Fleming is a scientist. The inventor of antibiotics or the story of saving humanity
FLEMING, ALEXANDER(Fleming, Alexander) (1881–1955), English bacteriologist, awarded Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine 1945 (together with H. Flory and E. Cheyne) for the discovery of penicillin. Born August 6, 1881 in Lockfield (Scotland). At the age of 13, he went to his brother, a London doctor. He entered the Polytechnic School and after graduating got a job in a navigation company. However, the work did not bring him satisfaction, and, having received a small inheritance from his uncle, Fleming decided to enroll in medical school at St. Mary's Hospital. At the same time, he prepared for university exams, which he successfully passed in 1902.
One of the most brilliant professors at St. Mary's Hospital was Almroth Wright, a famous bacteriologist and immunologist. From 1906 Fleming worked in his bacteriological laboratory. During World War I he served as an army doctor in France under Wright. During the war, there was no question of immunization - the wounded died from sepsis, tetanus and gangrene. Trying to save them, surgeons used antiseptics. Fleming conducted a thorough examination of infected wounds and showed the ineffectiveness of antiseptics.
In 1922 Fleming made his first important discovery– discovered a substance in human tissue that can quickly dissolve some microbes. Wright called the new substance lysozyme, trying to reflect in the name, on the one hand, its enzymatic properties (enzyme), and on the other, its ability to lyse, i.e. destruction of microorganisms. It seemed that lysozyme was a natural antiseptic, but, unfortunately, it was found that it was ineffective against the most pathogenic microorganisms.
As often happens in history scientific discoveries, success comes to the researcher by chance. In 1929, a colony of staphylococci in Fleming's laboratory was infected with a mold. Penicillium notatum. Fleming named the substance that he released into the culture medium penicillin. Further research showed that even in large doses, penicillin is non-toxic to animals and is capable of killing very resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Unfortunately, there were no biochemists at St. Mary's Hospital, and Fleming was unable to obtain penicillin in an injectable form. This work was carried out at Oxford by G. Flory and E. Chain only in 1938. The discovery of penicillin, and then other antibiotics, made a real revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases.
In 1944, Fleming was knighted. In 1928–1946 he became a professor of microbiology at the University of London, in 1947 he headed the Wright-Fleming Institute established at St. Mary's Hospital, and in 1951–1954 he was rector of the University of Edinburgh. Fleming died in London on March 11, 1955.
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The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by accident. Its action is based on suppressing the synthesis of the outer membranes of bacterial cells.
In 1928, Alexander Fleming conducted a routine experiment as part of a long-term study of wrestling. human body with bacterial infections. Growing culture colonies Staphylococcus, he discovered that some of the culture dishes were contaminated with common mold Penicillium- a substance due to which bread turns green when left for a long time. Around each mold patch, Fleming noticed an area that was free of bacteria. From this he concluded that mold produces a substance that kills bacteria. He subsequently isolated the molecule now known as "penicillin". This was the first modern antibiotic.
The principle of operation of an antibiotic is to inhibit or suppress chemical reaction necessary for the existence of bacteria. Penicillin blocks molecules involved in the construction of new cell walls of bacteria - similar to how chewing gum stuck to a key prevents the lock from opening. (Penicillin has no effect on humans or animals because the outer membranes of our cells are fundamentally different from those of bacteria.)
During the 1930s, efforts were made unsuccessful attempts improve the quality of penicillin and other antibiotics by learning to obtain them in sufficient quantities pure form. The first antibiotics were similar to most modern cancer drugs—it was unclear whether the drug would kill the pathogen before it killed the patient. It was only in 1938 that two Oxford University scientists, Howard Florey (1898-1968) and Ernst Chain (1906-79), managed to isolate a pure form of penicillin. Due to the great need for medical supplies during World War II mass production this medicine began already in 1943. In 1945, Fleming, Florey and Cheyne were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work.
Penicillin and other antibiotics have saved countless lives. In addition, penicillin was the first medicine to demonstrate the emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics.
Alexander FLEMING
Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955
Scottish bacteriologist. Born in Lockfield, Ayrshire. He graduated from St. Mary's Hospital Medical School and worked there almost his entire life. It was not until World War I that Fleming served as a military doctor in the medical corps. Royal Army. It was there that he became interested in the problem of combating wound infections. Thanks to accidental discovery penicillin in 1928 (in the same year Fleming received the title of professor of bacteriology), he became a Nobel Prize laureate in the field of physiology or medicine in 1945.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
English microbiologist,first in the world to isolate penicillin.
IMPORTANT: remember for the rest of your life that Antibiotics cannot be taken or prescribed to oneself anyhow- they are taken strictly as prescribed by the doctor: in a course and strictly at the same time every day of the course!
Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881 in Great Britain, into a farmer's family. Having become a professional doctor, first world war Fleming served as a captain in the medical corps.
While working in a wound research laboratory, Fleming tried to determine whether antiseptics (disinfectants) were beneficial in treating infected wounds. Fleming was obsessed with the idea that all living things have defense mechanisms. Otherwise, no organism could exist: bacteria would freely invade it and kill it. Fleming dedicated his life to the search for these mechanisms.
Fleming tried to isolate the causative agent of common colds. First, the researcher paid attention to a substance in the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose, which he called lysozyme. Lysozyme is an enzyme that kills some bacteria without causing harm to healthy tissues, a natural antibacterial substance. Lysozyme was effective means against bacteria that are not pathogens, and completely ineffective against pathogens.
Fleming was convinced that lysozyme in ancient times was man's internal weapon against all microbes, but they adapted and became more resistant. This discovery prompted Fleming to search for other antibacterial drugs that are harmless to the human body.
1928 Scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of penicillin mold. He called it penicillin. This was the first antibiotic.
Penicillin - mold, gray formation 3.9 cm in diameter.
Fleming's discovery of penicillin was the result of incredible circumstances.
Unlike his neat colleagues, who cleaned the dishes with bacterial cultures after finishing work, Fleming (out of sloppiness) did not throw away the cultures for 2-3 weeks, and 40 or 50 dishes accumulated on his table. As he started cleaning, he looked through the culture cups so as not to throw away anything interesting. In one of the cups he discovered mold, which suppressed the growth of the sown culture of the bacterium Staphylococcus (staphylococcus). Having separated the mold, he found that “the broth on which the mold had grown acquired a distinct ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, as well as bactericidal and bacteriological properties against many common pathogenic bacteria.” The mold that infected the crop was very rare species Penicillium. Fleming kept the cup with the overgrown mold until the end of his life.
Interestingly, mold and the colonies of microbes killed by it were repeatedly observed before Fleming. It just never occurred to anyone to use it in the fight against disease. It was difficult to imagine that mold could be applied to a wound and introduced into the patient’s body.
In 1945, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with his colleagues "for the discovery of penicillin and its beneficial effects in various infectious diseases."
Penicillin began to be used in 1941 during World War II. Penicillin and subsequent antibiotics saved millions of lives.
For his discovery, Fleming was called the “doctor of the century.” And today scientists are concerned that new forms of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are emerging.
* Antibiotics (from the Greek words anti - against and bios - life) are organic matter, formed by microorganisms and having the ability to kill microbes or inhibit their growth. Antibiotics are also called antibacterial substances extracted from plant or animal cells. Many of them have found application in medicine, agriculture And Food Industry. Synthetic antibiotics are known (syntomycin and chloramphenicol). Many soil fungi and bacteria have become sources of antibiotics.
It should be remembered that antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic, but also beneficial bacteria in the body. But this does not mean that we should abandon the use of antibiotics. We must remember that they should be used only and exactly as prescribed by a doctor.
Fleming is the author of numerous articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy. In 1932, he discovered the antibacterial agent lysozyme, and in 1928 he isolated the antibiotic penicillin from molds Penicillium notatum. Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of penicillin and its beneficial effects in various infectious diseases" in 1945, together with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.
Sir Alexander Fleming, the third of four children in the family, was born on August 6, 1881, on a farm located near Darvel, East Ayrshire. His mother, Grace Stirling Morton, was the second wife of his father, farmer Hugh Fleming, who had four more children from his first marriage. His father married for the second time at the age of 59, and died when Alexander was seven.
Fleming attended Loudoun Moor School and Darvel School before spending two years at Kilmarnock Academy. Afterwards he moved to London, where he entered the Royal Polytechnic
Royal Polytechnic Institution. After four years of working in a shipping company, 20-year-old Fleming inherited his Uncle John's money. Alexander's brother, Tom, was already a doctor by that time and suggested to his younger brother follow in his footsteps.
At St Mary's Hospital, Alexander entered medical school at Paddington in 1903, graduating with honors with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery in 1906. Two years later he became a bachelor in bacteriology, and in 1914 he began teaching at his own school. On December 23, 1915, Fleming married nurse Sa
re Marion McElroy, who was from the village of Killala, County Mayo, Ireland (Killala, County Mayo, Ireland). The couple had one son, Robert, who became a doctor.
His Majesty Chance was directly involved in two of Fleming's major discoveries in the 1920s. One day, a biologist with a cold sowed his own mucus into a Petri dish containing bacteria. Several days passed, and Alexander noticed that in the places where the nasal discharge was located, the bacteria were destroyed. In 1922, the first article about lysozyme and its powerful lytic effect was born.
Quite often, Fleming's laboratory was in disarray, and
the second time it served him well good service- this time in 1928, when he studied the properties of staphylococci. He left his “workshop” to his own devices for a whole month in order to spend August 1928 with his family, and upon his return in September he discovered Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on agar in one of the Petri dishes molds. Fleming discovered that the staphylococcal colonies around the molds became transparent. These colonies were dead, while cultures uncontaminated by fungi remained normal.
When the biologist showed his find to Merlin Price, his former assistant, he rightly remarked: “This is the same
This is how you discovered lysozyme." Alexander classified the mushrooms as belonging to the genus Penicillinaceae and was able to isolate from them active substance, responsible for the death of bacterial cells. On March 7, 1929, he named the new anti-infective drug penicillin. Subsequently, Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain came up with methods for purifying penicillin, the mass production of which began during the Second World War.
In 1949, Alexander’s first wife died. On April 9, 1953, Fleming married a second time, to a Greek woman, Amalia, who died in 1986. The biologist himself fell victim heart attack March 11, 1955 at his home in London.