European integration: textbook – Books – HSE Publications – National Research University Higher School of Economics.

Generally edited by: O. V. Butorina

The textbook was prepared by MGIMO (U) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia in collaboration with the Institute of Europe Russian Academy Sci. It covers the development in the most complete, systematized and accessible way possible. integration processes in Europe since the mid-twentieth century. to the present day. Particular attention is paid to the role of Russia in these processes, and the areas of cooperation between Russia and the European Union are outlined in detail. The book includes 45 chapters, grouped into six sections: “Regional integration and its European implementation”; " Organizational system EU"; Directions of EU activity"; EU in the system international relations"Cooperation between Russia and the EU"; Integration processes in Greater Europe". All chapters have a clear structure, are provided with sidebars, conclusions, control questions and a list of recommended literature.
For undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of European integration.

Book chapters

Butorina O. V., Kondratyeva N. B.

Related publications

Butorina O. V., Kondratyeva N. B. In the book: European integration: textbook. M.: Business literature, 2011. Ch. 11. pp. 186-202.

The main issues addressed are:

1) EU budget: origin and content

2) Annual and multi-year financial plans

3) Problems of EU fiscal policy

4) Off-budget financial instruments

Part 1. Volgograd: Volgograd Scientific Publishing House, 2010.

The collection includes articles by participants in the international scientific-practical conference“Economics and Management: Problems and Prospects for Development”, held on November 15-16, 2010 in Volgograd at the Regional Center for Socio-Economic and Political Research “Public Assistance”. The articles are devoted to current issues of economic, management theory and practice, studied by scientists from different countries- conference participants.

Potapova O. V. Questions of Philosophy. 2010. No. 9. pp. 74-78.

The article prefaces the translation of John Rawls’s “The Law of Nations.” This lecture was written in 1993 and has not previously been translated into Russian. This article analyzes the concept of justice in international relations proposed by Rawls, examining in detail the terminology, methodology and main provisions. Justice in international relations is studied in connection with general theory Rawls's justice. However, due to the nature of its scope, the concept of justice in international relations, based on liberal values, goes beyond the boundaries of liberal societies and offers the basis for transformation international law and world politics.

M.: Russian Institute for Strategic Studies, 2010.

The proposed publication is a collection of materials round table, organized by RISI. On the Russian side, heads of departments and researchers from RISS took part in its work; on the Chinese side, experts from the Chinese Academy of Contemporary International Relations (CACMO) took part in its work. During the round table the most current issues international and Russian-Chinese relations at the present stage.

The collection includes the main speeches of the event participants; the appendix contains the original texts of the reports in Chinese.

The article discusses the problems of the influence of external conditions when assessing the efficiency of the public sector using the Data Envelopment Analysis method. Using the example of the healthcare system in Russian regions in 2011 a comparative analysis is carried out modern methods taking into account external conditions. A promising method for correcting efficiency estimates obtained by the DEA method is proposed. Despite the advantages of DEA analysis as a performance assessment tool state power, its application is associated with a number of methodological difficulties. Taking into account several factors influencing efficiency requires the use of more complex methods, the most promising of which is clustering the studied DMUs according to a set of features and constructing local boundaries production capabilities. The use of regression analysis to correct estimates currently requires more in-depth study, since the possibility of systematic errors in the correction cannot be ruled out. The most promising approach seems to be a combination of correction of initial indicators and clustering, supplemented by multi-stage analysis. Consideration of several stages of transformation of society's resources into a socially useful result will allow us to localize weak sides work of a government organization.

The article is devoted to the prospects for the construction of the EurAsEC Customs Union. The problems of unifying the customs legislation of partners in the Customs Union and creating a supranational structure are noted.

Trunin P. V., Drobyshevsky S. M., Evdokimova T.V.M.: Publishing House“Case” RANEPA, 2012.

The purpose of the work is to compare monetary policy regimes from the point of view of the vulnerability of the economies of the countries using them to crises. The work consists of two parts. The first part contains a review of the literature, which presents the results of studies examining the susceptibility to crises of economies that apply such monetary policy regimes as exchange rate targeting, classical and modified inflation targeting. It also provides assessments of the effectiveness of the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves as a tool for preventing or mitigating crises. The second part of the work - empirical - describes the methodology and results of comparing the adaptive abilities of economies, obtained from an analysis of the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods in countries grouped by monetary policy regimes. In addition, estimates of the susceptibility of economies to crises are presented based on calculations of the frequencies of crises under different regimes.

Denchev K. Polity: Analysis. Chronicle. Forecast. 1999. No. 3. P. 130-140.

For almost a hundred years now, the “oil factor” has been one of the main elements influencing international relations. The fact that international relations are interconnected with the problem of energy security is fundamentally important. Great value energy resources in world politics is causing an intensification of both hidden and open confrontation between the leading powers for control over them. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the world's oil and gas reserves are extremely unevenly distributed across the globe.

Zhirkov K., Verkuyten M., Weesie J. Sociology. SOC. Higher School of Economics, 2012. No. 08.

Focusing on the Muslim populations in five Muslim-majority countries and four Western European countries, we examine the levels of support for suicide bombings and other forms of violence. We found that support for terrorism among Muslims is present but the percentage of radicals is quite low. In both samples, support for terrorism is stronger among those who see democracy as a solely Western political system. This pattern of association is similar across the Western European countries, whereas the association varies considerably across the Muslim countries. The perceived economic dominance of the West is related to more support for terrorism among Muslims in Europe. In the Muslim countries, blaming the West for negative international relations is associated with greater support for terrorism. We suggest that improvement of the relationships between the West and the Muslim world can reduce support for terrorism and prevent radicalization within Muslim societies.

During the decades of the Cold War and the centuries before it, both Russian scholars of British history and British scholars of Russian history focused primarily on the contradictions and conflicts between the two countries. Their research provides a detailed analysis of mutual hostility. History, alas, has provided enough material for this. But there is another story: a story of cooperation and alliance, mutual interest and even admiration. This article is about that other side of the story.

Iudin A. A., Ryumin A. M., Shpilev D. A. N. Novgorod: NISOC Publishing House, 2011.

The monograph examines the attitude of an active Western citizen who visits Internet forums to Russia and Russians. The sociological analysis is based on an analysis of English-language and German-language sites in the part where they relate to assessments of Russia, its history, culture, and politics. Special interest presents a comparison of the assessments of representatives of different countries to the problem under study. The book is of interest to sociologists, political scientists, marketers, specialists in the field of public relations and international relations, teachers, graduate students and students.

Denchev K., Zlatev V. Sofia: Agroengineering, 2000.

For almost a hundred years now, the “oil and gas factor” has been one of the main elements influencing international relations. Of fundamental importance is the fact that we're talking about about the interconnectedness of international relations with the problem of energy security. The enormous importance of energy resources in world politics is aggravating both hidden and open confrontation between leading powers for control over regions that are either rich in hydrocarbons or located at the intersection of transport routes.

Review of literature on the development of integrated structures as an important form of organization Russian industry, carried out within the framework of the project “Integration processes in the corporate sector: incentives, forms, economic consequences” (2005-2006), supported by the Moscow Public Science Foundation (support this project was carried out by the Moscow Public Science Foundation with funds provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The point of view reflected in this document, may not coincide with the views of the US Agency for International Development or the Moscow Public scientific foundation. The work not only summarizes the results of research relevant for the analysis of integration processes in Russian industry, but also raises questions that in modern Russian literature no answers have been received yet.

The development of business groups reflects the process of redefining the boundaries of the firm in a transition economy. From the point of view of the development of corporate governance, business groups are one of the ways to overcome the insider ownership model in Russian enterprises. Business groups are more actively modernizing enterprises, and there is evidence of a more significant increase in the efficiency of resource use compared to industry as a whole. Relations between business groups and the state have gone through several stages over the past few years; the specific role of the state in the creation and development of business groups has gradually decreased. The impact of the formation of business groups on competition is ambiguous: although, all other things being equal, an increase in market concentration is accompanied by an increase in market power, nevertheless, in a number of cases, business groups can be considered not as an obstacle, but as a result of increased competition in Russian markets. this work is devoted to a critical analysis of the institution of minimum wage wages in countries with developed market and transition economies, as well as in some developing countries. Institutional features are considered minimum payment labor in individual countries: procedure for establishing,, the role of trade unions. A special section analyzes the dynamics of the absolute and relative size of the minimum wage, identifying those community groups who gain and lose from the minimum wage revision. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the minimum wage institution on the labor market. The author examines the mechanism for transmitting an increase in the minimum wage to the dynamics of employment and unemployment and provides the results of empirical research. The experience of many countries shows that an “abrupt” increase in the minimum wage leads to stagnation and even a reduction in employment, primarily among socially disadvantaged groups. Especially negative effect is fixed for companies with a high share of labor costs and widespread use of unskilled labor, i.e. primarily for small businesses and enterprises in the agricultural sector. One of the conclusions of the work is that increasing the minimum wage is not effective means addressing the problem of poverty, since the majority of its recipients are concentrated in households with average and upper-average income.

Suzdaltsev A.I. In the book: XII International Scientific Conference on problems of economic and social development. In four books. Book 2. Book. 2. M.: Publishing House of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2012. P. 159-168.

Since June 2009, the three EurAsEC member countries decided to speed up integration processes among themselves and move to the second stage of economic integration - the Customs Union (CU). Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus, not without problems, began to form a single customs zone.

On July 1, 2010, the EurAsEC CU began its work, but literally from the first days of the functioning of the single customs zone, a lot of technical, organizational and political problems emerged. In particular, outside customs regulation Russian energy resources remained in the CU, which jeopardized Minsk’s participation in the project. No less problems will have to be faced during the formation of the Common Economic Space, created on the basis of the CU.

Unfortunately, due to the transience of events associated with the launch of the vehicle, a bibliography of the problem has not yet been accumulated sufficient for a full analysis. The development of the project is just beginning to emerge from the stage of journalism, as well as economic and political analytics. Meanwhile, a critical mass of problems has already accumulated that require urgent understanding. First of all, it is necessary to evaluate the path already taken and identify mistakes made during the formation of the vehicle. It is necessary to take into account that some of the errors that were identified during the launch of the project and related to the specifics of the authoritarian regimes in power in Kazakhstan and Belarus cannot be resolved or even mixed within the framework of the transition from the Customs Union to the Common Economic Space (SES). The question remains open about the possibilities of forming a full-fledged SES in the presence of huge disproportions in the socio-economic development of the CU member states.

The most important problems in the formation of the CU project include its international positioning. The CU turned out to be not suitable for organizing the collective entry of partner states in a single customs zone into the World trade organization. The emergence of the Customs Union has caused concern in the European Union. Within the framework of the European program “Eastern Partnership” (Belarus takes part in this program), the creation of a single trade zone with the EU (at the first stage with Ukraine) was declared, which could have an impact Negative influence for the functioning of the Customs Union and the creation of the Common Economic Space.

From January 1, 2010, the Customs Union of EurAsEC governed by a supranational body - the Customs Union Commission. It has been delegated the powers of three countries in the field of customs and tariff policy, in particular the approval of duty rates. A two-thirds vote is required to make decisions. Russia has about 60% of the votes, Belarus and Kazakhstan have 20% each (in proportion to the formation of the Customs Union budget). However, given that 90% of the Customs Union market belongs to Russia, the voting conditions of the Russian Federation in the Commission are disproportionate to its contribution to the Customs Union.

Serious political problem for the formation of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space are authoritarian political regimes who are in power in Kazakhstan and Belarus. Integration with authoritarian regimes is extremely difficult, if not impossible. The global economic crisis of 2008 -2009, which destroyed the basis of the Belarusian and Kazakh economic models, acted as a catalyst for integration processes that led to the creation of the Customs Union.

The CU was formed with “exemptions” related to the specifics of the national economies of the partner states. In particular, Russia insisted on removing the export of crude oil and petroleum products from the functioning of the Customs Union. Belarus insisted on maintaining national import duties on imported passenger vehicles until the 2nd half of 2011. “Withdrawals” for oil and petroleum products became a serious political problem in the relationship between Moscow and Minsk and, at a certain point, could provoke Belarus’ withdrawal from the project. Until the last moment, the Belarusian side insisted on “equal” access to raw materials Russia and Kazakhstan, which was supposed to secure Minsk’s status as a regional intermediary for the sale of Russian and Kazakh energy resources on the EU market. Minsk stated that oil withdrawals from the Customs Union “empty the essence and tactical value” of the Customs Union. Taking into account the special position of Minsk, Moscow and Astana at a certain stage were ready to create a CU of two states - Russia and Kazakhstan.

Within the framework of the created CU, a lot of other problems remain relevant, often of a fundamental nature and, if they cannot be resolved, they can lead the project to a crisis. In particular, doubts remain about the effectiveness of control carried out at the external borders of the Customs Union exclusively by Belarusian and Kazakh customs officers. Until now, there remains uncertainty regarding the system of unified customs information (database).

Problems remain with attempts by external exporters to use Belarus and Kazakhstan as access to the basis of the Customs Union - the Russian market (more than 90%). In particular, the government of Belarus expects to turn its republic into a kind of warehouse and finishing production Chinese goods, which will be able to enter the Russian market legally and duty-free. In particular, Minsk is counting on the construction of a powerful automobile assembly plant for Chinese brands in the republic, which should compete with the enterprises of Western automobile companies located in Russia. China is actively using Kazakhstan's participation in the Customs Union.

Currently, without completing the full formation of the Customs Union, partner countries are moving to the creation of a Common Economic Space, which represents serious problem for TS partners. To enter the SES, the state, represented by the president, must sign and ratify more than 50 agreements, a number of which, in particular, in the field of macroeconomic regulation or in the field of unification (approval on high level) financial policy is revolutionary in nature for the economic models of Kazakhstan and Belarus. The transition to the Common Economic Space may have a particularly difficult impact on the economy of the Republic of Belarus, where the public sector accounts for more than 85%, all large businesses operate under the control of presidential structures, and the economy is governed by post-Soviet administrative methods. The transition to four freedoms of movement of goods, labor, services and capital within the framework of the Common Economic Space threatens the Belarusian economy with a reform shock, the consequence of which may be a change in political power in the republic.

Meanwhile, the government of Belarus is speeding up the signing of the main agreements on the inclusion of the republic in the SES before the start of the next presidential elections. On the one hand, the speedy signing and ratification of agreements on the SES guarantees the republic’s access to Russian oil at domestic Russian prices. On the other hand, Minsk plans to use the fact of the republic’s early accession to the Customs Union as an argument in favor of the Russian leadership recognizing the results of the presidential elections on December 19, 2010.

The accelerated pace of preparing agreements on the SES may affect the quality of documents and their ability to solve the problems of forming the third stage of economic integration. The situation is complicated by the fact that only within the framework of a full-fledged Common Economic Space is energy integration possible, for example, between Russia and Kazakhstan. The question remains open about the readiness of the ruling circles, political classes and civil societies, business and banking circles of Kazakhstan and Belarus to join such a broad integration project as the Common Economic Space.

There are phenomena in the world economy and international relations, the process of cognition of which is endless. It seems that at a certain stage of development of the object being studied, the researcher or group of authors managed to collect and present all the available information. The collective work is edited, sent to print - and after a few weeks, interested observers and students have an excellent source of new knowledge. However, during the time that chapters are written and the book is published, the object under study not only manages to produce great amount new information, but he himself is internally transformed, moves into a different quality, against the background of which it is good known facts take on a completely different meaning.

These phenomena include the historically unique process of rapprochement between European states, which has been going on since the 50s. XX century, the institutional and legal embodiment of which has become the European Union today. And the textbook “European Integration”, prepared by a large team of authors under the leadership of the remarkable Russian international economist Olga Butorina, is an obvious step forward in such an important matter as a comprehensive consideration of such a subject of modern international relations as the European Union. This book stands orders of magnitude higher than most works devoted to both the EU as a whole and individual aspects of European integration or areas of activity of the European Union.

Having done a truly titanic job, members of the team of authors were able to collect and systematize, in fact, everything that an excellent student going for an exam needs to know about the European Union on 720 pages. Practically never (with a few exceptions) did they take what they wanted for reality, and the plans that Europe was so successful in constructing as real deeds. And providing (also with minor exceptions) readers the opportunity to analyze the facts presented in the work themselves and draw their own conclusions based on them.

This lack of intention on the part of the team of authors and its leader, traced throughout the entire work, to offer a holistic interpretation of the events and processes the content of which is described in the textbook is both a plus and a minus of this book. An obvious advantage, because it opens up the widest possibilities for independent interpretation for other researchers. A minus, because it works against not the stylistic, no, but the theoretical integrity of the entire book. Inevitably lowering its prognostic, and therefore, in the strange newspeak of modern higher education, “competency” value.

And the talk about regionalization, or (using the authors’ terminology) “global stratification”, reflected at the beginning of the book, leaves a lot of reserves for increasing persuasiveness. If only because the proposed concept of the EU as an instrument with the help of which member countries strive to secure their rightful place within the global “hard hierarchy of power” does not become the supporting structure of the entire work. Not to mention the fact that with such an understanding of the motives of European states, the thesis about the “historically quite realistic” task of creating a common economic space from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, i.e. including Russia, clearly needs additional evidence.

The point, however, is different. The explanation of the integration motives of European countries proposed by the authors of the textbook, innovative for Russian science, is rather directed outside the EU. However, there is still no hypothesis about the nature of the development of the integration process as such. It seems to be clear that everything is moving, but why this is happening, what is the chemical formula of the blood, thanks to which European integration breathes, albeit intermittently, remains not fully understood.

In this regard, it is appropriate to recall one of my favorite childhood books that came into my hands a few months ago - the university textbook “History of Ancient Rome”, published in 1971, edited by Vasily Ivanovich Kuzishchin. Having leafed through the already somewhat yellowed pages, I was once again amazed at the ease with which an exceptionally serious and fact-rich text is read, telling about the rise, flourishing, withering and death of great civilization West. All the vicissitudes of ancient Roman military, political and economic history fit freely into 336 pages. Events logically follow from one another, and the heroes, like the actors of the commedia dell'arte, act in strict accordance with their roles. It is not surprising that this book is equally easy to understand (and this is the main methodological task of the author of the textbook) and junior schoolboy, both an undergraduate and graduate student at the university.

The secret is relatively simple. It is not difficult to establish the reason for the availability of modern textbooks on international relations published in the United States. In both cases, all events and phenomena are considered by the authors through the prism of a single and holistic theory. These are concepts about class and social contradictions as the main engines of the historical process in Kuzishchin and liberal ideology in the authors of such textbooks as, for example, “Globalization of World Politics,” edited by John Baylis and Steve Smith.

This is logical and correct. It is the analysis of facts based on theory, that is, the intellectual refraction of reality, highlighting the main thing and cutting off the secondary, that allows us to make the most important part analytical work- build a forecast. At the same time, in modern conditions it is necessary qualification requirement It becomes not just knowledge of even a large number of static facts, but precisely the ability to predict their development in the medium and long term. This is what we teach our students. A simple set of interconnected statements, as noted by the outstanding international relations scholar Kenneth Waltz, means absolutely nothing without the accompanying theoretical analysis.

In addition, unlike the natural sciences (“natural sciences”), the social sciences carry the task of transforming the objects under study, or at least their perception. The constant, albeit not always articulated, presence of this task distinguishes the social sciences from the natural and mathematical sciences. The latter deal with physical objects independent of subjects. The connection between the results of the study and its purpose in this case is not direct, and they can be quite easily separated. The resulting conclusions are, as a rule, a statement of facts with varying degrees of reliability, depending on the correctness of the chosen method.

But such conclusions cannot change the facts themselves - physical objects that exist regardless of what we think about them. Their assessment helps to use opportunities and circumvent the limitations imposed by the immanent properties of things. But don't change them. The numbers, on the basis of the ratio of which all mathematical models are built, are unchanged, and two and two are four, regardless of the wishes of voters, heads of state and government. This, among other things, is the reason for the failure of all known attempts to apply mathematical methods in political science, not to mention international relations.

Political science deals with subjects that change at the will of peoples, scientists and politicians- social objects. Here, “every judgment helps to change the facts on which it is based.” And it is this change, as the British historian Edward Carr wrote, that “conditions thinking,” adding that “thinking for thinking’s sake is as meaningless as the miser’s hoarding of money for the sake of accumulating.” The tool for solving this problem is a hypothesis - a phenomenon that is not as common as we would like in domestic countries and is becoming increasingly rare in foreign works in the field social sciences.

The dispute is about what objects: physical, expressed in quantity modern systems weapons or GDP volume, or social, have in world politics higher value, you can start and end by comparing the potentials of the United States and their main opponents - China and Russia - for each indicator. And having made sure that the most powerful economy in the world and the most powerful army do not yet guarantee the emergence of such a social object as recognition of leadership by other participants in international relations. On the contrary, even the absence of “physical” grounds for this in military field allows us to consider China one of the leading countries in the modern world. As well as economically failing Russia, which, with the help of two tanks and three planes, changed a social object - the policy of the United States on the issue of expansion of NATO (the main institution of collective defense of Western countries) to Georgia and Ukraine.

This, however, is not about this. The presence of a theory-based hypothesis, the proof or refutation of which is provided by the text, is the main difference between science and statistics. How, in fact, the presence of a coherent storyline distinguishes Hugo from Ulitskaya - literature, including fiction, from dispassionate photography of the least attractive reality. Thus, photography becomes art only after it begins to transform reality based on the unique author’s vision of what is important and what is secondary in this reality.

In one case (the presence of a hypothesis), the work acquires meaning as a process of not just the production of new knowledge, but its capitalization. In another case (a purely statistical approach based on available data), the author’s part is reduced to the production of new data and nothing more. Thanks to the author. The gold washed by it can be used to make coins or jewelry. But by a different author.

In this case, the data can be not only information about the dynamics of the development of political processes in a particular area, but even a description of the actual theories that explain the nature of the object under study, be it the aggressive campaigns of the Roman Caesars, the evolution of the system of international relations in the era of globalization, or the general trade policy EU.

The main maxims of theoretical approaches are simply brought to the attention of the reader in exactly the same dispassionate and meaningless, in this particular case, manner as data on the powers of individual interstate institutions or quantitative parameters of trade economic relations. The reader, and in the case of textbooks this is an international relations student, acquires knowledge - a shield with which he can hide from a partner who attacks the interests of his state or company. However, the expert does not receive an intellectual sword - a weapon of attack with which one can penetrate “inside” the opponent and lift the curtain on the future.

Previously, the limited information, difficulties in obtaining it and, for certain branches of the social sciences, the large amount of effort required to process it, stimulated a more careful approach to the methodological planning of research. After all, what fewer The researcher has more data, the more important is the theory and the hypothesis based on it. Nowadays, the transparency of the political process and the amount of information available to researchers is steadily growing. This happens, often regardless of the intentions of the state, even in non-democratic political models, not to mention such informationally open systems as the states of modern Europe.

Government bodies literally drown observers in information and their own, often very high-quality, “analysis” in the form of strategies, concepts, “white” or “green” books. And they generate demand not for independent analysis, but only for new data. Unfortunately, a significant part of the scientific community is beginning to follow this demand. This is especially true of economics, as the most “natural” of the social sciences. As a result, under the onslaught of data, theory disappears as required element scientific work, and along with it the degree of independence of the researcher is reduced. The paradoxical result is a reduction in the value that researchers and science as a whole represent for the state and business.

There is hope that it will not be forever. But in order for this hope not to remain unfulfilled, it is necessary, steadily expanding one’s knowledge about the object, to move along the path of its theoretical understanding. And strive for the integrity of its perception not only as an understanding of the relationship between certain types life activity, although this is already very important.

Every European scholar knows that “big things are seen from a distance,” and the most significant contribution to the theoretical understanding of European integration was made by scientists from the United States. This apparently explains the overall success of American policy towards the European Union. And perhaps also the increased effectiveness of Russian diplomacy, after it was perceived since the mid-2000s. part of the American experience we have comprehended, taking into account local circumstances.

The textbook, edited by Olga Butorina, is a brilliant proof of the historical success of more than twenty years of efforts of the unique creative team of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which since 2003 has extended its influence to MGIMO University of the Russian Foreign Ministry. The book “European Integration” convincingly demonstrates that the quantity and quality of knowledge of the Russian scientific community about such a complex phenomenon as European integration has already approached the level where very little physical effort is required - and Russia will have its own, second in the world, independent school of European studies.

The textbook was prepared by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in collaboration with the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It covers the development of integration processes in Europe since the mid-20th century in the most complete, systematized and accessible way possible. to the present day. Particular attention is paid to the role of Russia in these processes, and the areas of cooperation between Russia and the European Union are outlined in detail.

The book includes 45 chapters, grouped into six sections: “Regional integration and its European implementation”; "EU Organizational System"; “EU Action Directions”; “The EU in the system of international relations”; “Cooperation between Russia and the EU”; "Integration processes in Greater Europe." All chapters have a clear structure, equipped with boxes, conclusions, test questions and a list of recommended readings.

For undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of European integration.

1.4. Stages of regional integration
A modern classification of the stages of regional integration was proposed in 1961 by the famous American economist of Hungarian origin Bela Balassa. In his opinion, the following main stages can be distinguished.

1. Free trade zone - implies the abolition customs duties and quotas on trade between member states. At the same time, each of the participants maintains its own trade regime in relation to third countries.

2. Customs union - occurs when participants in a free trade zone introduce a common customs tariff and move to a common trade policy towards third countries.

3. Common internal market means Customs Union, ensuring freedom of movement of goods, plus free movement of services, capital and persons.

4. Economic and monetary union - formed on the basis of a common internal market by introducing a common economic policy and a single currency.

5. Political union- involves adding to the economic and monetary union a common external and domestic policy, which brings the regional association as close as possible to a confederation or federation.

Content:
Preface.
Abbreviations.
Section I. REGIONAL INTEGRATION: BASIC CONCEPTS
Chapter I. Regional integration: basic concepts
Chapter 2. Theories of integration.
Chapter 3. Integration associations in the modern world Chapter 4. European projects and ideological prerequisites for European integration.
Chapter 5. History of the development of the European Union.
Chapter 6. European Free Trade Association
Chapter 7. History currency cooperation in Europe
Section II. EU ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM
Chapter 8. Institutions and decision-making systems.
Chapter 9. Fundamentals of EU law.
Chapter 10. The Treaty of Lisbon and the idea of ​​the EU Constitution
Chapter 11. Financial resources and institutions.
Section III. EU ACTIVITIES
Chapter 12. Economic and monetary union.
Chapter 13. General foreign policy, security and defense policy.
Chapter 14. Cooperation in the field of internal affairs and justice.
Chapter 15. EU Sustainable Development Strategy.
Chapter 16. General Agricultural Policy.
Chapter 17. Regional policy.
Chapter 18. Social policy.
Chapter 19. Competition policy.
Chapter 20. Transport policy.
Chapter 21. Scientific and technical policy.
Chapter 22. Environmental policy.
Chapter 23. Energy policy.
Chapter 24. Policy in the field of education and culture
Chapter 25. Enlargement of the European Union.
Chapter 26. Expansion of the euro area.
Section IV. EU IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Chapter 27. General EU trade policy.
Chapter 28. International positions of the euro.
Chapter 29. EU relations with African countries,
Caribbean and Pacific
Chapter 30. EU relations with North American countries
Chapter 31. EU relations with Asian countries.
Chapter 32. EU relations with Latin American countries
Chapter 33. “Northern Dimension” in EU policy.
Chapter 34. European Neighborhood Policy.
Section V. COOPERATION between RUSSIA and the EU
Chapter 35. Russia-EU relations: history and current state.
Chapter 36. Four spaces of in-depth cooperation between Russia and the EU.
Chapter 37. Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and the EU.
Chapter 38. Energy dialogue between Russia and the EU.
Chapter 39. Euro in Russia.
Section VI. INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN WIDER EUROPE
Chapter 40. Integration processes in northern Europe
Chapter 41. Visegrad group.
Chapter 42. Black Sea economic cooperation
Chapter 43. Integration processes in the post-Soviet space.
Chapter 44. CIS in Greater Europe.
Chapter 45. Russia in the processes of integration and globalization
Information about authors.
Biographical reference book.

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I Integration (lat. integratio restoration, replenishment, from integer whole) is a concept in systems theory, meaning the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts into a whole, as well as the process leading to such a state. … … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• Date of Birth: 07.05.61
• Place of Birth: Monchegorsk, Murmansk region.
• Academic degree: Doctor of Economic Sciences.
• Academic title: Professor.
• Education:

  Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Faculty of International Economic Relations, 1978 – 1983, diploma with honors.

• Postgraduate studies:

  MGIMO, Department of International Economic Relations (correspondence course) 1983 – 1987.

• PhD thesis:

  “Current problems of Spain’s participation in the international division of labor”, MGIMO, 1987.

• Doctoral dissertation:

  “Economic and Monetary Union of the EU. International aspect”, Institute of IE RAS, 2002.

• Job title:

  Deputy Director for Research

• Professional activity:

  2012 – 2014 – chief researcher at the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

  2003 – 2012 – Head of the Department of European Integration at MGIMO.

  2007 – 2012 – Advisor to the Rector of MGIMO.

  2005 – 2007 – MGIMO Vice-Rector for New Educational Projects.

  1989 – 2003 – Institute of Europe RAS: researcher, senior researcher, head. sector, head Department of European Integration.

  2000 – 2003 – Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange – Advisor to the General Director (part-time).

  1983 – 1988 – All-Union Association “Novoexport” of the Ministry foreign trade USSR, economist.

• Area of ​​scientific interests:

  Theory and practice of regional integration, monetary integration, international monetary and financial system, European and Eurasian integration, EU economy, relations between Russia and the EU.

• Total number of publications:
• Main publications:
  Monographs Chapters in monographs Articles
  • Butorina O.V. ECB monetary policy: latest trends. International Economics, 2018. No. 1. pp. 37-49.

  Butorina O.V. Negative and positive objectives of the European Monetary Union. Modern Europe, 2017. No. 2 (74). pp. 18-29.

  • Butorina O.V. On the origin of coins // Modern Europe, 2016. No. 3 (69). From 124 – 135. Download
  • Butorina O.V. How the United States ensured the victory of the dollar in Bretton Woods // Economic Issues, 2015. No. 8. pp. 58 - 72. Download
  • Butorina O.V., Zakharov A.V. On the scientific basis of the Eurasian economic union // Eurasian Economic Integration, 2015. No. 2 (27). pp. 52 - 68. Download
  • Butorina O.V. On the problem of asymmetry in the monetary and financial system of the eurozone // Money and Credit, 2014, No. 2. P. 59 – 64.
  • Butorina O.V. European Union after the crisis: decline or revival? // Bulletin of MGIMO University. - 2013. No. 4 (31) - pp. 71 - 81.
  • Butorina O.V., Kaveshnikov N.Yu. To the 10th anniversary of the Department of European Integration // Bulletin of MGIMO University. - 2013. - No. 4. - P. 59-70.
  • Butorina O.V. The European Union and Russia: partnership without strategy // Website Russian Council By international affairs, 25.04.2013.
  • Butorina O.V. Market test. Europe and Russia after the crisis // Russia in global politics – 2013, special issue. pp. 105 – 112.
  • Butorina O.V. Causes and consequences of the crisis in the euro area // Questions of Economics, 2012, No. 12. P. 98 - 115.
  • Butorina O.V. Crisis in the euro area: mistakes or pattern? // Modern Europe, 2012, No. 2. P. 82 - 94.
  • Butorina O.V. Crisis in the euro area. The end of welfare for all // The debt crisis in the EU and the prospects for the euro. Reports of the Institute of Europe. No. 276. M.: 2012. pp. 12 – 22.
  • Butorina O. Europe without the European Union? // Russia in global politics. – 2011, No. 6.
  • Butorina O.V. Currency wars: who will pay for the way out of the crisis? // Russia in global politics – 2011, No. 1. Download
  • Butorina O.V. Athens crash test for the euro zone // Russia in Global Affairs - 2010, No. 2. Download
  • Butorina O.V. Anti-crisis strategy European Union: near and far boundaries // Politia. 2009, No. 3.
  • Butorina O.V. Dancing with the Dragon (about the nature of the global economic crisis) // Russia in global politics. 2009, no. 1. Download
  • Butorina O.V. Currency theater: drama without spectators // Russia in global politics, 2008, No. 2.
  • Butorina O.V. Patterns of monetary and financial integration: world experience and the CIS // Money and Credit. - 2005. - No. 8. - P. 42-50.
  • Butorina O.V. Integration in funky style // Russia in global politics, 2007, No. 5.
  • Butorina O.V. New Europeans in new Europe(about CEE countries’ perception of their past and future) // Cosmopolis. - 2005. - No. 4 (10). - P. 78-92.
  • Butorina O.V. The concept of regional integration: new approaches // Cosmopolis. - 2005. - No. 3 (13).
  • Butorina O.V. European Union: a model for assembly (on the transformation of the EU integration model) // Russia in Global Affairs, 2004, No. 6.
• Membership in scientific associations:

  Vice President Russian Association European Studies (AEVIS); member of the editorial board of the magazine “Modern Europe”; member of the expert council of the magazine “Russia in Global Affairs”.

• Honorary titles:

  Certificate of honor from the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation, 09/08/2008. Grant European Commission“Jean Monnet Chair” 2005 – 2008. Laureate of the Foundation for the Promotion of Russian Science in the nomination “Best Economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences” 2002 – 2004.

• Foreign languages:
  • English, Spanish
• art photography, art history, architecture, numismatics and bonistics, history of the military path of the 385th Krichev Infantry Division.
• Contacts: Com. 216. Tel: + 7 495 692 6654; Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.