Where is the Air Force located? Russian Strategic Aviation
Among scientists, for example, there is a saying that any mathematical problem already has a solution in Fortran, and, indeed, among thousands of Fortran packages you can find a package for matrix multiplication, a package for solving complex integral equations, and many, many others. A number of such packages have been created over the decades and are popular in scientific community to this day, for example - IMSL ( English).
Most of these libraries are actually the property of humanity: they are available in source code, well documented, debugged and very effective. Therefore, it is expensive to change, let alone rewrite them in other programming languages, despite the fact that attempts are regularly made to automatically convert FORTRAN code into modern programming languages.
Modern Fortran (Fortran 95 and Fortran 2003) has acquired the features necessary for effective programming for new computing architectures and allows the use of modern programming technologies, in particular OOP.
Evolution of language standards
Fortran is a highly standardized language, which is why it is easily portable to various platforms. New language standards largely maintain continuity with older ones, which makes it possible to use codes from previously written programs and modify them.
FORTRAN 66 (1972) Based on the IBM standard FORTRAN IV FORTRAN 77 (1980) Many improvements were introduced: Fortran 90 (1991) The language standard was significantly revised. Fortran 95 (1997) Correction of the previous standard. The FORALL operator and construction have been introduced, allowing more flexibility than the WHERE operator and construction to assign arrays and replace cumbersome loops. FORALL allows you to replace any section assignment or WHERE clause, in particular, it provides access to the diagonal of a matrix. This operator is considered promising in parallel computing, facilitating parallelization more efficient than loops. Fortran 2003 (2004) Further development OOP support in the language. Interaction operating system Fortran 2008 (2010) The standard assumes support by means of the parallel computing language (Co-Arrays Fortran). It is also planned to increase the maximum dimension of arrays to 15, add built-in special mathematical functions, etc.
Compilers
Since the initial development of the language, Fortran compilers have been produced by IBM. IBM currently supplies the VS Fortran optimizing compiler for IBM System z mainframes, development history different versions which dates back to 1964, as well as an XL Fortran compiler for platforms based on the PowerPC architecture - AIX, Linux and the Blue Gene supercomputer (a version was also released for Mac OS X, when Macintosh computers used PowerPC processors). Both of these compilers contain very complex optimizers, the result of continuous scientific work by IBM specialists over half a century. Based on the IBM Fortran XL compiler, Absoft, an IBM business partner, has created and supplied the Absoft Pro Fortran compiler for systems based on PowerPC (Linux, Mac OS X) and Intel (Linux, Mac OS X, Windows) processors.
The GNU Free Software Foundation produced an open-source Fortran-77 compiler, g77, available for virtually any platform and fully compatible with GCC. Now it has been replaced by the GFortran compiler, which implements almost all the constructs of the Fortran 95 standard and many constructs of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards. It is also fully backward compatible with Fortran 77. There is also an independent project called g95 to create a Fortran-95 compiler based on GCC.
Features and structure of the program
Fortran has a fairly large set of built-in mathematical functions, supports working with integer, real and complex numbers high precision. Expressive means languages were initially very poor, since Fortran was one of the first languages high level. Subsequently, many lexical structures characteristic of structural, functional and even object-oriented programming were added to Fortran.
Punched card with column markings for Fortran.
The structure of the programs was initially focused on input from punched cards and had a number of properties convenient for this particular case. Thus, the 1st column served to mark the text as a comment (with the symbol C), from 1st to 5th the label area was located, and from 7th to 72nd the actual text of the operator or comment was located. Columns 73 to 80 could be used to number cards (to restore a randomly scattered deck) or for a brief comment; they were ignored by the translator. If the operator's text did not fit into the allotted space (from the 7th to 72nd column), a continuation sign was placed in the 6th column of the next card, and then the operator continued on it. It was impossible to place two or more statements on one line (map). As punch cards became a thing of history, these advantages turned into serious inconveniences.
That is why, in the Fortran standard, starting with Fortran 90, in addition to the fixed format of the source text, a free format appeared, which does not regulate line positions, and also allows you to write more than one operator per line. The introduction of a free format made it possible to create code that was as readable and clear as code created using other modern languages programming such as or Java.
Kind " business card» of old Fortran is a huge number of labels that were used both in unconditional GOTO statements, and in loop statements, and in FORMAT format input/output declaration statements. The large number of labels and GOTO statements often made Fortran programs difficult to understand.
It was this negative experience that became the reason why in a number of modern programming languages (for example, Java), labels and associated unconditional jump operators are greatly modified.
However, modern Fortran gets rid of the excess of labels due to the introduction of operators such as DO ... END DO, DO WHILE, SELECT CASE. Moreover, modern language standards retain only the classic GOTO operator, which is still used in many languages today. The computed GOTO statement, as well as the ENTRY construct - multiple entry into procedures, have been eliminated.
Also to positive features modern Fortran should be attributed a large number of built-in array operations and flexible support for arrays with unusual indexing. Example:
Real ,dimension (: ,: ) :: V ... allocate (V(- 2 : 2 ,0 : 10 ) ) ! Allocate memory for an array whose indices can ! vary from -2 to 2 (first index) ! and from 0 to 10 - second... V (2 .2 : 3 ) = V (- 1 : 0 .1 ) ! Rotate a piece of an array write(* ,* ) V(1 ,: ) ! Print all elements of array V whose first index is 1. deallocate(V)
Hello, World!
Fixed format (spaces in line positions 1 to 6 are marked with “␣” characters):
␣␣␣␣␣␣PROGRAM hello ␣␣␣␣␣␣PRINT* , "Hello, World!"
␣␣␣␣␣␣END
Free format:
Program hello print * , "Hello, World!"
- end
- Notes.
The PROGRAM statement is optional. Strictly speaking, the only required statement in a Fortran program is the END statement.
The choice of uppercase or lowercase letters for writing program statements is arbitrary. From the point of view of modern Fortran language standards, the set of uppercase letters and the set of lowercase letters coincide when writing language statements.
Interaction with other languages
Many programming systems allow you to combine object files obtained as a result of translation of a Fortran program with object files obtained from compilers from other languages, which allows you to create more flexible and feature-rich applications. A large number of libraries are also available for the Fortran language, containing both routines for solving classical computing problems (LAPACK, IMSL, BLAS), problems organizing distributed computing (MPI, pvm), and tasks for building graphical interfaces (Quickwin, FORTRAN/TK) or accessing DBMS (Oracle).
- Fortran in the USSR
- Notes
- See, for example: Netlib Repository at UTK and ORNL A. M. Gorelik. Evolution of the Fortran programming language (1957-2007) and prospects for its development // Computational methods and programming, 2008, Vol. 9, p. 53-71
- Bartenyev O.V.
- Modern Fortran. - M.: Dialogue MEPhI, 2005. - ISBN 5-86404-113-0 A. M. Gorelik. object-oriented programming in modern Fortran
- S. D. Algazin, V. V. Kondratiev.
- Programming in Visual Fortran. - M.: “Dialogue MEPhI”, 2008. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-8243-0759-8
- Gorelik A. M. News
- VS FORTRAN
- XL Fortran for Linux
- Absoft Pro Fortran Compiler Suites General Overview
- Sun Studio - Benchmarks
Essay by Alexander Rastorguev about the appearance of Fortran in Dubna
- History of computer graphics in Russia
- Literature
- Fortran. Programmer's Reference Manual. The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM. - IBM Corp., 1956. - 51 p. ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000 Information technology - Programming languages - Fortran - Part 2: Varying length character strings
Robert W. Sebesta.
- gfortran - Fortran 95/2003/2008 compiler, part of the GNU Compiler Collection
- in Progopedia - encyclopedia of programming languages (Russian)
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Fortran(also FORTRAN) this programming language, developed in the early 1950s and still in use today. The name is short for "FORmula TRANslator". Early versions of the language were known as FORTRAN, but the letters were no longer capitalized as of Fortran 90. Official language standards now refer to the language as "FORTRAN".
>Fortran is mainly used for scientific calculations and numerical analysis. Although it was originally a procedural language, latest versions Fortran has included some features to support object-oriented programming for beginners.
The first FORTRAN compiler was developed for the IBM 704 in 1954-57 by the IBM team led by John W. Backus. It was an optimizing compiler because the authors reasoned that no one would use the language, even when learning programming for dummies, unless its performance was comparable to assembly language.
The language became widespread among scientists and was used to write numerically intensive programs, which forced the creators of Fortran compilers to painstakingly rewrite the compiler code to generate faster code. Today there are many suppliers of high-performance Fortran compilers. Many advances in compiler theory and design have been motivated by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs as required for the basics of programming.
There are several known versions of the language, including the famous FORTRAN IV (also known as FORTRAN 66), Fortran 77 and Fortran 90. The last formal standard for the language, published in 1997, is known as Fortran 95. IBM's versions of the language have never been more popular , as developed by other companies, and this is especially true for FORTRAN IV - WATFOR, the version of FORTRAN IV developed at the University of Waterloo in Canada, was the most popular because it output compilation error messages better than others. Similarly, software for automatically generating block diagrams from FORTRAN programs was developed outside of IBM
Initially, the language relied on precise source code formatting and heavy use of numeric states and the GOTO statement. These quirks have been removed from newer versions of the language. Subsequent versions also introduced "modern" programming concepts such as source code comments and text output, IF-THEN-ELSE statements (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90), and parallel computing, while attempting to maintain Fortran "lean" profile and high performance. Among the most popular Fortran-based languages are SAS, designed for obtaining statistical reports, and SIMSCRIPT, for modeling queuing processes.
Vendors of high-performance scientific computers (Burroughs, CDC, Cray, IBM, Texas Instruments) have added extensions to Fortran to enable the use of special hardware features such as: instruction cache, pipe connection processor, vector arrays, etc. For example, one of IBM's Fortran compilers (H Extended IUP) contained a layer of optimization that caused machine code instructions to keep several internal arithmetic blocks busy at all times. Another example is CFD, a special "variant" of Fortran developed specifically for the ILLIAC IV supercomputer, running in research center NASA Ames. These extensions have either disappeared over time or these elements have been incorporated into the main standard; The main extension is OpenMP, which is a cross-platform extension for shared memory access. Another of the new extensions, CoArray Fortran, is designed to promote the development of parallel programming and .
A beginner's first attempt at developing in Erlang can be very frustrating because the syntax of this language is considered secret writing by many programmers who began studying with modern languages. It's hard to write a lexical analyzer when just one erroneous character can result in a runtime error rather than a compilation error if the specified constructs are not used. In some of the earliest versions, there were no objects (OOP), which are considered useful attributes of programming in modern conditions, or, for example, there was no dynamic memory allocation. At the same time, the syntax of the Fortran language was applicable to scientific work and calculations involving number operations, and many of its shortcomings were taken into account in later versions. For example, Fortran 95 has very short commands for performing mathematical operations on matrices and arrays, which not only greatly improves program readability, but also gives useful information for the compiler so that it can vectorize operations. For these reasons, Fortran is not often used outside of scientific and engineering computing; it remains a language for high performance numerical computing.
Air Force are rightfully considered the most mobile and operational branch of our army. The Air Force includes aviation, anti-aircraft missile and radar troops, and special forces.
Tasks of the Russian Air Force
In the complex of tasks of the Military air force includes:
- Detection of the onset of an attack at distant stages through air patrols and radar reconnaissance.
- Notification of the start of an attack to all headquarters of the RF Armed Forces, all types and branches of troops in all military districts of Russia, including headquarters civil defense.
- Repelling an attack in the air, establishing complete control over the airspace.
- Protection of military and civilian objects from attack from the air and from space, as well as from aerial reconnaissance.
- Air support for ground and Navy RF.
- Defeat military, rear and other enemy targets.
- Defeat air, land, ground and sea groups and formations of the enemy, his air and sea landings.
- Transportation of personnel, weapons and military equipment, landing of troops.
- Conducting all types of aerial reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, electronic warfare.
- Control of land, sea and air space in the border strip.
Structure of the Russian Air Force
The structure of the Russian Air Force has a complex multi-level system. By branch and strength of troops, the Air Force is divided into:
- aviation;
- anti-aircraft missile forces;
- radio technical troops;
- special troops.
Aviation, in turn, is divided into:
- long-range and strategic;
- frontline;
- army;
- fighter;
- military transport;
- special
Long-range aviation is designed to launch missile and bomb strikes deep behind enemy lines at a considerable distance from the borders of the Russian Federation. Strategic aviation is also armed with missiles and bombs nuclear action. Its aircraft are capable of covering significant distances at supersonic speeds and at high altitudes, while carrying a significant bomb load.
Fighter aviation has the task of providing cover from air attack to the most important directions and important objects and represents the main maneuver force air defense. The main requirement for fighters is high maneuverability, speed, the ability to effectively conduct air combat and intercept various air targets(fighter-interceptors).
Front-line aviation includes attack and bomber vehicles. The first are intended to support ground forces and naval groups, to destroy ground targets on cutting edge combat operations to combat enemy aircraft. Front-line bombers, in contrast to long-range and strategic bombers, are intended to destroy ground targets and troop groups at close and medium distances from home airfields.
Army aviation in the Russian Air Force is represented by helicopters for various purposes. First of all, she carries out close interaction with ground army forces, solving a wide variety of combat and transport tasks.
Special aviation is designed to solve various highly specialized tasks: to conduct aerial reconnaissance, electronic warfare, detect ground and air targets at long distances, refuel other aircraft in the air, provide command and communications.
Special troops include:
- reconnaissance;
- engineering;
- aeronautics;
- meteorological;
- topogeodetic troops;
- electronic warfare forces;
- RCBZ forces;
- search and rescue forces;
- parts of radio-electronic support and automated control systems;
- parts materially technical support;
- rear units.
In addition, the Russian Air Force associations are divided according to their organizational structure:
- Special Operations Command;
- special forces air forces;
- air armies of military transport aviation;
- Air Force and Air Defense armies (4th, 6th, 11th, 14th and 45th);
- parts central subordination Air Force;
- foreign air bases.
The current state and composition of the Russian Air Force
The active process of degradation of the Air Force that took place in the 90s led to a critical state of this type of troops. The number of personnel and the level of their training fell sharply.
According to many media reports, at that time Russia could count a little more than a dozen highly trained fighter pilots and attack aircraft who had combat experience. Most of the pilots had almost no experience flying airplanes.
The vast majority of aircraft fleet equipment required overhaul, airfields and ground military facilities did not stand up to criticism.
The process of loss of combat capability of the Air Force after 2000 was completely stopped. Since 2009, the process of total modernization and overhaul of equipment began. Thus, plans for the purchase of new military equipment were brought to the level of Soviet times, and development began again promising samples weapons.
As of 2018, many authoritative publications, including foreign ones, in terms of size and level of equipment, place the Air Force of our country in second place after the US Air Force. However, they note that the growth in the number and equipment of the Chinese Air Force is ahead of the Russian Air Force and in the most in the near future China's air force can match ours.
During the military operation from Syria, the Air Force was not only able to conduct full combat tests of new weapons and air defense systems, but also, through rotation numerical strength, carry out “firing” in combat conditions for most fighter and attack aircraft pilots. 80-90% of pilots now have combat experience.
Military equipment
Fighter aviation in the troops is represented by multi-role fighters SU-30 and SU-35 of various modifications, front-line fighters MIG-29 and SU-27, and fighter-interceptor MIG-31.
Front-line aviation is dominated by the SU-24 bomber, SU-25 attack aircraft and SU-34 fighter-bomber.
Long-range and strategic aviation is armed with supersonic strategic missile-carrying bombers TU-22M and TU-160. There are also a number of outdated TU-95 turboprops that are being modernized to the modern level.
Transport aviation includes transport aircraft AN-12, AN-22, AN-26, AN-72, AN-124, IL-76 and passenger AN-140, AN-148, IL-18, IL-62, TU -134, TU-154 and the joint Czechoslovak-Russian development of Let L-410 Turbolet.
Special aviation includes AWACS aircraft, air command posts, reconnaissance aircraft, tanker aircraft, electronic warfare and reconnaissance aircraft, and relay aircraft.
Helicopter fleet presented attack helicopters KA-50, KA-52 and MI-28, transport and combat MI-24 and MI-25, multi-purpose Ansat-U, KA-226 and MI-8, as well as a heavy transport helicopter MI-26.
In the future, the air force will have: the MIG-35 front-line fighter, the PAK-FA fifth-generation fighter, the SU-57 multi-role fighter, the new A-100 type AWACS aircraft, the PAK-DA multi-role strategic missile-carrying bomber, the MI-38 and multi-role helicopters. PLV, SBV attack helicopter.
Among the air defense systems in service with the Air Force are the world famous anti-aircraft missile systems long range S-300 and S-400, missile and gun systems short-range "Pantsir S-1" and "Pantsir S-2". In the future, the appearance of a complex like the S-500 is expected.
| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Aerospace Forces (VKS). Air Force
Armed forces Russian Federation
Aerospace Forces (VKS)
Air Force
From the history of creation
Aviation took its first steps without sufficient scientific base, only thanks to enthusiasts. However, in late XIX- early 20th century Theoretical and experimental research appeared in this area. The leading role in the development of aviation belongs to the Russian scientists N. E. Zhukovsky and S. A. Chaplygin. The first successful flight of the aircraft was carried out on December 17, 1903 by American mechanics brothers W. and O. Wright.
Subsequently, various types of aircraft were created in Russia and some other countries. Their speed then reached 90-120 km/h. The use of aviation during the First World War determined the significance of the aircraft as a new weapon, caused the division of aviation into fighter, bomber and reconnaissance.
In the warring countries, during the war years, the fleet of aircraft expanded and their characteristics improved. The speed of the fighters reached 200-220 km/h, and the ceiling increased from 2 to 7 km. From the mid-20s. XX century Duralumin began to be widely used in aircraft construction. In the 30s in the design of aircraft they switched from a biplane to a monoplane, which made it possible to increase the speed of fighters to 560-580 km/h.
The Second World War became a powerful impetus for the development of aviation. World War. After it, jet aviation and helicopter manufacturing began to develop rapidly. Supersonic aircraft appeared in the Air Force. In the 80s Much attention was paid to the creation of short takeoff and landing aircraft, high payload capacity, and improvement of helicopters. Currently, some countries are working to create and improve orbital and aerospace aircraft.
Organizational structure of the Air Force
- Air Force Command
- Aviation (types of aviation - bomber, attack, fighter, air defense, reconnaissance, transport and special);
- Anti-aircraft missile forces
- Radio technical troops
- Special troops
- units and institutions of the rear
Air Force- the most mobile and maneuverable branch of the Armed Forces, designed to protect the bodies of higher state and military administration, strategic nuclear forces, groupings of troops, important administrative-industrial centers and regions of the country from reconnaissance and air strikes, striking at enemy aviation, land and naval groups, its administrative-political, industrial-economic centers in order to disorganize state and military administration, disrupt the work of the rear and transport, as well as conducting aerial reconnaissance and air transport. They can perform these tasks under any weather conditions, at any time of day or year.
- The main tasks of the Air Force in modern conditions are:
- revealing the beginning of an enemy air attack;
- notifying the main headquarters of the Armed Forces, headquarters of military districts, fleets, and civil defense authorities about the beginning of an enemy air attack;
- gaining and maintaining air supremacy;
- covering troops and rear facilities from aerial reconnaissance, air and space strikes;
- air support Ground Forces and Navy forces;
- defeat of enemy military-economic potential facilities;
- violation of military and government controlled enemy;
- defeat of nuclear missile, anti-aircraft and aviation groups the enemy and his reserves, as well as air and sea landings;
- defeat of enemy naval groups at sea, ocean, naval bases, ports and bases;
- the release of military equipment and the landing of troops;
- air transportation of troops and military equipment;
- conducting strategic, operational and tactical air reconnaissance;
- control over the use of airspace in the border strip.
- The Air Force includes the following types of troops (Fig. 1):
- aviation (types of aviation - bomber, attack, fighter, air defense, reconnaissance, transport and special);
- anti-aircraft missile forces;
- radio technical troops;
- special troops;
- units and institutions of the rear.
The aviation units are armed with airplanes, seaplanes and helicopters. The basis of the Air Force's combat power is supersonic all-weather aircraft equipped with a variety of bomber, missile and small arms weapons.
In service with anti-aircraft missiles and radio technical troops There are various anti-aircraft missile systems, short-range air defense systems, radar stations and other means of armed warfare.
IN Peaceful time The Air Force performs security missions state border Russian airspace is notified of flights of foreign reconnaissance vehicles in the border zone.
Bomber aircraft has long-range (strategic) and front-line (tactical) bombers in service various types. It is designed to defeat troop groups, destroy important military, energy facilities and communications centers primarily in the strategic and operational depths of enemy defenses. The bomber can carry bombs of various calibers, both conventional and nuclear, as well as guided missiles air-to-surface class.
Attack aircraft designed for air support of troops, destruction of manpower and objects primarily at the front line, in the tactical and immediate operational depth of the enemy, as well as command of the fight against enemy aircraft in the air.
One of the main requirements for an attack aircraft is high accuracy in hitting ground targets. Weapons: large-caliber guns, bombs, rockets.
Fighter aircraft air defense is the main maneuverable force of the air defense system and is designed to cover the most important directions and objects from enemy air attack. It is capable of destroying the enemy at maximum ranges from defended objects.
The air defense aviation is armed with air defense fighter aircraft, combat helicopters, special and transport aircraft and helicopters.
Reconnaissance aircraft designed for conducting aerial reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and weather, and can destroy hidden enemy objects.
Reconnaissance flights can also be carried out by bomber, fighter-bomber, attack and fighter aircraft. For this purpose, they are specially equipped with day and night photography equipment at various scales, high-resolution radio and radar stations, heat direction finders, sound recording and television equipment, and magnetometers.
Reconnaissance aviation is divided into tactical, operational and strategic reconnaissance aviation.
Transport aviation intended for transportation of troops, military equipment, weapons, ammunition, fuel, food, landing airborne assaults, evacuation of the wounded, sick, etc.
Special aviation designed for long-range radar detection and guidance, refueling aircraft in the air, conducting electronic warfare, radiation, chemical and biological protection, providing control and communications, meteorological and technical support, rescuing crews in distress, evacuating the wounded and sick.
Anti-aircraft missile forces but are intended to protect the country’s most important facilities and troop groups from enemy air strikes.
They constitute the main firepower of the air defense system and are armed with anti-aircraft guns. missile systems and anti-aircraft missile systems for various purposes, with great firepower and high accuracy destruction of enemy air attack weapons.
Radio technical troops- the main source of information about air enemy and are intended to conduct its radar reconnaissance, monitor the flights of its aircraft and ensure that aircraft of all departments comply with the rules for the use of airspace.
They provide information about the beginning of an air attack, combat information for anti-aircraft missile forces and air defense aviation, as well as information for controlling formations, units and air defense units.
Radio technical troops are armed with radar stations and radar systems capable of meteorological conditions and interference, detect not only air, but also surface targets.
Communication units and subdivisions designed for deployment and operation of communication systems in order to ensure command and control of troops in all types of combat activities.
Electronic warfare units and units designed to interfere with airborne radars, bomb sights, communications and radio navigation means of enemy air attack.
Units and subdivisions of communications and radio engineering support designed to provide control of aviation units and subunits, aircraft navigation, takeoff and landing of aircraft and helicopters.
Units and subunits of the engineering troops, as well as units and subunits of radiation, chemical and biological protection, are designed to perform the most complex tasks of engineering and chemical support, respectively.
Air Force (AF) - view Armed Forces, designed to protect higher state and military authorities, strategic nuclear forces, troop groups, important administrative and industrial centers and regions of the country from reconnaissance and air strikes, to gain air superiority, fire and nuclear destruction enemy from the air, increasing mobility and supporting the actions of formations different types Armed Forces, conducting comprehensive reconnaissance and performing special tasks.
The Russian Air Force consists of associations, formations and military units and include types of aviation: long-range, military transport; front-line (it includes bomber, attack, fighter, reconnaissance aircraft), army, as well as military air defense forces: anti-aircraft missile forces, radio engineering troops.
Long-range aviation- home impact force An air force capable of effectively hitting important targets of aviation groups and carrier ships cruise missiles sea-based (SLCM), energy facilities and facilities of higher military and government administration, nodes of railway, road and sea communications.
Military transport aviation- the main means of landing troops and military equipment in the interests of operations in continental and ocean theaters of war, it is the most mobile means of delivery to specified areas material resources, military equipment, food, units and units.
Front-line bomber and attack aircraft designed primarily to provide air support to the Ground Forces in all types of military operations.
Frontline reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance in the interests of all types and branches of troops.
Frontline fighter aviation designed to destroy enemy air attack weapons when solving problems of covering groups, economic regions, administrative and political centers, military and other objects.
Army aviation designed for fire support of the Ground Forces. She is also entrusted with the tasks of combat and logistics support. During the battle, army aviation strikes at enemy troops, destroys his airborne assault forces, raiding, forward and outflanking detachments, provides landing and air support for its landing forces, fights enemy helicopters, destroys its nuclear missiles, tanks and other armored vehicles. .
Anti-aircraft missile forces designed to cover troops and facilities from enemy air attacks.
Radio technical troops are designed to detect enemy air attack weapons in the air, identify them, escort them, notify the command, troops and civil defense authorities about them, to monitor the flights of their aircraft.
Armament and military equipment of the Air Force
Strategic supersonic bomber with variable wing geometry Tu-160- intended for destruction by nuclear and conventional weapons the most important targets in remote military-geographical areas and deep behind the continental theaters of military operations.
Strategic missile carrier Tu-95MS- designed to solve strike missions to hit the most important targets in remote military-geographical areas and in the deep rear of continental theaters of military operations.
Heavy military transport aircraft An-22 (“Antey”)- designed for long-distance transportation of heavy and large-sized military equipment and troops, as well as for parachute and landing methods.
Heavy long-range military transport aircraft An-124 (“Ruslan”)- intended for the delivery of troops with standard military equipment and weapons from the deep rear of the country to theaters of military operations (theatres of war), transportation of troops between theaters of operations and inside rear zones, reinforcement of airborne assaults with heavy military equipment, delivery of cargo to fleet forces in ocean theaters, transportation of heavy and large-sized national economic cargo.
Front-line bomber with variable wing geometry Su-24M- Designed to destroy ground and surface targets in any weather conditions, day and night, in the tactical and immediate operational depths of enemy territory.
Su-25 attack aircraft- designed to destroy small-sized moving and stationary ground objects in conditions of visual visibility day and night, as well as low-speed air targets at the forefront in tactical and immediate operational depth.
conclusions
- The Air Force consists of long-range and military transport aviation, front-line bomber and attack aviation, front-line reconnaissance aircraft, front-line fighter aviation, army aviation, anti-aircraft missile and radio technical troops.
- The air force is designed to carry out air strikes against enemy groups, their rear and transport.
- The Air Force conducts aerial reconnaissance and organizes air transport.
- Military transport aviation of the Air Force is capable of landing and airborne troops, transporting troops and military equipment over long distances.
Questions
- What types of aviation are included in the Air Force?
- What types of anti-aircraft troops are part of the Air Force?
- What are the main aircraft in service with long-range aviation?
- In what type of front-line aviation did the legendary heroes of the Great Patriotic War serve? Patriotic War Alexander Pokryshkin and Ivan Kozhedub?
Tasks
- Prepare short message about the purpose of anti-aircraft troops and their weapons and military equipment.
- Prepare a report about the heroic exploits and records of the famous Russian pilot of the First World War, Pyotr Nesterov.
- Using historical literature, write an essay on the topic “Chief Marshal of Aviation A. A. Novikov - Commander of the Air Force during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
- Using special materials and the Internet, prepare a report about one of the modern military pilots.