Evolution Ice Age. Adaptation of rules to the basic set with all additions
The last ice age ended 12,000 years ago. During the most severe period, glaciation threatened man with extinction. However, after the glacier disappeared, he not only survived, but also created a civilization.
Glaciers in the history of the Earth
The last glacial era in the history of the Earth is the Cenozoic. It began 65 million years ago and continues to this day. Modern man is lucky: he lives in an interglacial period, one of the warmest periods in the life of the planet. The most severe glacial era - the Late Proterozoic - is far behind.
Despite global warming, scientists predict the onset of a new ice age. And if the real one will come only after millennia, then the Little Ice Age, which will reduce annual temperatures by 2-3 degrees, may come quite soon.
The glacier became a real test for man, forcing him to invent means for his survival.
Last Ice Age
The Würm or Vistula glaciation began approximately 110,000 years ago and ended in the tenth millennium BC. The peak of cold weather occurred 26-20 thousand years ago, the final stage of the Stone Age, when the glacier was at its largest.
Little Ice Ages
Even after the glaciers melted, history has known periods of noticeable cooling and warming. Or, in another way - climate pessimums And optimums. Pessimums are sometimes called Little Ice Ages. In the XIV-XIX centuries, for example, the Little Ice Age began, and during the Great Migration of Nations there was an early medieval pessimum.
Hunting and meat food
There is an opinion according to which the human ancestor was more of a scavenger, since he could not spontaneously occupy a higher ecological niche. And all known tools were used to cut up the remains of animals that were taken from predators. However, the question of when and why people began to hunt is still a matter of debate.
In any case, thanks to hunting and meat food, ancient man received a large supply of energy, which allowed him to better endure the cold. The skins of killed animals were used as clothing, shoes and walls of the home, which increased the chances of survival in the harsh climate.
Upright walking
Upright walking appeared millions of years ago, and its role was much more important than in the life of a modern office worker. Having freed his hands, a person could engage in intensive housing construction, clothing production, processing of tools, production and preservation of fire. The upright ancestors moved freely in open areas, and their life no longer depended on collecting the fruits of tropical trees. Already millions of years ago, they moved freely over long distances and obtained food in river drains.
Upright walking played an insidious role, but it still became more of an advantage. Yes, man himself came to cold regions and adapted to life in them, but at the same time he could find both artificial and natural shelters from the glacier.
Fire
Fire in the life of ancient man was initially an unpleasant surprise, not a blessing. Despite this, the human ancestor first learned to “extinguish” it, and only later use it for his own purposes. Traces of the use of fire are found in sites that are 1.5 million years old. This made it possible to improve nutrition by preparing protein foods, as well as to remain active at night. This further increased the time to create survival conditions.
Climate
The Cenozoic Ice Age was not a continuous glaciation. Every 40 thousand years, the ancestors of people had the right to a “respite” - temporary thaws. At this time, the glacier was retreating and the climate became milder. During periods of harsh climate, natural shelters were caves or regions rich in flora and fauna. For example, the south of France and the Iberian Peninsula were home to many early cultures.
The Persian Gulf 20,000 years ago was a river valley rich in forests and grassy vegetation, a truly “antediluvian” landscape. Wide rivers flowed here, one and a half times larger in size than the Tigris and Euphrates. The Sahara in certain periods became a wet savannah. The last time this happened was 9,000 years ago. This can be confirmed by rock paintings that depict an abundance of animals.
Fauna
Huge glacial mammals, such as bison, woolly rhinoceros and mammoth, became an important and unique source of food for ancient people. Hunting such large animals required a lot of coordination and brought people together noticeably. The effectiveness of “teamwork” has proven itself more than once in the construction of parking lots and the manufacture of clothing. Deer and wild horses enjoyed no less “honor” among ancient people.
Language and communication
Language was perhaps the main life hack of ancient man. It was thanks to speech that important technologies for processing tools, making and maintaining fire, as well as various human adaptations for everyday survival were preserved and passed on from generation to generation. Perhaps the details of hunting large animals and migration directions were discussed in Paleolithic language.
Allörd warming
Scientists are still arguing whether the extinction of mammoths and other glacial animals was the work of man or caused by natural causes - the Allerd warming and the disappearance of food plants. As a result of the extermination of a large number of animal species, people in harsh conditions faced death from lack of food. There are known cases of the death of entire cultures simultaneously with the extinction of mammoths (for example, the Clovis culture in North America). However, warming became an important factor in the migration of people to regions whose climate became suitable for the emergence of agriculture.
Evolution (board game)
Evolution | |
Cover of the game "Evolution" |
|
Number of players |
2 - 4 (up to 8 players, when playing with two sets of cards) |
---|---|
Age |
from 12 and above |
Installation time |
< 15 минут |
Duration of the game |
30 - 60 minutes |
Strategy level | |
The influence of chance | |
Required Skills |
If there is a tie, the player with the most cards in the discard pile wins.
Stipulated rules
Rules not described in the instructions and about which agreement of all participants is required:
Time to Fly DLC Box
Time to fly(English) Evolution: Time to Fly) is the first official addition to the game, released in 2011 in Russian, and also re-released in English, French and German in 2012. The add-on adds new abilities to the created animals. The expansion also increases the maximum number of players to six.
Continents
Some maps from the Continents expansion
The second official addition was released in 2012, and brings to the game not only new properties, but also new rules - now all animals live in one of three locations: two continents and the ocean.
Unofficial add-on "Ice Age"
Ice Age expansion cover
In 2011, an unofficial author's addition, Ice Age, was also released for the game, adding an element of randomness to the game. Before each turn, a Force of Nature card is played.
Awards
Notes
Links
- Description of the game on boardgamegeek.com (English)
- Description of the add-on “Time to Fly” on boardgamegeek.com (English)
Climatic changes were most clearly expressed in periodically occurring ice ages, which had a significant impact on the transformation of the land surface located under the body of the glacier, water bodies and biological objects found in the zone of influence of the glacier.
According to the latest scientific data, the duration of glacial eras on Earth is at least a third of the total time of its evolution over the past 2.5 billion years. And if we take into account the long initial phases of the origin of glaciation and its gradual degradation, then the eras of glaciation will take almost as much time as warm, ice-free conditions. The last of the ice ages began almost a million years ago, in Quaternary time, and was marked by the extensive spread of glaciers - the Great Glaciation of the Earth. The northern part of the North American continent, a significant part of Europe, and possibly also Siberia were under thick covers of ice. In the Southern Hemisphere, the entire Antarctic continent was under ice, as it is now.
The main causes of glaciations are:
space;
astronomical;
geographical.
Space groups of reasons:
change in the amount of heat on Earth due to the passage of the Solar system 1 time/186 million years through the cold zones of the Galaxy;
change in the amount of heat received by the Earth due to a decrease in solar activity.
Astronomical groups of reasons:
change in pole position;
the inclination of the earth's axis to the ecliptic plane;
change in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.
Geological and geographical groups of reasons:
climate change and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (increase in carbon dioxide - warming; decrease - cooling);
changes in the directions of ocean and air currents;
intensive process of mountain building.
The conditions for the manifestation of glaciation on Earth include:
snowfall in the form of precipitation under low temperature conditions with its accumulation as material for glacier growth;
negative temperatures in areas where there is no glaciation;
periods of intense volcanism due to the huge amount of ash emitted by volcanoes, which leads to a sharp decrease in the flow of heat (sun rays) to the earth's surface and causes a global decrease in temperatures by 1.5-2ºC.
The most ancient glaciation is the Proterozoic (2300-2000 million years ago) in South Africa, North America, and Western Australia. In Canada, 12 km of sedimentary rocks were deposited, in which three thick strata of glacial origin are distinguished.
Established ancient glaciations (Fig. 23):
at the Cambrian-Proterozoic boundary (about 600 million years ago);
Late Ordovician (about 400 million years ago);
Permian and Carboniferous periods (about 300 million years ago).
The duration of ice ages is tens to hundreds of thousands of years.
Rice. 23. Geochronological scale of geological epochs and ancient glaciations
During the period of maximum expansion of the Quaternary glaciation, glaciers covered over 40 million km 2 - about a quarter of the entire surface of the continents. The largest in the Northern Hemisphere was the North American ice sheet, reaching a thickness of 3.5 km. All of northern Europe was under an ice sheet up to 2.5 km thick. Having reached their greatest development 250 thousand years ago, the Quaternary glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere began to gradually shrink.
Before the Neogene period, the entire Earth had an even, warm climate; in the area of the islands of Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land (according to paleobotanical finds of subtropical plants), there were subtropics at that time.
Reasons for climate change:
the formation of mountain ranges (Cordillera, Andes), which isolated the Arctic region from warm currents and winds (mountain rise by 1 km - cooling by 6ºС);
creation of a cold microclimate in the Arctic region;
cessation of heat flow into the Arctic region from warm equatorial regions.
By the end of the Neogene period, North and South America connected, which created obstacles to the free flow of ocean waters, as a result of which:
equatorial waters turned the current to the north;
the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, cooling sharply in the northern waters, created a steam effect;
large amounts of precipitation in the form of rain and snow increased sharply;
a decrease in temperature by 5-6ºС led to glaciation of vast territories (North America, Europe);
a new period of glaciation began, lasting about 300 thousand years (the periodicity of glaciers-interglacial periods from the end of the Neogene to the Anthropocene (4 glaciations) is 100 thousand years).
Glaciation was not continuous throughout the Quaternary period. There is geological, paleobotanical and other evidence that during this time glaciers completely disappeared at least three times, giving way to interglacial eras when the climate was warmer than today. However, these warm eras were replaced by cold snaps, and the glaciers spread again. Currently, the Earth is at the end of the fourth epoch of Quaternary glaciation, and, according to geological forecasts, our descendants in a few hundred to thousand years will again find themselves in ice age conditions, not warming.
The Quaternary glaciation of Antarctica developed along a different path. It arose many millions of years before glaciers appeared in North America and Europe. In addition to the climatic conditions, this was facilitated by the high continent that had existed here for a long time. Unlike the ancient ice sheets of the Northern Hemisphere, which disappeared and then reappeared, the Antarctic ice sheet changed little in its size. The maximum glaciation of Antarctica was only one and a half times larger in volume than the modern one and not much larger in area.
The culmination of the last ice age on Earth was 21-17 thousand years ago (Fig. 24), when the volume of ice increased to approximately 100 million km 3. In Antarctica, glaciation at this time covered the entire continental shelf. The volume of ice in the ice sheet apparently reached 40 million km 3, that is, it was approximately 40% more than its modern volume. The pack ice boundary shifted northward by approximately 10°. In the Northern Hemisphere, 20 thousand years ago, a gigantic Pan-Arctic ancient ice sheet formed, uniting the Eurasian, Greenland, Laurentian and a number of smaller shields, as well as extensive floating ice shelves. The total volume of the shield exceeded 50 million km 3, and the level of the World Ocean dropped by no less than 125 m.
The degradation of the Panarctic cover began 17 thousand years ago with the destruction of the ice shelves that were part of it. After this, the “sea” parts of the Eurasian and North American ice sheets, which had lost stability, began to collapse catastrophically. The collapse of glaciation occurred in just a few thousand years (Fig. 25).
At that time, huge masses of water flowed from the edge of the ice sheets, giant dammed lakes arose, and their breakthroughs were many times larger than today. Natural processes dominated in nature, immeasurably more active than now. This led to a significant renewal of the natural environment, a partial change in the animal and plant world, and the beginning of human domination on Earth.
The last retreat of glaciers, which began over 14 thousand years ago, remains in human memory. Apparently, it is the process of melting glaciers and rising water levels in the ocean with extensive flooding of territories that is described in the Bible as a global flood.
12 thousand years ago, the Holocene began - the modern geological era. Air temperature in temperate latitudes increased by 6° compared to the cold late Pleistocene. Glaciation has taken on modern proportions.
In the historical era - for about 3 thousand years - the advance of glaciers occurred in separate centuries with lower air temperatures and increased humidity and were called little ice ages. The same conditions developed in the last centuries of the last era and in the middle of the last millennium. About 2.5 thousand years ago, a significant cooling of the climate began. The Arctic islands were covered with glaciers; in the Mediterranean and Black Sea countries, on the verge of a new era, the climate was colder and wetter than it is now. In the Alps in the 1st millennium BC. e. glaciers moved to lower levels, blocked mountain passes with ice and destroyed some high-lying villages. This era saw a major advance of the Caucasian glaciers.
The climate was completely different at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia AD. Warmer conditions and the absence of ice in the northern seas allowed northern European sailors to penetrate far to the north. In 870, the colonization of Iceland began, where there were fewer glaciers at that time than now.
In the 10th century, the Normans, led by Eirik the Red, discovered the southern tip of a huge island, the shores of which were overgrown with thick grass and tall bushes, they founded the first European colony here, and this land was called Greenland, or “green land” (which is by no means now talk about the harsh lands of modern Greenland).
By the end of the 1st millennium, mountain glaciers in the Alps, the Caucasus, Scandinavia and Iceland had also retreated significantly.
The climate began to change seriously again in the 14th century. Glaciers began to advance in Greenland, summer thawing of soil became increasingly short-lived, and by the end of the century permafrost was firmly established here. The ice cover of the northern seas increased, and attempts made in subsequent centuries to reach Greenland by the usual route ended in failure.
Since the end of the 15th century, the advance of glaciers began in many mountainous countries and polar regions. After the relatively warm 16th century, harsh centuries began, called the Little Ice Age. In the south of Europe, severe and long winters often recurred; in 1621 and 1669, the Bosphorus Strait froze, and in 1709, the Adriatic Sea froze along the shores.
IN In the second half of the 19th century, the Little Ice Age ended and a relatively warm era began, which continues to this day.
Rice. 24. Boundaries of the last glaciation
Rice. 25. Scheme of glacier formation and melting (along the profile of the Arctic Ocean - Kola Peninsula - Russian Platform)
As you know, there is a grain of truth in every joke... In the first part of the popular animated film released by the film company 20th Century Fox, you will not immediately notice how the scriptwriters reflect the problems of the theory of evolution, or, in other words, its weak links, every now and then making caustic remarks about a philosophy that is widely rooted in the consciousness of society. This is done jokingly, simply and naturally. At first you have no idea about the seriousness of the criticism. Let's try to focus our attention on five episodes that most clearly illustrate our remarks.
Weak link number one:
ONE BORN TO CREEL CANNOT FLY
Twice in the film the idea of the, so to speak, natural “unobservability” of evolutionary processes is emphasized. The first time is when two armadillos migrating south discuss their friend's evolutionary beliefs, expressed in his attempts to fly like a bird by throwing himself off a cliff. The second time is Sid the sloth's attempt to climb a steep cliff, holding a human baby in his paws. “Nature does not provide for this,” notes the mammoth Manfred. Armadillos don't fly, and sloths don't climb cliffs. When sowing a field with cotton, it is foolish to expect an abundance of corn, but not for adherents of evolutionary theory. For them, it is acceptable that cotton can change so much that it ceases to be cotton. Genetics is not at all friendly with evolution here. Through random recombinations and errors, new information does not appear, only the supply of old information is depleted. Fact unprovability evolutionary theory was noted in 1959 by evolutionist Sir Arthur Keith in the preface to the 100th anniversary edition of Charles Darwin's book The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection and the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (1859)
“Oh yes, this is a breakthrough!”
Weak link number two:
NO INTERMEDIATE FORMS
In the chapter "Problems of Theory" of the previously mentioned book by Charles Darwin, the author asks a question, to which he immediately answers: “Why don’t we discover the most diverse intermediate forms in countless quantities in the earth’s crust? Geology by no means provides us with such a complete and consistent chain; and this is probably the most serious objection that can be raised against my theory.". Over the past 150 years, geology and paleontology have not become friends with the theory of evolution. No clear samples were found that could relate the “branches” of the evolutionary “tree of life” either to each other, much less to its single-celled “roots”.
Many evolutionists have been forced to admit the absence of the so-called fossil record. "transitional forms", combining the characteristics of different classes. Not only were no half-scale-half-feather or half-scale-half-fur prints found in the fossilized specimens, but also no remains of any “under-” or “half-” developed trilobites, fish, reptiles or birds were found. How could a three-chambered heart gradually develop into a four-chambered one while continuing to function profitably? Many hypotheses were invented to try to explain this discrepancy between theory and facts. But in these hypotheses Blind case appears to be extremely shrewd and resourceful in his almost fabulous transformations. In fact, so far only man is known as a master of cunning inventions. How Blind case was it possible to think it all through so cleverly? Let us recall that Eoanthropus, Pithecanthropus, Australopithecus “Lucy”, Hesperopithecus were used as evidence of human evolution, HOWEVER, behind these scientific-like terms there are actually only speculative ideas built on the basis of either falsified data or a false interpretation of these data. And this was done not by primitive representatives of the genus Homo Sapiens, but by educated people. In the same evolutionist publications, nature is endowed with unambiguously divine epithets, such as “wisdom”, “strength” or even “design”. This somehow does not fit with their purely materialistic basis.
It is unfortunate, but despite the constant exposure of such frauds, people remember better the arguments in favor of evolution, but not their subsequent refutations. And therefore, modern school textbooks still contain data that has been rejected by science for more than half a century. But few people worry about this, because the theory itself is so attractive: everyone wants to be the “strongest”.
Weak link number three:
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTHEST
Let us clarify that the original phrase, born in Darwin’s mind, sounded like this: “survival of the fit.” In science, such a formulation is called “tautology,” when a synonym is used as a definition.
In the English version of m/f, this phrase is used as a play on words, since “the fittest” (adapted) can also be translated as “the most suitable in size.” So, the saber-toothed tiger turned out to be the most suitable size for the hole in which it got stuck.
Darwin, probably fully aware of this, offered an explanation for the phrase: supposedly natural selection and mutations make some more fit, which contributes to the emergence of new species. Darwin at that time was not familiar with molecular biology or genetics. Today, his arguments have been refuted: natural selection only preserves an existing species, and mutations do not add new information to the DNA code, usually being destructive for the organism. How did ants become collective, whose sterile “workers” are excluded from the process of transferring experience? How did the woodpecker's tongue and beak evolve? How could such defenseless animals as sheep survive? As science develops, it presents more and more questions that the theory of evolution cannot answer. The imaginary indisputability of the catchphrase is firmly entrenched in the minds of millions and significantly influences their behavior.
Weak link number four:
THE THEORY THAT SHAPES THE WORLDVIEW
Let's remember this episode of the film: Dodo birds, living in a separate society, are preparing for the Ice Age... The structure of government is totalitarian-ideological. They failed to answer a simple logical question posed by the mammoth Mannfred: “Are you going to live underground for millions of years, eating three watermelons?” Instead of a reasoned answer, the taekvodrons launched into physical And psychological attack. “Chu-man-yu! Chu-man-yu! It seems that there is a threat from the aliens, and they have no time to reason about the “logical arguments of their opponent”! Although the behavior of the leading Dodos, in fact, posed an equally obvious threat and real harm to all birds, up to and including the death of some of them. They were blinded by their own ignorance.
The structure of the communist system, which has not yet changed in China, North Korea, and some other countries, is based on evolutionary philosophy. The founder of communism, Karl Marx, dedicated his work Capital to Charles Darwin. According to Marx's own statement, his life's goal was: "The destruction of capitalism and the refutation of God." V.I. Lenin was reading Darwin. Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin considered Darwin's book one of those books that influenced their character. Adolf Hitler considered Darwin's work to be brilliant. Each of these dictators is responsible for the deaths of millions of people. But few people realize that they committed these crimes only because they were firmly convinced of two things: you can live without God And the strongest survives. The logical conclusion of both phrases is the conclusion: “everything is permitted.” That is why these monstrous atrocities were committed against human lives. Few people today are prepared to critically evaluate the credibility of the arguments proposed by Darwin and the neo-Darwinists. Should we repeat the terrible mistakes of the past in the light of scientific discoveries and with such an abundance of scientific materials available in many languages of the world?
So, weak link number four is the direct ideological influence of the theory of evolution on the moral corruption of the society in which we live and on the behavior of the people who run the state. And if literate people, who are already able to look into the near future today, do not respond to the theory of evolution, taught as the only scientific theory and as a fait accompli, then in the near future our society may turn into a truly wild jungle, where man is the enemy of man , and the only meaning of life is survival by exterminating the weak.
Weak link number five:
EXTINCTION GAME
In one of the first scenes of the film, tapir-like animals migrate south. Children from one such family decided to play extinction. They found some kind of puddle of oil (or mud), climbed into it and began to call for help.
In some films based on evolution, it seems that animals, once in swamps, cannot get out of there and get stuck. Their moans attract predators who, seduced by easy prey, try to get closer to the victim to feast on them, and end up getting stuck themselves. This is how oil allegedly appeared in the distant past. Today there is not a single basin on the planet where, according to this assumption, fresh oil is formed. Why? Because the assumption is not observed in nature and is not confirmed by natural science experiments. Much more accurately, the formation of organic minerals such as oil, coal and gas is explained by the catastrophic model in creation science. Their origin is connected with a gigantic water catastrophe that occurred in the past and which is captured not only in the legends of ancient peoples around the world, but also in the fossil record itself with its sedimentary deposits and billions of once living creatures buried in sedimentary rocks by the waters of the World Flood. And experimental science confirms this.
So if evolutionism as an ideology not right, then he must disappear, and if he rights, then by its own law due to its weakness should also disappear.
The article uses footage from the animated film “Ice Age” 20th Century Fox, USA, 2002, Director Chris Wedge
Number of players: 2 – 8 (5 – 6)
Age: from 12 years
Mastering the rules: 15 minutes
Game time: 30 – 60 minutes
Genre: strategy
GAME DESCRIPTION:
Nature has created a great variety of living organisms that are different from each other. In the board game Evolution you will not only see how development took place, but also feel like the creator of all kinds of animals.
You have to create animals, give them useful properties, save them from predators and hunger. You raise your own colonies, in which the creatures can be poisonous, land or waterfowl, predators or scavengers, have gigantic sizes, acute vision, fat reserves and several tails. But, most importantly, you need to be able to adapt all your animals to a changing environment. A lack of food in the food supply and aggressive, gluttonous neighbors can exterminate your babies at any moment.
It’s one thing to create an animal and give it properties, but quite another to make it protected and able to survive.
This is the most colorful strategy game in which you can get stuck in for at least two hours, completely losing track of time! The box contains basic equipment and all sorts of additions that complicate the game process and add even more fun.
EQUIPMENT:
Base Game Evolution 84 Attribute Cards
Time to Fly Expansion 42 Attribute Cards
Continents Expansion - 42 property cards, 3 continent cards, 9 territory division cards
Unofficial Ice Age Expansion - 21 Natural Change Cards
Gift bonus addition - 35 property cards
Rules for all add-ons
Feeding map
60 food chips (hard)
4 D6 dice
Box
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