Non-volatile septic tanks Triton. Septic tank Triton: model range
Titan beyond the rings of Saturn
Among the satellites of the planets in solar system the most amazing ones come across: Europa is completely covered with ocean, a real volcanic hell reigns on Io, Epimetheus and Janus constantly chase each other, changing places from time to time
Our solar system consists mainly of the Sun and eight planets. Of course, people are primarily fascinated by the Earth's neighbors - Mars, Jupiter, Saturn... However, the moons revolving around them are also quite interesting.
At first glance, Ganymede is very similar to our Moon, but the sizes of both satellites are not comparable. Ganymede is the largest satellite of Jupiter, and indeed the entire solar system. It even has its own magnetic poles - a unique case for planetary satellites.
If Ganymede revolved around the Sun, it could be considered a full-fledged planet: the Jovian moon is 8% larger than Mercury and is 3/4 the size of Mars.
Ganymede
9. Miranda - the ugly duckling
The moons of Uranus are generally not particularly beautiful, but Miranda is truly an ugly duckling among them. It seems as if the creator of all the moons of the solar system finally molded together the debris left over from a hard day's work and launched it in a lump into the orbit of Uranus.
However, if people ever manage to land on the moon on this satellite, their eyes will see sights unseen in space. Miranda has the most diverse landscape in the solar system: giant ranges alternate with deep plains, and many canyons are 12 times deeper than the famous Grand Canyon.
Miranda
8. Callisto – record holder for craters
Another Jovian moon, Callisto, most closely resembles the face of a pimply teenager. There is no geological activity on Callisto, which in itself makes it unique in the solar system, so craters resulting from meteorite impacts are constantly superimposed on each other.
Very hard to find untouched corner on Callisto, the entire moon is covered in a network of craters, making it a record holder in the solar system.
Callisto (bottom and left), Jupiter (top and right) and Europa (below and left of the Great Red Spot)
7. Dactyl - asteroid satellite
Dactyl is the most small satellite in the solar system, its length is approximately 1.6 km. It is also one of the few moons orbiting small planets called asteroids.
IN Greek mythology Ida was the name of a mountain in which tiny creatures called dactyls (fingers) lived. Therefore, it is logical that the satellite of the asteroid Ida received such a name.
Asteroid Ida and its satellite Dactyl
6. Epimetheus and Janus - an eternal race
Epimetheus and Janus are two satellites of Saturn that move in almost identical orbits, probably because in ancient times they formed a single whole. Moreover, every four years they change places, each time miraculously avoiding a collision.
Epimetheus and Janus
5. Ringbearer Enceladus
Enceladus is one of the large inner moons of Saturn. The surface of Enceladus reflects almost everything falling on it. sunlight, therefore this Saturnian moon is considered the most reflective cosmic body in the solar system.
Enceladus also has geysers that emit water vapor and dust into the open space. Researchers believe that it was thanks to the volcanic activity of its satellite that Saturn acquired the E ring, through which the orbit of Enceladus passes.
E Ring and Enceladus
4. Triton - a satellite with ice volcanoes
Triton is Neptune's largest moon. It is also the only satellite in the solar system that orbits its planet in the opposite direction to its motion around the Sun.
Triton has many volcanoes, but unlike regular volcanoes that spew lava, the volcanoes on this Neptunian moon spew out water and ammonia, which immediately freeze in very cold outside temperatures.
Triton - very bright celestial body, since its ice surface reflects most of sunlight.
Triton
3. Europe - ocean satellite
Europa is another satellite of Jupiter and has the smoothest surface in the solar system. The fact is that all of Europe is covered by an ocean with a thick crust of ice on the surface.
However, under the ice there is a huge amount of water, which is heated by the inner core of the satellite and constant tidal currents caused by Jupiter's gravitational pull. Suffice it to say that the ocean of Europe contains 2-3 times more water than everything earth's oceans taken together.
According to the calculations of some scientists, the ocean waters of Europe can have so much high temperature, that the appearance of life on this Jovian moon is not at all ruled out. Moreover, we're talking about not about bacteria, but about much more complex and large forms life.
Europe
2. Io is a volcanic hell
The constant tidal gravitational influence of the giant planet Jupiter causes regular heating of the interior of its moon Io, which in turn leads to ongoing volcanic activity.
The entire surface of Io is covered with volcanoes, and there are currently more than 400 active ones. Eruptions occur so frequently that a person flying near the satellite spacecraft Voyager was able to photograph some of them.
At the same time, it is almost impossible to see craters on Io - the erupting lava immediately fills them.
1. Titan is the best candidate for colonization
Titan is perhaps the strangest moon in the solar system. It has long been known that it has an atmosphere, more dense than that of the earth. The titanium atmosphere is dominated by nitrogen, but there are also other gases, such as methane.
For a long time, it remained a mystery what was hidden under the thick titanium clouds. However, images taken from the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft in 2005 proved the presence of methane-ethane lakes and rivers.
Scientists also suggest the existence of underground reservoirs, which, coupled with low gravity, makes Titan the best candidate to terrestrial colonization from all satellites in the solar system.
The US Navy and Northrop Grumman are modernizing software and sensors taking into account the latest high technology to a new maritime drone aircraft"Triton" could high probability detect and identify enemy ships at sea, US Navy and industry officials say. The Warrior publication writes about this.
The US Navy's Triton unmanned aerial vehicle, dubbed the MQ-4C, is running new software version 3.1. The developers are faced with the task of ensuring the readiness of the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) for combat use by 2018. However, the first Tritons are expected to be received this year.
“The software in version 3.1 provides the ability to use the UAV's sensors in a production environment,” said Tom Twomey, senior manager of the Triton program at Northrop Grumman.
The sensor package being developed for this UAV includes what the US Navy calls a multi-function array sensor (MFAS).
Triton's electronics include an electro-optical/infrared sensor with a 360-degree field of view and an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). Such a radar is capable, based on narrow-band coherent sensing, of recognizing air and sea targets from generated two-dimensional radar images. In other words,
Triton's sensors create complete picture situations at sea with almost cinematic quality (photos and videos).
The onboard radar station of the UAV with antenna aperture synthesis forms a radar image of the area by coherently processing signals reflected from the underlying surface. The principle of synthesis is based on the movement of the on-board radar antennas for sequential formation of an antenna array large sizes on the flight path.
“This type of radar allows us to get a picture of the ship. That is, the output will not be an abstract signal from some vessel, but a specific picture, and it will be clearly visible whether it is a tanker or a warship,” explained Tom Tuomey.
Triton was created as a naval analogue of the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle. The developers were faced with the task of creating a UAV with long range and flight altitude capable of performing combat missions on reconnaissance for a long time in the specific conditions of the Pacific theater of military operations.
“Program to create a family of high-altitude UAVs Global Hawk for a long time seemed very promising,” explained Gazeta.Ru editor-in-chief magazine " Unmanned aircraft» Denis Fedutinov.
According to him, as part of its implementation, in particular, it was planned to replace manned reconnaissance aircraft with unmanned ones, which was in the spirit of the times: new technologies promised advantages in the quality of intelligence data, the speed of obtaining it, as well as the absence of risk for pilots.
Meanwhile, Fedutinov emphasizes, the planned replacement of aircraft strategic intelligence The U-2 Dragon Lady on the Global Hawk, as it turned out, has a number of opponents who pointed out that some qualitative parameters of the data received were not only lower than those originally stated, but also lower than those received by the U-2 reconnaissance equipment, despite the difference aged.
According to the expert, the received negative reviews motivated developers from Northrop Grumman Corporation to carry out work on equipping the Global Hawk UAV with an OBC (Optical Bar Camera) camera used on the U-2 aircraft. However, these actions do not seem to have led to a change in the attitude of the US Air Force towards this UAV, purchased in a much larger smaller quantities than the developers expected.
Failures with the customer, whom Northrop Grumman saw as the main one, forced us to look for alternative paths possible deliveries, explained Denis Fedutinov.
That is why the decision by Germany to refuse UAV data, made several years ago, caused a very harsh reaction from the United States, and also led to a reconsideration of the decision in Germany.
On present moment Outside the United States, Global Hawk UAVs are used as part of the NATO-wide AGS program, and are used in single quantities by Australia, Denis Fedutinov recalled. However, it is obvious that export supplies of UAVs of this size are, for obvious reasons, very limited. Potentially, the number of foreign operators can only be expanded to include a very small number of countries, such as Japan and Canada.
Thus, according to Denis Fedutinov, the Triton program for the US Navy, which uses a UAV built on the basis of the Global Hawk, can in a certain sense become a salvation for this program as a whole.
The US Air Force in the Pacific theater has four RQ-4 Global Hawk strategic reconnaissance UAVs deployed at Andersen Air Force Base on the island of Guam.
The Triton is built with a more reinforced and voluminous wing than the Global Hawk to allow the aircraft to quickly change altitude in adverse conditions. weather conditions taking into account the possibility of icing,” said Tom Tuomey.
The US Navy separately tested Triton's software and sensor system performance by placing them on a Gulfstream aircraft.
"Triton" is designed to ensure the performance of combat missions for more than 24 hours at altitudes of more than 50 thousand feet (more than 15 thousand m), with a combat radius of 8.2 thousand miles (10 thousand km), the developers from the Navy explained USA. Triton will be able to collect data on an area of 2.7 million square miles during a single flight. The idea of its use is to provide command staff for the US Navy intelligence information at long ranges and in real time using sensors, cameras and data transmission channels.
"Triton" is an unmanned aerial vehicle with a very high degree autonomy. He is capable of performing combat missions without continuous remote control, Tuomey explained. Computer algorithms and on-board systems allow UAVs of this type to take into account wind, temperature and altitude.
“The combat mission is loaded in full. But if the need arises, the autonomy mode can be turned off and the UAV can be switched to remote control mode,” said Tom Tuomey.
The US Navy also announced that the Triton will be equipped with next-generation mid-air collision avoidance systems. Last year, Northrop Grumman received a $9.6 million contract to install a collision avoidance module into the MQ-4C Triton avionics.
Northrop Grumman will test and support the software and ensure proper operation of this unmanned aerial vehicle.
Equipped with reconnaissance equipment and the ability to operate within the framework of the C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) reconnaissance and monitoring system, as well as having strike capabilities, the Triton will complement the P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine aircraft. Together, the two aircraft will gradually replace the base's aging P-3C Orion patrol aircraft.
The first Triton unit is expected to be deployed on the island of Guam. In addition to the island of Guam, the Tritons will also be based in eastern and western states USA, in the Middle East and on the island of Sicily (Italy), say representatives of the US Navy.
Thus,
The tasks of the Triton unmanned aerial vehicle are reconnaissance, surveillance, and warning, carried out using specially configured marine sensors and radar systems.
The length of the Triton is 45 feet (13.68 m), take-off weight - 32 thousand pounds (14.6 tons), wingspan - 131 feet (39.82 m). In total, it is planned to supply the US Navy with 68 such devices.
“The adoption of Triton-type UAVs for reconnaissance in the Pacific theater is not last resort associated with the deterioration of US relations with China and North Korea“, aviation expert Vladimir Karnozov told Gazeta.Ru.
According to him, these countries do not make any mutual concessions, and the situation is sometimes very, very tense. Sending a manned aircraft to conduct reconnaissance in this region is at times downright dangerous. The situation of 2001, when the Chinese forced the US Navy P-3C Orion plane to land, may repeat itself, recalls Vladimir Karnozov. And the use of Triton-type UAVs in this situation is more comfortable for the Americans. It is for reconnaissance in the area of the disputed islands (the Spratly Islands, small islands and reefs that are located in the center of the South China Sea) that the Triton UAV will be stationed at Andersen Air Base, the expert emphasizes.
In Russia, reconnaissance missions in the Pacific theater of operations are assigned to long-range aircraft. anti-submarine aviation Pacific Fleet Tu-142MZ.
According to the Interfax agency, aircraft of this type recently began training flights over the seas Far East. Scheduled flights are carried out from the Kamenny Ruchey airfield ( Khabarovsk region). The crews of anti-submarine aircraft practice missions according to their intended purpose - searching, classifying and tracking submarines of a mock enemy with the integrated use of radar and hydroacoustic detection equipment.
The crews of the Tu-142MZ are practicing the skills of passing a given course over a directionless terrain, coherence of actions when piloting in the absence of ground radio equipment air navigation both day and night.
Often in music school they give homework assignments to build newts. Solfeggio tritones, of course, have nothing to do with Greek god depths of the sea To Triton, and to the animal world, in general, too.
Tritones are intervals that are so called because between the sounds of these intervals there are neither more nor less, but exactly three tones. Actually, tritones include two intervals: an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
If you remember, there are 2.5 tones in a perfect quart, and 3.5 in a perfect fifth, so it turns out that if the quart is increased by half a tone and the fifth is decreased, then their tonal value will be equal and will be equal to three.
You can read about simple intervals (about fourth and fifth).
In any key you need to be able to find two pairs of tritones. The pair is uv 4 and mind 5, which mutually turn into each other. One pair of tritones is always in natural major and minor, the second pair is in harmonic major and minor (a pair of characteristic tritones).
To help you, here is a solfeggio sign - tritones on the steps of the mode.
From this tablet it is immediately clear that increased fourths are either on the IV or VI level, and diminished fifths are either on the II or VII level. It is important to remember that in harmonic major the sixth step is lowered, and in harmonic minor the seventh step is raised.
How are newts resolved?
There is one thing here general rule: increased resolution intervals increase, decreased intervals decrease. In this case, the unstable sounds of the newts turn into the nearest stable ones. Therefore, uv 4 is always resolved into a sixth, and mind 5 into a third.
Moreover, if the resolution of the tritone occurs in natural major or minor, then the sixth will be small, the third will be major. If the resolution of tritones occurs in a harmonic major or minor, then, on the contrary, the sixth will be major, and the third will be minor.
Let's look at a couple of examples in solfeggio: tritones in the key of C major, C minor, D major and D minor in natural and harmonic form. In the example, each new line is a new key.
Well, now I think a lot has become clearer. Let me remind you that today our focus was on Solfeggio tritones. Remember, yes, that they have three tones, and you need to be able to find two pairs in each key (in natural and harmonic form).
I just have to add that sometimes in solfeggio the tritones are asked not only to build, but also to sing. It’s difficult to sing the sounds of a tritone right away, this trick will help: first, silently you sing not a tritone, but a perfect fifth, and then also mentally the upper sound goes down a semitone, after such preparation the tritone is sung easier.
Adult newts can measure between 10 and 20 cm in length. The spindle-shaped body is connected to a rather large flat head through short neck and ends with a tail, which has a laterally compressed shape and is equal in length to the body. The four limbs are well developed and of equal length. The front ones have 3-4 fingers, and the back ones have up to 5. Newts swim well and run briskly along the bottom of the reservoir under the water column, but on land they are rather clumsy.
Newt respiration occurs as follows: larvae receive oxygen through gills, and adults breathe through the skin and lungs into which they transform newt gills. The amphibian has a special leathery rim on its tail, with the help of which oxygen is extracted from the water. If newts switch to an almost completely terrestrial lifestyle, it will atrophy. The skin of the newt, covering the body of the animal, can be either bumpy or smooth; on the stomach it is always without a pronounced relief. The color of the newt is influenced not only by its species, but also by its habitat. The shape and size of the dorsal crest of the male newt, which appears in mating season.
Newts' weak vision is compensated for good sense of smell: some individuals “recognize” the location of their prey by smell already 200-300 meters away. The conical teeth of the newt are located on the palate in the form of two parallel rows, sometimes diverging at a slight angle, so this structure of the oral cavity allows the amphibian to capture and securely hold the prey.
Where does newt live?
The distribution range of newts covers almost the entire globe, with the exception of Antarctica, Australia and Africa. Newts live in Northern and South America, Europe and Asia, are found even beyond the Arctic Circle.
The amphibian newt lives in places rich in vegetation. After leaving the reservoir, it waits out the hot hours in a shelter, which can be fallen tree bark, piles of stones, rotten stumps and abandoned burrows of small rodents. In winter, the animal newt goes into hibernation (lasting almost 8 months), hiding in a secluded place: for example, under a pile of dead wood, buried in the ground or in fallen leaves.
What do newts eat?
The main food of newts are invertebrates. During the period of residence in reservoirs, these can be small crustaceans, larvae and mayflies. When coming onto land, newts eat slugs, earthworms and the larvae of various terrestrial insects. Amphibians are active at night.
Reproduction of newts.
With the onset of spring, the male and female newt return to the body of water where they were born. After execution by the male mating dance is happening internal fertilization. The male newt releases his spermatophores into the water, which the female newt picks up with her cloaca. The eggs attach to underwater vegetation. After 20 days, newt larvae with gills appear. During the summer they undergo metamorphosis, and by autumn newts up to 4 cm long with formed lungs come ashore.
Types of newts, names and photographs.
Among the numerous species of newts, the following representatives can be distinguished:
- (lat. Lissotriton vulgaris) is the most common species of these amphibians. The length of the body including the tail does not exceed 11 cm. The skin of the newt can be either smooth or covered with small pimples. The top of the head, back and tail are usually olive-brown in color, and dark spots are visible on the lower part, painted in yellowish tones. While living in water, common newts feed on larvae and small crustaceans. On land, the main diet consists of insects and earthworms. The distribution area of this type of newt includes the countries of Western, Central and Northern Europe and most of the territory of Russia. Lives in forests with predominantly deciduous trees, parks and bush-covered beams.
- (lat. Triturus cristatus) can reach 18 cm in length. The color of the upper part of the tail and body is black or black-brown. On the abdomen orange color black spots are clearly visible. The crest that male newts develop during the mating season is jagged in appearance. Lives like common newt, in most European countries. However, it is not found in the Pyrenees and the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In Russia, the distribution area reaches the south Sverdlovsk region. The habitat of this species is mixed and deciduous groves, as well as cultural forest plantations.
- (lat. Ichthyosaura alpestris) is the most beautiful representative tailed amphibians. The smooth skin on the back of males is colored brown With gray tint, on the sides and limbs there are dark blue spots of an abstract shape. The color of the abdomen is orange-red, the upper part of the tail is gray with a blue tint, and the lower part with an olive tint. Size adult can reach 13 cm. The Alpine newt is widespread in the mountainous and foothill regions of Greece, Spain, Italy and Denmark. Representatives of this species are not found on the territory of Russia.
- (lat. Triturus marmoratus), living in Spain, France and Portugal, has a light green color with black spots indeterminate form, giving the skin a marbled texture. White spots are located in a chaotic order on the black abdomen. Distinctive feature females are a thin orange or red stripe running along the body. The length of adult newts does not exceed 17 cm. Amphibians live near reservoirs with standing water or rivers with calm and slow flow. The lifestyle is in many ways reminiscent of the common newt.
- (lat. Pleurodeles waltl) has a brown color with spots of an indeterminate shape of orange-red color. The abdomen is yellow-brown with small black spots. A distinctive feature of this species is the absence of a dorsal crest in males during the mating season and the ribs protruding outward through holes in the skin and containing poisonous substance. An adult can reach a length of 23 cm. Unlike most of its relatives, adult spiny newts are capable of leading both terrestrial and aquatic lifestyles and feel great in natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as in wet ditches. Its habitat includes Morocco, Spain and Portugal.
- (Ommatotriton vittatus, synonym of Latin Triturus vittatus) can reach a length of 14 cm. Distributed in Turkey, Iraq, Krasnodar region, Abkhazia, Israel and Georgia. During the breeding season, the skin of males has a bright bronze-olive color with small black spots and silver stripes located along the body. The high, jagged nuptial comb is located only on the back and does not extend to the tail. This type of newt lives in flowing waters, mixed and deciduous forests. His diet includes aquatic molluscs, insect larvae, worms and arachnids. It uses a long tongue to catch food.
- Triton Karelina (lat. Triturus karelinii) has average length the body is 13 cm, but some species reach sizes of 18 cm. For this reason, Karelin is considered the largest in the genus of newts. Body color is brown or gray with dark spots. The belly and throat are yellow or orange with small black spots. Lives in forests and mountainous areas in Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Serbia, Crimea and Black Sea coast Russia.
- (Ussuri salamander) (lat. Onychodactylus fischeri) – this is quite close-up view tritons. The length of the body without the tail is 58-90 mm, the total length with the tail reaches 12.5-18.5 cm. The tail is usually longer than the body. Lives in mixed and coniferous forests in Korea, in the east of China, in the south of the Russian Far East. Usually lives in cold streams, where the water temperature does not exceed 10-12 degrees. It feeds on insects and mollusks. Basically, this type of newt is constantly in water, as it does not tolerate dry skin. Newts overwinter in groups in holes, cracks in the ground or the trunk of a half-rotten tree.
- (lat. Taricha granulosa) has a length from 13 to 22 cm. The skin of these amphibians is granular, the back is brown or brown-black, the belly is yellow or orange. Some species have spots on their sides. Lives on west coast Canada and USA. Like many other newts, the yellow-bellied newt secretes a powerful poison, tetrodotoxin.
- (lat. Taricha torosa) can reach a length of 20 cm. The color of the amphibian can be dark and light brown. This type newts live in the southwestern United States: in the Sierra Nevada mountains and on the California coast. This type of newt feeds on insects, worms, slugs, and small invertebrates.
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