavs, followed this path. The emergence of a state among the Athenians is a highly typical example of the formation of a state in general, because, on the one hand, it occurs in its pure form, without any violent intervention, external or internal, and on the other hand, because in this case a very highly developed form state - a democratic republic - arises directly from the tribal system, and, finally, because we know quite well all the essential details of the formation of this state. In Rome, clan society turns into a closed aristocracy, surrounded by a numerous plebs standing outside this society, powerless, but bearing responsibilities; the victory of the plebs explodes the old clan system and erects a state on its ruins, in which both the clan aristocracy and the plebs will soon completely dissolve. Among the German victors of the Roman Empire, the state arises as a direct result of the conquest of vast foreign territories, for domination over which the clan system does not provide any means. Consequently, the process of state formation is often “pushed” and accelerated by factors external to a given society, for example, a war with neighboring tribes or already existing states. As a result of the conquest of vast territories of the slaveholding Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, the tribal organization of the victors, which was at the stage of military democracy, quickly degenerated into a feudal state.
1.5. The essence of the state
In order to more deeply understand what a state-organized society is, it is necessary to consider the essence of the state.
The essence of any phenomenon is the main, fundamental, determining factor in this phenomenon; it is a set of internal characteristic features and properties, without which the phenomenon loses its peculiarity, originality. What is the essence of the state? There are several approaches to studying this issue.
Class approach consists in the fact that the state is considered as a machine for maintaining the dominance of one class over another, and minorities over the majority, and the essence of such a state lies in the dictatorship of the economically and politically dominant class. This concept of the state reflects the idea of the state in the proper sense of the word, which is an instrument of the dictatorship of this class. Thus, certain ruling classes exercised the dictatorship of slave owners, feudal lords, and the bourgeoisie. The dictatorship of the class determines the main goals, objectives and functions of these states;
The socialist state at the stage of the dictatorship of the proletariat already implements it in the interests of the gigantic majority of the population, thereby it is not a state in the proper sense of the word. This is already a semi-state. With the destruction of the bourgeois state apparatus, designed to carry out primarily the functions of suppression, creative goals and functions are put in first place, the social base of the new state is expanded, the essence of which is the expression of the will and interests of the working people through the state. Unfortunately, many theoretical provisions in socialist states remained only in theory, but in practice, power in society turned out to be usurped by the bureaucracy; the state apparatus served not the broad strata of the working people, but the party and state elite.
Another approach is to consider the essence of the state from universal, general social principles. Changes took place in both socialist and bourgeois Western states: Contrary to the predictions of political scientists, capitalist society survived and managed to successfully overcome crisis phenomena and a decline in production, largely using the experience of the development of socialist-oriented states. The state, as an active force, intervening in the economy, brought society out of depression, thereby confirming the idea that any state is called upon to solve common affairs in the interests of the whole society. However, as a result of the struggle of the masses for their civil and political rights, social guarantees were introduced for various segments of the population, and material incentives were expanded. There was a combination of the ideas of socialism with the practice of civilized civil society, which gave Western scientists the basis to consider modern society to be “non-capitalist in the proper sense of the word.” Indeed, modern Western society is sometimes more oriented towards socialism than countries that called themselves socialist.
The state mechanism has turned from an instrument primarily of suppression into a means of primarily implementing common affairs, an instrument for achieving agreement and finding compromises.
In the essence of the state, depending on historical conditions, either the class principle (violence) can come to the fore, which is typical for exploitative states V, or general social (compromise), which is increasingly manifested in modern
post-capitalist and post-socialist societies. These two principles are combined in the essence of the state and characterize it in its entirety. If you refuse any of them, then the characterization of the essence of the state will be flawed. The whole point is what kind of state is being considered and in what historical conditions.
Therefore, any modern democratic state, from the point of view of its essence, can be characterized as an instrument and means of social compromise in content and as legal in form. The essence of the state as a political organization is especially clearly manifested in its comparison with civil society, which includes all the wealth of social relations outside the political state. The state and civil society appear as a unity of form and content, where the form is represented by the rule of law, and its content by civil society.
Modern theory proceeds from the multidimensionality of the actual existence of the state: it can be considered from the standpoint of national, religious, geographical and other approaches.
In addition to the fact that the state is a public authority, separated from the population, having a management apparatus and material appendages, it can also be considered as a political organization-association, imbued with a variety of systems of power relations and institutions. I. Kant wrote that the state is an association of people subject to legal laws. K. Marx proceeded from the fact that the state should be considered as a certain association in which its members are united into a single whole by public power structures and relations.
Thus, the state in the proper sense of the word (class approach) is a political organization that maintains the dominance of one class over another, and minorities over the majority; the essence of such a state lies in the dictatorship of the economically and politically dominant class.
From the point of view of the general social approach, the state is a political organization-association, the members of which are united into a single whole by public power relations and structures, and is an instrument and means of achieving a compromise between them.
1.6. Theories of the origin of the state
The most famous and widespread theory of the origin of the state is the class one, developed by the founders of Marxism-Leninism (see question 1.3 for details). However, the question of the essence of the state, its emergence and patterns of development attracted the attention of many scientists and thinkers long before Marx. They developed various original theories of the emergence of the state, which enriched world science and made a certain contribution to the process of human knowledge of the surrounding world.
1. Theological theory quite multifaceted, which is undoubtedly explained by the special historical and material conditions of existence of various states of both the Ancient East and the Ancient West (Greece, Rome).
Among ancient peoples, political and legal thought goes back to mythological origins and develops the idea that earthly orders are part of global, cosmic orders of divine origin. In line with this understanding, the themes of the earthly life of people, the social and state system, their relationships with each other, rights and responsibilities are illuminated in myths.
The main idea of theological theory is the divine primary source of the origin and essence of the state: all power comes from God. This gave her unconditional obligation and holiness.
2. According to patriarchal theory the state grows out of the family, in which the power of the monarch is personified with the power of the father over the members of his family, where there is a correspondence between the cosmos as a whole, the state and the individual human soul; the state is a hoop that binds its members together on the basis of mutual respect and paternal love. Proponents of this theory (Plato, Aristotle) definitely speak out in favor of the city-polis, talking about the division of labor between townspeople, which represents the Athenian idealization of the Egyptian caste system. Life in the state is based on the principles of justice, community, equality, and collectivism. “No one should have any private property unless absolutely necessary, and there should be no dwelling or storeroom where anyone would not have access.” Plato is an opponent of the extremes of wealth and poverty. He subtly notices the political significance of the property stratification of society, which leads to a state of the poor and the rich. His ideal is an aristocratic government.
3. Contract theory the origin of the state became widespread at a later time - during the bourgeois revolutions of the 17th - 18th centuries. According to this theory, the state arises as a result of the conclusion of a social contract between people in a “natural” state, turning them into a single whole, into a people. On the basis of this primary agreement, civil society and its political form - the state - are created. The latter ensures the protection of private property and the safety of individuals entering into an agreement. Subsequently, a secondary agreement is concluded on their subordination to a certain person, to whom power over them is transferred, who is obliged to exercise it in the interests of the people. Otherwise, the people have the right to revolt.
4. Theory of violence. One of the founders and leading representative of the sociological direction of the bourgeois theory of state and law of the second half of the 19th century was L. Gumplowicz (1838 - 1909), professor of public law in Austria, vice-president of the International Institute of Sociology in Paris. One of the supporters of this theory was K. Kautsky.
They saw the reason for the origin and basis of political power and the state not in economic relations, but in conquest, violence, and the enslavement of some tribes by others. It was argued that as a result of such violence, a unity of opposing elements of the state is formed: the rulers and the dominated, the rulers and the ruled, masters and slaves, the winners and the vanquished. It is not divine providence, the social contract or the idea of freedom, but the clash of hostile tribes, the brute superiority of force, war, struggle, devastation, in a word, violence, that leads to the formation of a state. The winning tribe subjugates the defeated tribe, appropriates all their land and then systematically forces the defeated tribe to work for itself, pay tribute or taxes. In any case of such conquest, classes arise, but not as a result of the split of the community into various divisions, but as a result of the union of two communities, of which one becomes the dominant, the other - the oppressed and exploited class, while the coercive apparatus, which is created by the victors to control the vanquished, turns into state.
Thus, according to this concept, the state is a “naturally” (that is, through violence) organization of the rule of one tribe over another. And this violence and subjugation of the ruled by the ruled are the basis for the emergence of economic domination. As a result of wars, tribes turn into castes, estates and classes. The conquerors turned the conquered into slaves, turning them into “living tools.” However, proponents of the theory of violence are unable to explain why private property, classes and the state appear only at a certain stage of conquest. It is well known that violence only influences the process of state formation (ancient Germans), but violence itself, without appropriate economic prerequisites, cannot be the cause of its emergence.
5. Organic theory origin of the state, the largest representative of which was G. Spencer, considers the state to be the result of organic evolution, a variety of which is social evolution. Just as in living nature, G. Spencer believed, the fittest survive, so in society, in the process of external wars and conquests, natural selection occurs, which determines the emergence of governments and the further functioning of the state in accordance with the laws of organic evolution.
6. Psychological the theory explains the reasons for the emergence of the state by the properties of the human psyche, his biopsychic instincts, etc. The famous Russian scientist L.I. Petrazhitsky proceeded from the supposedly initially inherent need in the individual psyche for obedience, subordination to “outstanding personalities.” S. Freud, the founder of the psychoanalytic trend in bourgeois sociology, derived the need to create a state from the human psyche. From the originally existing patriarchal horde, a state emerges to suppress the further aggressive impulses of man.
E. Durkheim, in contrast to the individual psychological theory, developed a view of man as primarily a social and not a biopsychological being. Society is understood as a product not of individual, but of collective consciousness of people, in which the idea of social solidarity is formed, and corresponding state and legal institutions are created to ensure it.
State - an organization of political power that governs society and ensures order and stability in it.
Main signs of the state are: the presence of a certain territory, sovereignty, a broad social base, a monopoly on legitimate violence, the right to collect taxes, the public nature of power, the presence of state symbols.
The state fulfills internal functions, among which are economic, stabilization, coordination, social, etc. There are also external functions, the most important of which are ensuring defense and establishing international cooperation.
By form of government states are divided into monarchies (constitutional and absolute) and republics (parliamentary, presidential and mixed). Depending on the forms of government There are unitary states, federations and confederations.
State
State - this is a special organization of political power that has a special apparatus (mechanism) for managing society to ensure its normal functioning.
IN historical In terms of plan, the state can be defined as a social organization that has ultimate power over all people living within the boundaries of a certain territory, and whose main goal is to solve common problems and ensure the common good while maintaining, first of all, order.
IN structural In terms of government, the state appears as an extensive network of institutions and organizations representing three branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial.
Government is sovereign, i.e. supreme, in relation to all organizations and individuals within the country, as well as independent, independent in relation to other states. The state is the official representative of the entire society, all its members, called citizens.
Loans collected from the population and received from them are used to maintain the state apparatus of power.
The state is a universal organization, distinguished by a number of unparalleled attributes and characteristics.
Signs of the state
- Coercion - state coercion is primary and has priority over the right to coerce other entities within a given state and is carried out by specialized bodies in situations determined by law.
- Sovereignty - the state has the highest and unlimited power in relation to all individuals and organizations operating within its historical boundaries.
- Universality - the state acts on behalf of the entire society and extends its power to the entire territory.
Signs of the state are the territorial organization of the population, state sovereignty, tax collection, lawmaking. The state subjugates the entire population living in a certain territory, regardless of administrative-territorial division.
Attributes of the state
- Territory is defined by the boundaries separating the spheres of sovereignty of individual states.
- The population is the subjects of the state, over whom its power extends and under whose protection they are.
- The apparatus is a system of organs and the presence of a special “class of officials” through which the state functions and develops. The publication of laws and regulations that are binding on the entire population of a given state is carried out by the state legislative body.
Concept of state
The state appears at a certain stage of development of society as a political organization, as an institution of power and management of society. There are two main concepts of the emergence of the state. In accordance with the first concept, the state arises in the course of the natural development of society and the conclusion of an agreement between citizens and rulers (T. Hobbes, J. Locke). The second concept goes back to the ideas of Plato. She rejects the first and insists that the state arises as a result of the conquest (conquest) by a relatively small group of warlike and organized people (tribe, race) of a significantly larger but less organized population (D. Hume, F. Nietzsche). Obviously, in the history of mankind, both the first and second methods of the emergence of the state took place.
As already mentioned, at first the state was the only political organization in society. Subsequently, during the development of the political system of society, other political organizations (parties, movements, blocs, etc.) arise.
The term "state" is usually used in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense the state is identified with society, with a certain country. For example, we say: “states that are members of the UN”, “states that are members of NATO”, “the state of India”. In the examples given, the state refers to entire countries along with their peoples living in a certain territory. This idea of the state dominated in antiquity and the Middle Ages.
In a narrow sense the state is understood as one of the institutions of the political system that has supreme power in society. This understanding of the role and place of the state is justified during the period of formation of the institutions of civil society (XVIII - XIX centuries), when the political system and social structure of society become more complex, there is a need to separate the actual state institutions and institutions from society and other non-state institutions of the political system.
The state is the main socio-political institution of society, the core of the political system. Possessing sovereign power in society, it controls the lives of people, regulates relations between various social strata and classes, and is responsible for the stability of society and the safety of its citizens.
The state has a complex organizational structure, which includes the following elements: legislative institutions, executive and administrative bodies, the judicial system, public order and state security bodies, armed forces, etc. All this allows the state to perform not only the functions of managing society, but also the functions of coercion (institutionalized violence) in relation to both individual citizens and large social communities (classes, estates, nations). Thus, during the years of Soviet power in the USSR, many classes and estates were virtually destroyed (bourgeoisie, merchant class, wealthy peasantry, etc.), entire peoples were subjected to political repression (Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Germans, etc.).
Signs of the state
The state is recognized as the main subject of political activity. WITH functional point of view, the state is the leading political institution that manages society and ensures order and stability in it. WITH organizational point of view, the state is an organization of political power that enters into relations with other subjects of political activity (for example, citizens). In this understanding, the state is seen as a set of political institutions (courts, social security system, army, bureaucracy, local authorities, etc.) responsible for organizing social life and financed by society.
Signs that distinguish the state from other subjects of political activity are as follows:
Availability of a certain territory— the jurisdiction of a state (the right to hold court and resolve legal issues) is determined by its territorial borders. Within these boundaries, the power of the state extends to all members of society (both those who have citizenship of the country and those who do not);
Sovereignty- the state is completely independent in internal affairs and in conducting foreign policy;
Variety of resources used— the state accumulates the main power resources (economic, social, spiritual, etc.) to exercise its powers;
Striving to represent the interests of the entire society - the state acts on behalf of the whole society, and not individuals or social groups;
Monopoly on legitimate violence- the state has the right to use force to enforce laws and punish their violators;
Right to collect taxes— the state establishes and collects various taxes and fees from the population, which are used to finance government bodies and solve various management problems;
Public nature of power— the state ensures the protection of public interests, not private ones. When implementing public policy, there are usually no personal relationships between the authorities and citizens;
Availability of symbolism- the state has its own signs of statehood - a flag, coat of arms, anthem, special symbols and attributes of power (for example, a crown, a scepter and an orb in some monarchies), etc.
In a number of contexts, the concept of “state” is perceived as close in meaning to the concepts of “country”, “society”, “government”, but this is not so.
A country— the concept is primarily cultural and geographical. This term is usually used when talking about area, climate, natural areas, population, nationalities, religions, etc. The state is a political concept and denotes the political organization of that other country - its form of government and structure, political regime, etc.
Society- a concept broader than the state. For example, a society can be above the state (society as all of humanity) or pre-state (such as a tribe and a primitive clan). At the present stage, the concepts of society and state also do not coincide: public power (say, a layer of professional managers) is relatively independent and isolated from the rest of society.
Government - only part of the state, its highest administrative and executive body, an instrument for the exercise of political power. The state is a stable institution, while governments come and go.
General characteristics of the state
Despite all the diversity of types and forms of state formations that arose earlier and currently exist, it is possible to identify common features that are, to one degree or another, characteristic of any state. In our opinion, these signs were presented most fully and convincingly by V.P. Pugachev.
These signs include the following:
- public power, separated from society and not coinciding with social organization; the presence of a special layer of people exercising political control of society;
- a certain territory (political space), delineated by borders, to which the laws and powers of the state apply;
- sovereignty - supreme power over all citizens living in a certain territory, their institutions and organizations;
- monopoly on the legal use of force. Only the state has “legal” grounds for limiting the rights and freedoms of citizens and even depriving them of their lives. For these purposes, it has special power structures: army, police, courts, prisons, etc. P.;
- the right to collect taxes and fees from the population that are necessary for the maintenance of government bodies and material support of state policy: defense, economic, social, etc.;
- mandatory membership in the state. A person acquires citizenship from the moment of birth. Unlike membership in a party or other organizations, citizenship is a necessary attribute of any person;
- a claim to represent the entire society as a whole and to protect common interests and goals. In reality, no state or other organization is able to fully reflect the interests of all social groups, classes and individual citizens of society.
All functions of the state can be divided into two main types: internal and external.
By doing internal functions The activities of the state are aimed at managing society, at coordinating the interests of various social strata and classes, and at preserving their powers of power. Carrying out external functions, the state acts as a subject of international relations, representing a certain people, territory and sovereign power.
These include: 1) territory. The state is a single territorial organization of political power throughout the country. State power extends to the entire population within a certain territory, which entails the administrative-territorial division of the state. These territorial units are called differently in different countries: districts, regions, territories, districts, provinces, districts, municipalities, counties, provinces, etc. The exercise of power on a territorial principle leads to the establishment of its spatial limits - the state border, which separates one state from another; 2) population. This feature characterizes people’s belonging to a given society and state, composition, citizenship, the order of its acquisition and loss, etc. It is “through the population” that within the framework of the state, people are united and they act as an integral organism - society; 3) public power. The state is a special organization of political power that has a special apparatus (mechanism) for managing society to ensure its normal functioning. The primary cell of this apparatus is the state body. Along with the apparatus of power and administration, the state has a special apparatus of coercion, consisting of the army, police, gendarmerie, intelligence, etc. in the form of various compulsory institutions (prisons, camps, hard labor, etc.). Through the system of its bodies and institutions, the state directly manages society and protects the inviolability of its borders. The most important government bodies, which to one degree or another were inherent in all historical types and varieties of the state, include legislative, executive and judicial. At various stages of social development, state bodies change structurally and solve problems that are different in their specific content; 4) sovereignty. The state is a sovereign organization of power. State sovereignty is a property of state power that is expressed in the supremacy and independence of a given state in relation to any other authorities within the country, as well as. its independence in the international arena, subject to non-violation of the sovereignty of other states. The independence and supremacy of state power are expressed in the following: a) universality - only decisions of state power apply to the entire population and public organizations of a given country; b) prerogative - the possibility of canceling and invalidating any illegal act of another public authority: c) the presence of special means of influence (coercion) that no other public organization has at its disposal. Under certain conditions, the sovereignty of the state coincides with the sovereignty of the people. The sovereignty of the people means supremacy, their right to decide their own destiny, to shape the direction of the policy of their state, the composition of its bodies, and to control the activities of state power. The concept of state sovereignty is closely related to the concept of national sovereignty. National sovereignty means the right of nations to self-determination, up to and including secession and the formation of independent states. Sovereignty can be formal when it is proclaimed legally and politically, but is not actually implemented due to dependence on another state dictating its will. A forced limitation of sovereignty takes place, for example, in relation to those defeated in a war by the victorious states, by decision of the international community (UN). Voluntary limitation of sovereignty can be allowed by the state itself by mutual agreement to achieve common goals, when uniting in a federation, etc.; 5) publication of legal norms. The state organizes public life on a legal basis. Without law and legislation, the state is unable to effectively lead society and ensure the unconditional implementation of the decisions it makes. Among the many political organizations, only the state, represented by its competent bodies, issues orders that are binding on the entire population of the country, in contrast to other norms of public life (moral norms, customs, traditions). Legal norms are ensured by measures of state coercion with the help of special bodies (courts, administration, etc.); 6) mandatory fees from citizens - taxes, taxes, loans. The state establishes them to maintain public authority. Mandatory fees are used by the state to maintain the army, police and other compulsory bodies, the state apparatus, etc. for other government programs (education, healthcare, culture, sports, etc.); 7) state symbols. Each state has an official name, anthem, coat of arms, flag, memorable dates, public holidays, which differ from the same attributes of other states. The state establishes the rules of official behavior, forms of people addressing each other, greetings, etc.
The general theory of state and law is a general theoretical legal science. The state and law are inextricably linked. Law is a set of rules of conduct that are beneficial to the state and approved by it through the adoption of legislation. The state cannot do without law, which serves its state and ensures its interests.
In turn, law cannot arise outside of the state, since only state legislative bodies can adopt generally binding rules of conduct requiring their enforcement. The state introduces enforcement measures to comply with the rules of law.
The state is a special organization of political power that has a special apparatus (mechanism) for managing society to ensure its normal functioning. The main features of the state are the territorial organization of the population, state sovereignty, tax collection, and lawmaking. The state subjugates the entire population living in a certain territory, regardless of administrative-territorial division.
State power is sovereign, i.e. supreme in relation to all organizations and individuals within the country, as well as independent and independent in relation to other states. The state acts as the official representative of the entire society, all its members, called citizens.
Taxes collected from the population and loans received from them are used to maintain the state apparatus of power. The publication of laws and regulations binding on the population of a given state is carried out by the state legislative body.
The emergence of the state was preceded by a primitive communal system, in which the basis of production relations was public ownership of the means of production. The transition from self-government of primitive society to state government lasted centuries. In different historical regions, the collapse of the primitive communal system and the emergence of the state occurred in different ways depending on historical conditions.
The first states were slaveholding. Along with the state, law also arose as an expression of the will of the ruling class.
There are several historical types of states and law - slave, feudal, bourgeois. A state of the same type can have different forms of government, government structure, and political regime.
Under form of government refers to the organization of the highest bodies of state power (the order of their formation, relationships, the degree of participation of the masses in their formation and activities).