Global socio-political problems are considered. Test: Global social and political problems
unemployment market labor mobility
It is advisable to highlight the economic consequences of unemployment as national level and at the human level. At the national unemployment rate, GDP is declining. Like any phenomenon, unemployment has both positive and negative consequences.
For individual Unemployment means the loss of constantly received income, kills a person’s initiative, and creates uncertainty. Unemployment may allow businesses to reduce labor costs.
It not only has a negative consequence, unemployment is one of the conditions for the normal and uninterrupted functioning of the economy.
It ensures the formation of a labor reserve as an important development factor market economy, which constantly places demand for labor. Unemployment provides the necessary redistribution of personnel for production. A decrease in unemployment gives a significant effective signal to the worker that his profession, specialized knowledge, labor skills are outdated, qualification level does not meet the requirements today, therefore, stimulate the employee to improve his skills.
The social consequences of unemployment are the destruction of a person’s confidence in universal employment of the population, in compulsory employment. Unemployment reduces family incomes, increases differentiation of the population, suppresses the moral principles of its behavior, leads to human degradation, and worsens the socio-psychological climate in society. Analysis of statistical data shows that with an increase in the number of unemployed, the number of marriages decreases.
The consequences of unemployment can be social outrage and even social explosion. This is possible when its dimensions exceed the permissible level. IN foreign literature An unemployment rate of more than 10-12% is considered a critical value.
Positive consequences unemployment:
· Unemployment contributes to the growth of entrepreneurial activity in the country.
· Pushing citizens to improve their skills and level of education.
· Population activity is growing, production is developing.
· Rising unemployment in short term may reduce inflation.
· The value of the workplace increases.
· The unemployed form a labor reserve in the economy, which can be used in conditions of economic growth.
Negative consequences of unemployment:
· Unemployment leads to a decrease in income in society and a reduction in aggregate demand.
· The qualifications of the workforce are decreasing, which for a long time is out of work.
· Deterioration in the quality of life of the unemployed and their families.
Birth rate is decreasing average duration life, the outflow of qualified personnel abroad is increasing.
· Unemployment leads to an increase in crime in society.
· In conditions of high unemployment, government spending on social Security unemployed. As a result, the tax burden on working citizens is growing.
The current situation on the labor market in Russian Federation
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Economic consequences of unemployment
The economic consequences of unemployment and their structure are very diverse and complex. When studying this problem, it is advisable to highlight economic consequences unemployment at the national level and at the individual level.
at the national level:
1) Unemployment reduces gross domestic product (GDP) output. The relationship between these phenomena is expressed in Okun's law: “If the actual unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate by 1%, then the lag in GDP is 2.5%.”
This ratio - 1:2.5 or 2:5 allows us to establish the absolute loss of GDP production due to unemployment. To do this, you need to determine the difference absolute values actual and natural unemployment rates and multiply it by the Okun coefficient. For example, in 1998, the estimated value of the natural rate of unemployment in Russia was approximately 8% and exceeded the real unemployment rate, which was 13.3% - by 5.3%. The volume of GDP production was equal to 2684.5 billion rubles. In this case, the lag in GDP production amounted to 1325 billion rubles. and, therefore, the loss of GDP production was equal to 355.7 billion rubles.
2) Unemployment, reducing GDP, leads to a reduction in taxes that will go to the state. This is due, on the one hand, to a decrease in the tax base formed by legal entities, and on the other hand, tax receipts from individuals.
3) Unemployment, as it increases, increases government spending, the bulk of which is carried out at the expense of the employment fund.
The sources of replenishment of the employment fund budget are, as is known, mandatory insurance premiums employers and allocations from federal budget, budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets, voluntary contributions from legal entities and individuals. In 1993 expenses state fund employment amounted to 377 billion rubles, in 1996 - 7284 billion rubles, in 1998 - 8584 billion rubles. (in prices of the corresponding years), which corresponded to 0.22%, 0.34% and 0.32% of GDP for these years. As a result, the share of all other participants in the GDP distribution decreased accordingly. Since 2001 civil service employment is financed only from the budget, which implies an even larger share of GDP.
4) Unemployment as a factor of economic destabilization of society(like a “time bomb”). We are talking, in this case, about significant unemployment in some industries, which arose due to various circumstances - science and scientific services, information and computing services, defense enterprises, high-tech manufacturing enterprises and others. Unemployment here is accompanied by mass disqualification and retraining of workers and even their emigration. However, with the onset of economic recovery and recovery, the demand for these workers should increase sharply, but it will hardly be possible to satisfy it in a timely manner. As a result, this may lead to a delay economic development country and to its even deeper destabilization.
Negative economic consequences of unemployment
for an individual:
1) Loss of permanent and regularly received income by a person. So, according to official data, for 1992-2002. real income of the population decreased by 49.6%, and real accrued wage- by 56.8%. This situation sharply reduced the purchasing power of the population, which led to a significant reduction in the production of consumer goods and services, and, consequently, to a decrease in employment and an increase in unemployment in almost all industries National economy. These processes, in turn, predetermine a further reduction in employment and an increase in unemployment, etc. Thus, unemployment sets in motion the mechanism of a cumulative decline in business activity. The situation in Russia is aggravated by the fact that the incomes of the majority of the population are low, and people do not have the opportunity to create any monetary or other savings. In this case, the loss of a job and a permanent source of livelihood threatens a great disaster for an individual.
2) Increasing competition between workers in the labor market for the most prestigious jobs. As a result, separate and sufficient large groups of the population are forced to occupy unprestigious, uninteresting jobs. In this case, labor activity for them is “forced” in nature, and such work cannot be highly effective and does not provide required quality works Moreover, under these conditions it is impossible to form stable production teams. As a consequence, in the case of forced labor, it is impossible to talk about society achieving full employment, since a significant part of hired workers will constantly strive to change “forced” jobs.
3) Economic dependence of employees on employers. This is due to the fact that in the previous historical period The working population in Russia practically did not face unemployment. Under these conditions, workers had certain advantages over their direct employer. Under certain conditions, they could “dictate” to him working conditions that were more favorable to them. Today this has become almost impossible.
4) A person's uncertainty about his future. If a person knows that tomorrow he could be fired and that he can get a job in this and nearby populated areas is very difficult, then even with all the desire it will not provide the necessary efficiency and quality of work. All thoughts of an employee at such an enterprise will be aimed at finding a “reliable” place of work. As a result, unemployment kills a person’s initiative and creates uncertainty about the future, about one’s strengths and capabilities.
5) Employer's dictate- i.e. the presence of unemployment allows entrepreneurs to lower the price of labor, set a longer period than determined by law, working week, change the duration of vacation, do not pay sick leave, refuse to hire women, etc.
However, unemployment as a complex socio-economic phenomenon cannot be assessed unambiguously. It can have not only negative, but also positive meanings.
Positive Economic Impacts of Unemployment:
1) Unemployment is one of the most important conditions for the normal and uninterrupted functioning of the economy- since it ensures the formation of a labor reserve as the most important factor in the development of a market economy, which constantly places demand for labor. The staffing of enterprises cannot be ensured only through the natural increase in the economically active population. In this case, many new enterprises, institutions and organizations would have to be opened only in the summer or autumn, i.e. when young people complete their education and begin an independent working life.
2) Unemployment provides the necessary redistribution of personnel for production. However, it should be noted that such “overflows” of personnel are not always painless for an individual. In this case, the role of the state is great, which must mitigate the negative side of these processes, which are positive for production and society as a whole.
3) Unemployment and its growth give a very effective “signal” to the worker that his profession, special knowledge, work skills are outdated, and the level of qualifications does not meet the requirements of today- therefore, it stimulates the employee to systematically improve his professional skills.
Instructions
The social and economic consequences of unemployment are on a par with the problems of poverty and social instability. For the majority of both developed and developing countries this phenomenon is turning into a problem that carries the potential danger of increasing social tension. As soon as the unemployment rate reaches a critical value, society is brought into an unstable state, threatening social upheaval.
One of the most significant negative consequences unemployment - a sharp increase in crime. Segments of the population deprived of a legal source of income are easily subject to criminalization. This especially applies to those members of society who lose touch with their usual social environment and declassify. A significant proportion of crimes against property are committed by persons who have lost their jobs and have not found employment opportunities.
With rising unemployment in society, social tension increases. It finds manifestation in obvious and hidden conflicts between social groups that begin to compete with each other in the labor market. The problem is aggravated by the growing number of labor migrants from other regions of the country or from other states, which often results in ethnic conflicts, having, however, not so much national as economic basis.
The growth of unemployment, as researchers have found, leads to an increase in the number of physical and mental illness. This is due to a fundamental change in the lifestyle of those who have lost their jobs. The lack of stable income forces people to change their diet and diet; they cannot always resort to paid medicine, which leads to the development of chronic diseases. Constant stress associated with finding a job, in turn, leads to a decrease in the level of mental health citizens, often resulting in mental illness.
Unemployment negatively affects not only the financial situation of individual citizens, but also the economy of the state as a whole. It leads to a reduction in production and a decrease in tax revenues to the budget. The state is forced to spend a lot of money on social unemployment benefits, which place a burden on the working population. Significant funds and efforts are required to maintain a system for promoting employment of the population, which includes assistance in finding a job, as well as professional retraining citizens.
The positive socio-economic consequences of unemployment, with reservations, include the creation of a significant labor reserve, which may be needed in the event of a structural restructuring of the country's economy. However, this reserve will be in demand only when the state, not in words but in deeds, strives to carry out economic reforms and create new jobs. Otherwise, the concentration of unemployed will only lead to increased social tension.
Social political problems cover a whole range of tasks ensuring peace and international security . This includes primarily (1) prevention local wars and especially a worldwide nuclear disaster; (2) the eradication of violence in relations between people and the policy of exclusively peaceful resolution of all conflicts; (3) ending the arms race, disarmament and conversion; (4) establishment of relations of trust and good neighborliness, partnership and cooperation between peoples.
The solution to all these problems presupposes, in particular, active "international education" people and nations in spirit peacefulness And cooperation, cooperation understanding common destinies humanity and awareness of the fact that to different nations, peoples, social groups, religions and states need air mutual tolerance and respect.
Fostering this kind of “planetary benevolence” is especially important for children. However, unfortunately, many modern games, books, television programs, on the contrary, spur the growth of negative, divisive instincts in children (unhealthy vanity, selfishness, arrogance, aggressiveness, cruelty, even sadism, etc.). What needs to happen for people to come to their senses? What can be done so that the current generations of contemporaries living together on planet Earth realize the ephemeral nature of their happy presence in the centuries-old endless flow of life. Why poison moments of earthly happiness with anger, hatred and violence towards each other?!
The main "root of evil" in arms race with her long train acute problems. She not only takes away people have enormous resources, but also direct them towards goals destruction human lives and created material wealth. She furthermore constantly pumps up danger that "a gun hanging on the wall" (as in theater performance) just in case he shoots. Moreover, than more mountains weapons, it is inevitable wider crime zone: armed raids, threats, intimidation, organization of explosions, illegal trade and theft of weapons, etc. The arms race is finally giving rise to a kind of "militarization of consciousness" of people. They begin to see guns as a “normal” and universal tool for paving their way to success in life. Possession of a weapon intoxicates them, fills them with a sweet feeling of dominance over others, creates the illusion that with its help it is easy to resolve any difficulty that arises. Notice how important it is how self-confident the “militants” armed with machine guns look (whether in Chechnya, Algeria, the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan or somewhere else). They are ready to instantly “resolve” any problem with a simple pull of the trigger. It seems like the war is on them like and that if it weren't for her, they wouldn't know what to do. War like Lifestyle- this is the tragedy of the distorted, militarized human consciousness!..
Happy ending cold war(mid-1980s) became particularly acute disarmament problem- reduction and destruction of accumulated stocks of weapons (which are becoming increasingly more expensive, dangerous and harmful to store) environment) and (b) conversion problem, i.e., the transfer of excess resources employed in the military-industrial complex to the civilian sector.
Look what a serious disarmament problem the so-called anti-personnel mines (or, as they are more accurately called in the West, landmines). Every year, more than 26 thousand people are blown up by them around the world! But disarming these ominous traps is very expensive: about 90 US dollars per 1 mine, which is about 30 times more expensive than its production. Today they are “hiding” in the ground and waiting the next victims more than 100 million mines on the territory of more than 70 countries. If we continue to destroy them at the current pace, then the last mine will be eliminated only after 11 centuries.
Disarmament, especially nuclear missile disarmament, is a complex and lengthy process. Suffice it to recall that since the first agreements between the United States and Soviet Union By strategic arms limitation(the so-called SALT I agreements) have passed for more than a quarter of a century (1972). Peace-loving humanity hopes that the SALT process is now between the USA and Russia and under a changed name (START - strategic offensive weapons) will not stop. In particular, the long-developed START-2 treaty has already been ratified by the 1st US Congress and is waiting (or, perhaps, has already waited?) for mutual ratification in State Duma RF.
It is curious in this regard that " Republic of San Marino in the fall of 1997 the original one began to “click” nuclear disarmament counter. At the start, its four electronic screens (facing the four cardinal directions) showed the number 14312 - so many nuclear weapons were then in the military arsenals of the United States and Russia. The destruction of each combat unit reduces this number by one.