Electronic artillery shot detection systems.
Auto - 03/13/2019 Antenna-microphone device for the acoustic gunshot detection system "Owl" on a service-combat unit reconnaissance vehicle
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SBRM Research work "».
Research on ways to modernize the acoustic monoblock shot detection system
Subject code: – “Connector-1”. Currently on supply internal troops
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has adopted and operates an acoustic monoblock shot detection system “SOVA-M” designed to determine the firing positions of shooters in real time.
Carrying out research will make it possible to develop proposals for organizing R&D to modernize this technical reconnaissance equipment and expand its tactical capabilities.
Research goal: Study of shot detection systems of various principles of operation, tactics of their use in the service and combat activities of force units;
special purpose
Search for possible ways to modernize the SOVA-M acoustic monoblock gunshot detection system supplied to the internal troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs; Extension functionality
acoustic monoblock shot detection system due to its retrofitting with an optical-electronic module with automated targeting.
The system proposed after modernization must have the following parameters and characteristics:
- must provide the ability to determine one’s own position; - must provide automated guidance of the field of view of the optical-electronic system (television, thermal imaging channel, laser rangefinder
, searchlight) to the detected shooter position;
- must provide output to the information display device (hereinafter referred to as the information display device) of a stabilized video image and photograph of the intended location of the shot;
- must ensure that the shooter’s expected position and his own location are displayed on the electronic map of the area on the control device and subscriber devices (at least five);
- must provide the ability to document all information displayed on the ID with the possibility of transfer and storage on an external information storage device;
- must ensure display on an electronic map of the area the location of associated systems (at least three), slave systems (at least five) with reference to the cardinal directions, indicating the longitudinal axis of the subscriber device carrier with an indication of the front (frontal part);
- must ensure the display on the electronic card of a portable set of display devices of information transmitted from the leading machine with reference to the cardinal directions, designation of the longitudinal axis of the subscriber device carrier with an indication of the front (frontal part).
Composition of the Moscow Region.
Weight and size mockup of the antenna device for the acoustic gunshot detection system.
Signal generator (emulator of acoustic gunshot detection system).
Optical-electronic module (hereinafter - OEM) consisting of:
Television scalable channel (hereinafter referred to as TV).
Laser rangefinder (hereinafter referred to as DM).
Rotary support device (hereinafter referred to as SPU) for installing OEM.
Mounting device (hereinafter referred to as MP) for installing the OPU.
Navigation module (Glonass/GPS - receiver, electronic compass, accelerometer).
Automated workplace operator (hereinafter - AWS) consisting of:
Software(hereinafter referred to as software) that provides display of video and service information from the OEM;
Remote Control;
Demonstration mapping software (hereinafter referred to as KPO), in a volume sufficient to demonstrate the capabilities of the complex during testing.
Cable set.
Network power supply.
Autonomous power supply.
Manual.
The composition of the Defense Ministry can be supplemented and clarified during the development of the draft tactical and technical specifications for the development work.
Appointment requirements.
The MO must provide the following functions:
Based on a single signal containing information about the direction to the source of the acoustic signal in the format of the relative azimuthal angle and elevation angle measured from the zero vector of the acoustic system, the direction of the optical axis of the OEM should be automatically oriented in accordance with the received signal. Working with multiple signals arriving with a time interval of less than 5 seconds, the issues of ranking targets by acoustic signal are not considered within the framework of this work;
After completing the orientation of the OEM in accordance with the received signal, the range to an object located in the center of the OEM’s field of view is automatically determined, an image of the terrain is captured and the coordinates of the object are calculated with the location of the object displayed on the terrain map on the display of the workstation;
The operator of the workstation has the opportunity at any time to intervene in the operation of the automatic algorithm for pointing the OEM and carry out manual correction of the position of the OEM from the control panel of the workstation, measure the distance to detected objects and document the measurement results;
Documentation of measurement results includes storing the following information about the shooter's estimated position:
date and time of the acoustic event;
relative coordinates of the sound source (acoustic system data);
television image of the object;
visible image of an object;
measured and calculated object coordinates (azimuth, elevation, distance, absolute coordinates);
image of a map of the area with a marker for the location of the object.
Main characteristics of MO, functional modules and components:
TV channel:
Minimum illumination of at least 0.5 lux;
The focal length range is at least 20x;
The detection distance of a person according to the Johnson criterion with a probability of 50% is not less than 1500 m;
Laser rangefinder:
Working distance not less than 1500 m;
The error in determining the distance is no more than ± 5 m;
OPU:
The range of horizontal rotation angles is not less than ± 190º;
Range of vertical rotation angles up/down not less than + 60º / - 30º;
The maximum time for aiming at the target is no more than 5 s;
The error in pointing the OEM to the detected shooter position is no more than 30";
Tactical and technical requirements for the product can be clarified and supplemented during the preparation of the draft technical specifications for R&D.
"OWL" hears a bullet
Acoustic systems for detecting fire from small arms developed by FSUE "RFNC-VNIIEF"
An analysis of clashes in populated areas in low-intensity military conflicts, counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations shows that in these conditions special forces are forced to act, as a rule, in isolation from the main forces. The experience of conducting a counter-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic testifies to the widespread use by the enemy of guerrilla combat tactics against the calculations of individual strongholds (checkpoints) and units in their places of deployment, moving military equipment, etc. One of the main threats from the enemy in this case is massive assault and sniper fire. |
Considering the impossibility or inexpediency of using artillery or aviation in these conditions, there is a need to quickly expose the firing positions of enemy shooters (snipers). In this regard, the role of technical reconnaissance means that make it possible to solve this problem increases many times over.
At present, due to insufficient technical capabilities of the reconnaissance equipment currently in service, it is impossible to ensure adequate effectiveness in countering the enemy. Thus, the “Collection of Standards for Combat Training of the Ground Forces” allocates 30 minutes during the day to detect 6-8 targets (out of 10) at a distance of 200-2500 m, and 40 minutes at night for 3-4 targets.
Reconnaissance of targets is mainly carried out by eye using optical instruments (binoculars, sights, etc.) and night vision devices. Detection of a firing position and determination of its coordinates is possible only after 3-10 shots. As a result, the effectiveness of the combat capabilities of weapons is no more than 25-30%.
The difficulty of detecting the positions of shooters (snipers) leads to the fact that the attacking side has a significant advantage, primarily in conducting preemptive fire. It allows the attacker to inflict significant damage on army and law enforcement units before the start of organized return fire.
To this it must be added that when conducting combat operations in residential areas in order to minimize one’s own losses and comply with international legal norms requirements for reconnaissance of enemy shooter (sniper) positions increase sharply. Based on the first shot from the attacking side, it is necessary to obtain information about the target (position coordinates, caliber and type of weapon) with characteristics sufficient for acceptance by the commander the right decision. Therefore, they acquire special significance technical means operational intelligence, allowing you to work in real time.
Until recently, the creation of such means was hampered by problems associated with the difficulty of detecting small-sized and flying objects in space. high speed bullets and calculating the coordinates of the shot point within a few seconds.
The task of technical reconnaissance of firing rifle positions can be solved in various ways. by physical methods. The main unmasking signs of shooters' positions include the glare of optical sights, electromagnetic radiation (visible and infrared ranges) of a shot from a small weapon, acoustic radiation - the shock wave of a flying bullet and the spherical (muzzle) wave from a shot.
A physical factor that cannot be hidden when fired is the shock wave from a flying bullet. The front of this wave has the shape of a cone with the apex at the tip of the bullet, the axis of the cone is the trajectory of the bullet. The angle at the apex of the cone (Mach angle) depends on the speed of the bullet, which during flight loses energy ~1 J/m; the intensity of the shock wave at a distance of, for example, 100 m is in the range from 70 to 100 decibels. The wavelength is ~0.165-0.550 m, which corresponds to the frequency range of ~2000-600 Hz and causes insignificant absorption of its energy in the atmosphere. This circumstance makes it possible to reliably register shock waves at significant distances from a flying bullet. As the speed of the bullet decreases, the conical surface of the wave is curved along the generatrix, but at any moment it can be described mathematically using the recorded data. Thus, determining the location of the shooter comes down to constructing the surface of the shock wave created by the bullet and reconstructing the trajectory of its flight and the point of the shot by counting back. In this case, the law of bullet braking and the force of gravity are taken into account.
The SOVA system has the following main characteristics: maximum detection range of firing positions: -for small arms with a caliber of 5.45-7.62 mm - up to 600 m -for small arms with a caliber of 12.7-14.5 mm - up to 1500 m -target detection time - no more than 2 s -reconnaissance sector - 360° -caliber of recognized weapon - from 5.45 to 14.5 mm -number of simultaneously identified targets - up to 10 error in determining the coordinates of firing positions: -in range at distances up to 600 m - no more than 5% at distances up to 1500 m - no more than 10% -in azimuth - no more than 1° |
The acoustic method of detecting shooter positions has a number of advantages: the ability to determine in real time the coordinates of a target with an accuracy sufficient to engage it by fire; circular (360°) reconnaissance sector; sufficient reconnaissance depth (not less than the firing range of small arms); determination of the caliber and type of weapon, which allows you to analyze the combat situation and set target priorities; passive (standby) operating mode, providing the system with noise immunity and masking; detection of several firing positions from which fire is fired simultaneously; long-term continuous operation (a month or more) in unattended automated mode; all-weather; work both during the day and at night in a complex background environment; small weight and size characteristics; ability to work on the move; relatively low cost of equipment.
The Russian Army has sound-measuring systems for determining the location of firing positions of field artillery objects, but, unlike a number of foreign countries, there are none for acoustic direction finding of small arms shots.
In developed countries, as a result of the participation of their armed forces in local conflicts and peacekeeping operations, this type of special equipment is given great importance. Thus, in the USA, similar developments have been carried out since 1994 (Lifequard, PDC, Boomerang systems), in the UK - since 1995 (BDI system). The French company METRAVIB entered the market with the Pilar (PILAR) family of sound-metric sniper detection devices.
From 2002-2009 At RFNC-VNIIEF, a large amount of theoretical and experimental work was carried out to create the SOVA system (acoustic shot detection system), which ensures detection of shooter firing positions in real time. Mathematical and software were developed, samples were designed and manufactured, which passed experimental studies and full-scale (field) tests at different sites, in different weather conditions, in various situations, including during combat operations in the North Caucasus District. The capabilities of the method have been studied, allowing its application in a wide range of combat missions.
Two experimental samples of the basic modification of the SOVA system were successfully completed in 2003-2004. military operation on the basis of a group of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the North Caucasus region. They stood guard at checkpoints (combat security groups), temporary troop deployment points, and base camp. Operation confirmed the main performance characteristics a system that remained operational throughout the entire inspection period. In Fig. 1 shows the elements of the SOVA system deployed on the ground, in Fig. 2 – options for displaying information about detected firing positions on the system operator’s monitor.
In 2006, the RFNC-VNIIEF completed experimental design work (R&D) to create an acoustic reconnaissance system informationally interfaced with means of fire destruction of detected enemy rifle positions. A unified complex was created that makes it possible to automate the process of detecting and transferring the coordinates of a target (enemy shooter) to a weapon - the AGS-17 grenade launcher, installed on a special platform that ensures its targeting at the target throughout the entire range of the system (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4; antenna devices installed on site are not shown).
The interface complex, providing real-time information communication with the operator of the detection system, allows you to coordinate the work of the grenade launcher under conditions of shelling of a protected area from several enemy firing positions, determining priorities for target suppression. It is possible to use several complexes with weapons controlled from one acoustic reconnaissance system. In 2007, pilot industrial samples of this system were manufactured, which are currently in military service.
Analysis of the use of the system showed that it can complement the capabilities existing funds reconnaissance, since it detects and determines the coordinates of the positions of enemy fire weapons simultaneously throughout the entire defense (security) zone motorized rifle battalion(MSB) to a depth of up to 1 km with intense shooting in real time. In this case, the system can be used as a basic subsystem in the general scheme of military reconnaissance of a motorized rifle battalion and become the basis for the formation of a unified information field in its area of responsibility, taking into account data from other technical reconnaissance means. This provides a unified understanding of the combat situation at all levels of SME management and the conditions for adoption informed decisions by fire defeat of the enemy.
In 2007, R&D work was also completed to develop a modification of the SOVA-M system for operation on moving vehicles and armored vehicles. A distinctive feature of this modification is the presence of one antenna device of a monoblock design (see Fig. 5). The system also includes a computer and a display located inside the vehicle (see Fig. 6).
Rice. 5. Option for placing the antenna device on an armored personnel carrier. |
The combat mission solved by the system is determining the coordinates of enemy shooters firing at moving vehicles. The SOVA-M system is supplied in small batches to the security forces of the Russian Federation.
In 2007, R&D work began for the Air Force to create an acoustic reconnaissance system to warn of small arms fire at an aircraft (helicopter). The system is located on a helicopter and allows for continuous reconnaissance of firing positions of small arms and anti-aircraft weapons (automatic detection of shelling, determination of the direction to the shooter’s position, caliber recognition in the gradation “small arms - anti-aircraft machine gun"), as well as identify and warn the crew about areas of damage to the helicopter when bullets hit it. Currently, preliminary and interdepartmental tests of prototypes of the product have been carried out.
In 2008, R&D was opened in the interests of the RF Ministry of Defense to create an automated portable complex acoustic reconnaissance and destruction of enemy points armed with small arms and close combat weapons. Two versions of the system are being developed: monoblock (with one antenna device) and distributed (with four antenna devices). The systems are designed for continuous reconnaissance of the firing positions of shooters (snipers) and displaying the results of reconnaissance and target designation, as well as transmitting information via radio channel to a processing and control device as part of the "squad - company" (for a monoblock version) or "company - battalion" link ( for the distributed version) to the observation post of artillery units. Preliminary tests of the systems will be carried out in 2010.
To summarize, we emphasize that for the first time in Russia, a method for determining the coordinates of the shot location using the acoustic wave of a flying bullet has been developed and technically implemented. The basic technology on the basis of which systems are designed has been created acoustic detection shots of various modifications and types. Including for work on the move - on ground transport, on board a helicopter. In addition, the created method and its hardware and software implementation, taking into account wide use in the world of various terrorist manifestations, it can also have civilian applications, for example, when protecting particularly important objects or to control the situation in crowded places (stations, stadiums, etc.). Military operation of the basic version of the system in combat conditions has proven that with its help it is possible to effectively fight enemy shooters (snipers), and thereby significantly reduce losses personnel.
The development is at the level of the world's best samples, and in a number of parameters it surpasses them.
Yuri Alekseevich TRUTNEV– First Deputy Scientific Director of the FSUE “RFNC-VNIIEF”, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Petr Fedorovich SHULZHENKO– Deputy Director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “RFNC-VNIIEF”, Director of Non-nuclear Weapons Programs, Candidate of Technical Sciences Yuri Mikhailovich POLYAKOV– Leading Researcher, Candidate of Technical Sciences Andrey Georgievich SHAVRIN– Deputy Head of the Integrated Research Department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “RFNC-VNIIEF” Oleg Vasilievich ORESHKOV– head of the laboratory, candidate of technical sciences Sergey Ivanovich YATSENKO- head of laboratory. |
An analysis of military clashes in populated areas in low-intensity military conflicts, counter-terrorism and peacekeeping operations shows that in these conditions special forces are forced to act, as a rule, in isolation from the main forces.
The experience of conducting a counter-terrorism operation in the Chechen Republic testifies to the widespread use by the enemy of guerrilla combat tactics against the crews of individual strongholds (checkpoints) and units in their places of deployment, moving military equipment, etc. One of the main threats from the enemy in this case is massive assault and sniper fire.
Considering the impossibility or inexpediency of using artillery or aviation in these conditions, there is a need to quickly expose the firing positions of enemy shooters (snipers). In this regard, the role of technical reconnaissance means that make it possible to solve this problem increases many times over.
At present, due to the insufficient technical capabilities of reconnaissance equipment, it is impossible to ensure adequate effectiveness in countering the enemy. Thus, the “Collection of Standards for Combat Training of the Ground Forces” allocates 30 minutes during the day to detect 6-8 targets (out of 10) at a range of 200-2500 m, and 40 minutes at night for 3-4 targets.
Target reconnaissance is mainly carried out by eye using optical instruments: binoculars, sights and night vision devices. Detection of a firing position and determination of its coordinates is possible only after 3-10 shots. As a result, the effectiveness of the combat capabilities of weapons is no more than 25-30%.
The difficulty of detecting the positions of shooters (snipers) leads to the fact that the attacking side has a significant advantage, primarily in conducting preemptive fire. It allows the attacker to inflict significant damage on army and law enforcement units before the start of organized return fire.
It is necessary to add to this that when conducting combat operations in residential areas in order to minimize one’s own losses and comply with international legal norms, the requirements for reconnaissance of the positions of enemy shooters (snipers) increase sharply. Based on the first shot from the attacking side, it is necessary to obtain information about the target (position coordinates, caliber and type of weapon) with characteristics sufficient for the commander to make the right decision. Therefore, technical means of operational reconnaissance, allowing operation in real time, are of particular importance.
Until recently, the creation of such means was hampered by problems associated with the difficulty of detecting small-sized bullets flying at high speed in space and calculating the coordinates of the shot point within a few seconds.
The task of technical reconnaissance of firing rifle positions can be solved by various physical methods. The main unmasking signs of shooter positions include:
– glare of optical sights;
– electromagnetic radiation (visible and infrared ranges) from a shot from a small arms;
– acoustic radiation – the shock wave of a flying bullet and the spherical (muzzle) wave from a shot.
A physical factor that cannot be hidden when fired is the shock wave from a flying bullet. The front of this wave has the shape of a cone with the apex at the tip of the bullet, the axis of the cone is the trajectory of the bullet. The angle at the apex of the cone (Mach angle) depends on the speed of the bullet, which during flight loses energy ~1 J/m; the intensity of the shock wave at a distance of, for example, 100 m is in the range from 70 to 100 decibels. The wavelength is ~0.165-0.550 m, which corresponds to the frequency range of ~2000-600 Hz and causes insignificant absorption of its energy in the atmosphere.
This circumstance makes it possible to reliably record shock waves at significant distances from a flying bullet. Thus, determining the location of the shooter comes down to constructing the surface of the shock wave created by the bullet and recalculating the trajectory of its flight and the point of the shot. In this case, the law of bullet braking and the force of gravity are taken into account.
The SOVA system has the following main characteristics:
1. maximum detection range of firing positions:
- for small arms with a caliber of 5.45...7.62 mm - up to 600 m;
- for small arms with a caliber of 12.7...14.5 mm - up to 1500 m;
- target detection time – no more than 2 s;
- reconnaissance sector – 360°;
- caliber of recognized weapons - from 5.45 to 14.5 mm;
- number of simultaneously identified targets – up to 10;
2. error in determining the coordinates of firing positions:
- in range at distances up to 600 m - no more than 5%;
- in range at distances up to 1500 m - no more than 10%;
- in azimuth – no more than 1°.
The acoustic method of detecting shooter positions has a number of advantages:
– the ability to determine in real time the coordinates of a target with an accuracy sufficient for its fire destruction;
– circular (360°) reconnaissance sector;
– sufficient reconnaissance depth (not less than the firing range of small arms);
– determination of the caliber and type of weapon, which allows you to analyze the combat situation and set target priorities;
– passive (standby) operating mode, providing the system with noise immunity and masking;
– detection of several firing positions from which fire is fired simultaneously;
– long-term continuous operation (a month or more) in an unattended automated mode;
– all-weather capability and operation both during the day and at night in difficult background conditions;
– small mass-dimensional characteristics;
– ability to work on the move;
– relatively low cost of equipment.
The Russian Army has sound-measuring systems for determining the location of firing positions of field artillery objects, but, unlike a number of foreign countries, there are none for acoustic direction finding of small arms shots.
In developed countries, as a result of the participation of their armed forces in local conflicts and peacekeeping operations, this type of special equipment is given great importance. Thus, in the USA, similar developments have been carried out since 1994 (Lifequard, PDC, Boomerang systems), in the UK - since 1995 (BDI system). The French company METRAVIB entered the market with the Pilar (PILAR) family of sound-metric sniper detection devices.
In 2002-2009 completed at RFNC-VNIIEF large volume computational, theoretical and experimental work on the creation of the “SOVA” system (acoustic shot detection system), which ensures the detection of shooter firing positions in real time.
Mathematical and software were developed, samples were designed and manufactured, which passed experimental studies and full-scale (field) tests at different sites, in different weather conditions, in various environments, including in combat conditions in the North Caucasus District. The capabilities of the method have been studied, allowing its application in a wide range of combat missions.
Two experimental samples of the basic modification of the SOVA system were successfully completed in 2003-2004. military operation on the basis of a group of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the North Caucasus region. They stood guard at checkpoints, temporary troop deployment points, and base camps. Operation confirmed the main tactical and technical characteristics of the system, which remained operational throughout the entire testing period.
In 2006, the RFNC-VNIIEF completed experimental design work (R&D) to create an acoustic reconnaissance system informationally interfaced with means of fire destruction of detected enemy rifle positions. A single complex was created that makes it possible to automate the process of detecting and transmitting the coordinates of a target (enemy shooter) to a weapon - the AGS-17 grenade launcher, installed on a special platform that ensures its targeting at the target throughout the entire range of the system.
In 2007, pilot industrial samples of the SOVA system were manufactured, which are currently in military use. Also, R&D work was completed to develop a modification of the SOVA-M system for operation on moving vehicles and armored vehicles. A distinctive feature of this modification is the presence of one antenna device of a monoblock design. The system also includes a computer and a display located inside the vehicle.
The combat mission solved by the system is determining the coordinates of enemy shooters firing at moving vehicles. The SOVA-M system is supplied in small batches to the security forces of the Russian Federation.
In 2007, work began for the Air Force to create an acoustic reconnaissance system to warn of small arms fire at an aircraft (helicopter). The system is located on a helicopter and allows for continuous reconnaissance of firing positions of small arms and anti-aircraft weapons (automatic detection of shelling, determination of the direction to the gunner’s position, caliber recognition in the gradation “small arms - anti-aircraft machine gun”), as well as identifying and warning the crew about damage zones of the helicopter when bullets hit him. Currently, preliminary and interdepartmental tests of prototypes of the product have been carried out.
In 2008, an R&D project was opened in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense to create an automated portable complex for acoustic reconnaissance and destruction of enemy points armed with small arms and close combat weapons. Two versions of the system are being developed: monoblock (with one antenna device) and distributed (with four antenna devices).
The systems are designed for continuous reconnaissance of firing positions of shooters (snipers) and displaying the results of reconnaissance and target designation, as well as transmitting information via radio channel to a processing and control device as part of the “squad - company” (for a monoblock version) or “company - battalion” link ( for the distributed version) to the observation post of artillery units. Preliminary tests of the systems will be carried out in 2010.
SUMMING UP, we emphasize that for the first time in Russia, a method for determining the coordinates of the shot location using the acoustic wave of a flying bullet has been developed and technically implemented. A basic technology has been created on the basis of which acoustic shot detection systems of various modifications and types are designed. Including for work on the move - on ground transport, on board a helicopter. Military operation of the basic version of the system in combat conditions has proven that with its help it is possible to effectively fight enemy shooters (snipers), and thereby significantly reduce personnel losses. The development is at the level of the world's best samples, and in a number of parameters it surpasses them.
Yu. Trutnev, A. Shavrin
Acoustic shot detection system SOVA-M
The need for such means for technical reconnaissance of enemy positions is long overdue. Today, in the context of special forces units performing service and combat missions in mountainous and wooded areas, it is not easy to detect snipers or shooters equipped with modern optical sights using conventional methods. Systems for detecting shooters using optical unmasking features, such as the glare of sights or binoculars, are outdated and ineffective. Acoustics allows you to solve the problem more completely and in a much less expensive way.
If it is impossible to detect the shooter’s position acoustically before the shot, it is necessary to reduce the period of his detection as much as possible, preferably before he can move away significantly. To solve such a problem, depending on the illumination and time of day, it takes from five to seven to several tens of minutes. With the help of the SOVA system, visualization of the firing position on the computer monitor occurs in 2-3 seconds. This makes it easier to take action against shooters.
Without going into too much technical detail, we can say that “SOVA” is a hardware and software complex consisting of sensitive acoustic sensors and a computer. Its main component is a software product. A physical factor that cannot be hidden when fired is the shock wave from a flying bullet. Detecting the shooter's location comes down to calculating the geometry of the shock wave created by the bullet and counting back the trajectory of its flight and the point of the shot. The shock wave of a flying bullet arrives at the microphones, after which the computer calculates its cone. The axis of the cone points in the direction of the point from which the shot was fired.
The SOVA complex operates in a circular sector in passive mode, without detecting itself. It allows reconnaissance to a depth no less than the firing range of small arms, and has some “intelligent” qualities, for example, it determines the caliber and type of weapon, which makes it possible to analyze the combat situation and establish priority goals. The SOVA complex is capable of detecting several firing positions from which fire is being fired simultaneously. In addition, the complex can operate in an unattended automated mode for up to a month or more.
"SOVA" has a number of advantages compared to similar foreign-made systems. First of all, it is the ability to detect in real time the coordinates of a target with an accuracy sufficient for its fire destruction. Distinctive features of the development of domestic engineers are also the presence of a circular reconnaissance sector, day and night modes of use, all-weather capability, small dimensions and weight of the product.
Specially for the intelligence department of the main headquarters of the Main Command of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, specialists from the FSUE RFNC-VNIIEF developed a modification of the SOVA-M system, intended for use on vehicles and armored vehicles. A distinctive feature of this modification is the presence of one antenna device of a monoblock design. The system also includes a computer and a display located inside the vehicle.
Military tests of the system in combat conditions have proven that with its help it is possible to effectively combat enemy shooters, and thereby significantly reduce losses among personnel. In addition, the created method and its hardware and software implementation have found application in performing tasks to protect important government facilities, as well as those related to ensuring public order during mass, socio-political and sporting events.
Main technical characteristics of the acoustic shot detection system "SOVA"
Maximum detection range of firing positions:
● for small arms with a caliber of 5.45-7.62 mm - up to 600 m
● for small arms with a caliber of 12.7-14.5 mm - up to 1500 m
● target detection time - no more than 2 seconds
● reconnaissance sector - 360°
● caliber of recognized weapon - from 5.45 to 14.5 mm
● number of simultaneously identified targets - up to 10
Error in determining the coordinates of firing positions:
● in range at distances up to 600 m - no more than 5%
● at distances up to 1500 m - no more than 10%
● in azimuth - no more than 1°
Rheinmetall has developed the AkSL detector, which is currently offered as part of the Gladius Soldier Upgrade Kit
Better situational awareness has become paramount for the frontline soldier, whether on foot or in a vehicle. Thus, acoustic sensors that can tell a soldier where the enemy is firing from have become commonplace on the battlefield. The capabilities of soldier-worn systems are inevitably limited by their size, although new technologies are coming to the rescue in this area, while acoustic systems created for vehicles have become the “ears” of the vehicles themselves. Defense of military bases is another important area of application for acoustic gunshot detection systems.
Since 2008, Swats (Shoulder-Worn Acoustic Targeting System) from QinetiQ North America has been the most common situational awareness system for American soldiers deployed at lower echelons. A total of almost 17,000 systems were sold to the US Army, where they are known as the Individual Gunshot Detector. The system is also used Marine Corps USA. The basis of the system is a 300-gram shoulder sensor unit, which includes microphones, a GPS receiver, a gyroscope, a magnetic compass and accelerometers. With an azimuth accuracy of ±7.5° and a range accuracy of 10% (maximum stated range of 400 meters in open areas), this device has proven to be very reliable, with a return under warranty from military units of less than 1%. Swats provides the soldier with not only the relative position of the source of the shot, but also records the coordinates in the system not only for the purpose of updating this relative position when the soldier moves, but also distributes them among other members of the squad. Information is available through a hearing device or a display weighing 110 grams.
Also available to NATO countries through the NSPA program, the Swats system is in service with France, Australia and an unnamed Asian country, and was recently ordered by a Middle Eastern country. Active trading is taking place in Europe and the Middle East. QinetiQ NA constantly updates the system by software adding new languages and features; new algorithms are used to increase the detection range, and more efficient use components has now increased battery life to approximately 14 hours. However, QinetiQ is already working on a completely new system, characterized by water resistance, higher screen resolution with a simplified menu structure, a new, lighter, smaller sensor with 50 times and 100 times faster data processing speed more memory, allowing it to accommodate more complex algorithms.
Information from QinetiQ Swats can be transmitted to the soldier either via an audio signal or visually on a helmet-mounted display
Base protection is becoming one of the main tasks of shot detection systems; QuinetiQ's Ears device mounted on a tripod at a base in Afghanistan (top). The crew's situational awareness increases significantly when detectors such as Ears-VMS (below) are installed on the vehicle.
QinetiQ has developed the Ears FSS (Fixed Site System), which is beginning to attract interest as a defense system for military bases, as well as the Ears VMS (Vehicle Mounted System), which is currently being requested by some customers (photo above). However, the company is simultaneously developing a new system for a vehicle with increased angular and distance accuracy, which also provides a 3D image of the scene, which allows it to be used as an aiming device for remotely controlled combat modules. Currently, both systems have a TRL 6-7 readiness level (system development stage), but back in 2012 they were shown to the American army. QinetiQ has not announced a release date for any of its new systems.
Boomerang
Another major player in this area is Raytheon company BBN, which has sold over 10,000 Boomerang systems to various countries ( most of deployed in combat areas). No significant announcements have been made since the last review, but in the meantime Raytheon BBN has developed the Boomerang Warrior-XP (here "P" stands for "Perimeter") system to protect bivouacs and camps. The device weighs less than 6 kg, it is much lighter and smaller than the original Boomerang system, and consists of a sensor and a power/network unit that allows the Boomerang situational awareness system to connect multiple sensors and thus cover 360° (although the Warrior XP can work and as a separate device). The system runs on a rugged laptop running Windows 7 and provides shooter localization by azimuth, range and elevation along with a 10-bit coordinate grid; Data is automatically combined for a more accurate solution, which is displayed on an intuitive map screen. The system also shows the bullet detection zone, that is, a potentially dangerous sector. Enemy shooter data may be stored for reconnaissance purposes or later review. According to BBN, the Warrior XP system detects over 90% of all shots. Characteristics of this system: detection of a flying bullet from 1 to 25 meters, false alarm rate less than 1% and reaction time of 1.5 seconds, power supply is provided via an Ethernet channel, operating time is not limited.
Components of the experimental Haltt system from Raytheon BBN - sensors and display unit (sensors are simply attached to the helicopter body)
The company is also developing a system that was previously designated Haltt (Helicopter Alert and Threat Termination - Acoustic), but is now known as Boomerang Air. It uses modified software to filter out the aircraft's own noise and vibration. Its sensors are integrated with the body of the helicopter and thus the system is not easy to identify. The number of sensors is limited by helicopter type and size, although the company declines to provide any additional details.
PDCue
Another system for Vehicle, AAI Textron's PDCue (short for Projectile Detection and Cuing), is based on four sensors mounted at the corners of the roof, providing full 360° coverage. Sensor separation ensures high accuracy in azimuth and elevation, the error for both angles is about ±1°, the error in range is less than 25%, but decreases at ranges over 350 meters (maximum range is 1.2 km). PDCue is installed on armored M1151 Humvees and integrates with the Crows II weapon station for the purpose of conducting operational assessments. The company did not provide any further comment on the latest developments as it is currently involved in several "sensitive" applications.
AAI Textron has developed PDCue integrated with the Crows II combat module, which is installed on the US Army M1151 Humvee jeeps
The pioneer of gunshot detection, 01dBMetravib, has recently developed a rifle system that weighs less than 400 grams. Below in the photo you can clearly see how the system’s LEDs help the shooter point at the source of the shot
Video presentation of systems from Acoem-Metravib
In mid-2012, Acoem-Metravib added a new product to its line of acoustic sensors. The Pearl device (Personal Equipment Add-on for Reactive Localization) has already been demonstrated at the prototype stage. It is designed to provide a single fighter with an inexpensive shot detection and localization system mounted on the Picatinny rail of machine guns, assault and sniper rifles. The system is a single-body device that includes a miniature acoustic matrix of sensing elements with built-in electronics, a built-in processing unit with a gyrometer and a human-machine interface that shows the soldier the direction of the shot in azimuth and elevation using green and red LEDs. As the soldier moves away from his starting position, the Pearl system allows for continuous target tracking until the operator resets the system. Three buttons allow you to switch the system: “on/off”, “day/night” and “next shot/reset”. The Pearl device weighs 400 grams and detects supersonic ammunition of 5.45 - 20 mm caliber.
According to Metravib, the probability of detecting a shot is more than 95%, localization errors in azimuth and elevation are ±10° and in range ±20%, and the reaction time is less than one second. When powered by two standard batteries (AA 1.5 V), the low power consumption (less than 2 W) of the device guarantees an operating time of over 12 hours. RS232 or RS485 ports are provided for exporting indications of potential targets to electronic sight, which allows the soldier to maintain his aiming position. The company has actually already integrated its product with the Sagem Sword TI sight. Further integration of the device with target localization systems (for example, Sagem Sophie) to equip reconnaissance snipers, as well as with inexpensive remote-controlled weapons, is envisaged. Metravib is ready to configure its system for installation on helmets, shoulders or backpacks or, for example, as a separate wrist display, and has already shown the Pearl system integrated with a helmet-mounted display. The first order for 20 Pearl units already in production was received from Brunei, with further large orders expected in autumn 2013. Since the use of Pearl may lead to a change in doctrine, Metravib has developed the “Blue Pearl” variant, which features special software for use in conjunction with blank ammunition during combat training.
Of course, Metravib still offers its Pilarw system for vehicles and stationary applications. Compared to the original Pilar system deployed in Sarajevo in 1995, the current system is capable of accurately identifying in real time the source of fire not only from small arms, but also from RPGs, mortars and anti-tank missiles. The latest Pilarw Vehicle option has a response time of less than two seconds and provides azimuth accuracy of ±2° when stationary and ±5° when moving. The elevation accuracy is ±5°, while the range accuracy during active fire ranges from 10 to 20%.
The Pilarw system also detects the caliber and issues an audible warning. Since this system is designed for vehicles, it can provide the coordinates of the fire source when connected to an inertial and/or GPS navigation system. Obviously, it can be integrated with remotely controlled weapons, adding the ability to automatically target and engage targets based on external targeting commands. Two modes are available: urban terrain (active shelling only) and rural terrain for all types of shots. The version for vehicles has a mass of 2 kg; for operation it unfolds and becomes no more than 50 cm high. The calculation interface module installed on the vehicle weighs 3.6 kg. The most recent successful order for Pilarw systems came from the French army under the VAB vehicle modernization program, which received the designation TOP. In France, the system received the designation Slate (Système de Localization Acoustique de Tireur Embusqué - acoustic localization system for a shooter in an ambush), it was integrated with the Kongsberg Protector M151 DBM for automatic transfer to the target. Since February 2012, 80 such kits have been delivered.
The Pilarw Area system, for its part, is the latest option, which allows up to 20 antennas to be connected to one electronic unit, and thus covers an area of 1x1 km, while having increased accuracy. The system was sold to Italy and Germany, and is currently deployed in Afghanistan. Numerous demonstrations of the Pilarw Helicopter variant have been held and orders are expected for it, especially from South America. A set of two antennas can be installed on light helicopters, and a set of four antennas on heavy ones. Depending on the noise generated by the helicopter, depending on its size and flight speed, the system can provide a rough indication of the source of fire, ahead, behind, left, right, or a more precise indication, giving "circular localization", range and caliber. Metravib does not rule out further development systems, such as networked systems for vehicles, but is looking for a primary integrator to complete the project.
Pilar 4-Pack Microphone Kit Designed for Vehicle and Infrastructure Protection
Avisa company
Using experience gained in the automotive industry, the Dutch company Microflown Avisa has developed innovative acoustic vector sensors AVS (Acoustic Vector Sensor) to detect and localize small arms fire, artillery fire, aircraft and vehicles. AVS can not only measure sound pressure (a typical measurement made by microphones), but also provides acoustic particle velocity. The single sensor is based on Mems (micro-electromechanical systems) technology and measures air speed through two tiny, resistive strips of platinum that heat up to 200°C. As the air flow passes through the plates, the first wire cools slightly and, due to heat transfer, the air receives a certain amount of heat. Consequently, the second wire is cooled by the already heated air and, thus, cools less compared to the first wire. The temperature difference in the wires changes them electrical resistance. A voltage difference appears proportional to the acoustic speed, and the effect is directional: when turning air flow The area of temperature difference also rotates. In the case of a sound wave, the air flow through the plates changes according to the waveform and this results in a corresponding change in voltage. In this way, a very compact (5x5x5 mm) AVS sensor weighing a few grams can be manufactured: the sound pressure sensor itself and three orthogonally placed Microflown sensors at one point.
Microflown Avisa emphasizes that its technology provides better accuracy compared to microphone systems in azimuth and range, although it does not provide elevation angles (see table). Tests conducted in the Netherlands and Germany showed that the AVS-based system can identify the location of a mortar round with an accuracy of 2% in range and less than 0.5° in azimuth. After intensive development, Microflown Avisa received the first contract for practical targeting and hostile fire detection applications, followed by a second contract for a mobile system and similar tasks, and the third included the supply of a hostile fire localization system for the protection of the Dutch embassy in Kabul.
Video of the shot detection system from MICROFLOWN AVISA
Avisa has developed miniature sensors that not only measure sound pressure, but also the vector acoustic velocity of particles. Avisa is working on integrating its sensors into microdrones based on their small size and weight
Avisa used its technology to develop a system that allows you to accurately determine the coordinates of a firing machine gun or cannon. This system was installed in the Dutch embassy in Kabul
Another contract involves the development of an AVS solution for installation on vehicles. An R&D contract worth one million euros was signed at the beginning of 2013 for a period of two years. This solution, designated Whelac (wheeled acoustics), will provide vehicles with an all-aspect acoustic 3D situational awareness system. AVS is capable of locating and classifying small arms, rockets, artillery, mortars and RPGs, as well as helicopters and ground vehicles. The system should, despite engine noise, provide full target detection capabilities in a vehicle moving at speeds of up to 80 km/h. Since acoustic awareness is severely degraded inside armored vehicles, Whelac's solution could improve crew safety by providing warnings of attack threats. Among other things, the use of a network option is also being considered. The reduced size, weight and power consumption of gunshot detection systems based on AVS technology makes them an excellent solution for other systems, such as light UAVs. An application known as “Walking Ears” is being developed. The company is thriving, with 40 employees working at Microflown on several innovative programs. India is the first potential buyer of this company's products for its UAVs.
Sniper Egg (sniper egg)
In response to the British Ministry of Defense's "Contest of Ideas" initiative and urgent operational requirements, Ultra Electronics used its extensive acoustics experience to develop a rifle gunshot locator. The Sniper Egg device (original designation RMGL) is a one-piece system capable of identifying and localizing the source of high-velocity bullets of 5.56 - 12.7 mm caliber. The 450 gram system can be mounted on a Picatinny rail on the right side of the rifle. It is distinguished by a characteristic “egg”-shaped microphone block and a 160x128 pixel display that serves as a human-machine interface.
The Sniper Egg device from Ultra Electronics can detect a bullet at a distance of 1200 meters
When fired, the Sniper Egg shows the soldier the direction on a dial indicator and while the soldier turns in the direction of the threat, a miniature, three-axis, inertial tracking system provides constant motion compensation and the hand moves in the 12 o'clock direction. For precise adjustment in azimuth and elevation, the hour hand on the screen changes to the reticle at the moment when, when turning towards the shot, the angle between the rifle and the target becomes less than 30°. The nominal accuracy for azimuth and elevation is ±5° and for range 15% (distance is shown in the lower right corner of the screen, and the number of detected events can be seen in the lower left corner of the screen). Available sound signal. The detection range is from 30 to 1200 meters. Ultra claims a probability of correct detection and localization of over 90% with a low false alarm rate. To ensure smooth movement of graphic elements on the display, its refresh rate is 10 Hz.
The diagram shows the operating principle of the Sniper Egg device
The Sniper Egg is waterproof and runs on two AA batteries for up to seven hours battery life(battery charge is shown in the upper right corner of the screen). A simple menu allows you to set system parameters such as display brightness (the display is compatible with night vision goggles), maximum and minimum range.
Ultra Electronics is currently working on an enemy fire detection system for helicopters using available technology, but no information has been provided on the status of this program. The company has also received funding for research into acoustic detection of low-velocity munitions such as RPGs.
PinPoint
The American company Cobham, in collaboration with BioMimetic Systems (BMS), has developed a new family of acoustic gunshot detection systems, designated PinPoint. Two variants were produced, one for dismounted infantry and one for vehicles or stationary installations. The first comes in the form of a shoulder-mounted sensor unit that provides range, direction and vertical angle. The data is presented as an audio message or displayed as wristwatch size 45x51 mm. This can be either range, direction and elevation, or a coordinate grid. Two AA batteries for a 1-watt system allow 10 to 12 hours of operation. The dimensions of the shoulder sensor are 89x89x26 mm, and total weight less than 400 grams.
Acoustics specialist BMS has developed applications that combine analog and digital hardware with an asynchronous signaling technique known as event processing, which works after a neurological function. This allows the sensors to provide a wide dynamic range, stable characteristics and high adaptability to external conditions. According to Cobham and BMS, the system demonstrates high performance in a noisy and echoing urban space. One hundred milliseconds after detection, information about the source of the shot is displayed; Thanks to the built-in sensors, relative position data is updated as the soldier moves. Accuracy figures are not provided by Cobham.
The wristwatch-style display of Cobham's PinPoint system shows the direction and distance to the source of the shot
The PinPoint Dismount Soldier variant can detect and display a shot every 30 milliseconds thanks to fast time-domain signal processing algorithms; the system can store up to 1000 shots in memory. However, for practical purposes, the infantry system allows you to call in the last 15 shots. The PinPoint Vehicle system has similar characteristics regarding response time, but is more accurate due to larger sensors. The system is a low-profile pyramid that has four microphones (one at each peak). The overall sensor has dimensions of 337x356x108 mm and a weight of 2.27 kg. The 3 W system is powered from the on-board network, the permissible voltage is from 8 to 28 V. Like the Dismount option, the system has several connectors: serial port, audio, GPS, USB and power. A standard ruggedized Windows tablet is used to display shooter location information, and the system can be connected to a common network via Ethernet or radio. It can also store 1000 shots, although the last 250 shots can be called directly into the machine. Both systems are currently available and Cobham has already received orders from military and paramilitary customers.
Rheinmetall Defense Electronics has developed an acoustic shooter localization system ASLS (Acoustic Shooter Locating System) to increase the level of protection for vehicle crews. It consists of a circular base housing an energy-efficient signal processing system and battery, and an "antenna" consisting of eight special microphones designed for high levels sound pressure and providing all-round coverage. Originally, each microphone was mounted on a vertical axis, but a new design was introduced at Idex 2013. Eight horizontal rods with microphones extend from one vertical bearing axis, while their relative position in space remains the same. This decision was made to simplify and reduce the cost of production, and for greater reliability, the microphones are now protected by a frame made of steel pipes. The detection range is 20% greater than the detection range of the weapon itself, while the angular accuracy when stopped and in motion is less than 2° and 5°, respectively. The update rate is less than 1.5 seconds and range accuracy is typically ±10%. According to Rheinmetall, the false alarm rate is lower, even when operating the system in urban environments and confined spaces. The antenna consumes less than 15 W, the voltage is 10 - 3 V, and the battery in the base allows you to work independently of the machine's network, but a remote display is naturally required.
One of the intermediate versions of the ASLS shot detection system from Rheinmetall (above) at IDEX 2013. Final version housed in a housing similar to that of the SAS situational awareness system; thus two systems can be installed in a single housing (bottom)
The base of the ASLS system also contains position sensors and a GPS receiver to compensate for machine movement. Signals received from the ASLS are sent to a special display, to the combat control system, as well as to the combat module for automatic transfer to the source of the threat, while the crew also receives an audio warning. During testing in the German army, the system confirmed its characteristics, but its height dimensions create the problem of separation from the combat module when installed on light vehicles.
The ASLS system is almost completely finalized and when the first buyer appears, its production could quickly begin. However, Rheinmetall, based on its extensive experience, is currently offering a new system. Eight microphones are installed in a container that has the same shape as the SAS (Situational Awareness System) container, an optoelectronic system for armored vehicles that provides close-in surveillance. The acoustic sensor can thus be installed on top of the optical-electronic station. However, the acoustic system guarantees 360° coverage and is usually installed in front of the vehicle, while the optical-electronic station provides 180° coverage, so two such modules are needed. According to Rheinmetall experts, the new sensor retained the same azimuth accuracy as ASLS, although the reduced altitude reduced its elevation accuracy. The new antenna weighs 4 kg, is 280 mm wide, 260 mm deep and 180 mm high.
A miniature version of the AkSL (Akustusches Schützen-Lokalisationssystem) is also developed by Rheinmetall. This company submitted its bid to the Bundeswehr at the end of April 2013 in response to a request for proposals to which several competing companies responded. AkSL was conceived as a separate module, but it is easily integrated into computer systems. It is a shoulder-worn acoustic sensor unit that houses position and orientation sensors that allow it to maintain the location of a threat even as the soldier moves. Azimuth data, vertical angle and ranges are displayed on the display in the form of a wristwatch (a cable is connected to it based on German requirements). The display also shows the location pattern and its orientation, event time and battery charge. An audio message - a reference to the target's direction and distance - is also sent to an earpiece under the hearing protection device or directly to an active hearing protection system such as Peltors; these requirements were developed jointly with German special forces. The laboratory has already tested wireless communication with a wrist display using a standard ZigBee channel. On back wall the sensor has two buttons: the right button is “on” and "off" also monitors the system status, and the left controls volume and magnetic calibration. The third button on the front side of the sensor allows you to repeat already recorded events and select external conditions, or rather a quiet scenario or an urban scenario. In this case, algorithms are selected that represent a compromise between the false alarm/detection rate and range.
Typically, the AkSL system provides accuracy in azimuth ± 5°, range accuracy ± 10% and has maximum range 20% higher compared to the range of the fired weapon. According to Rheinmetall, the accuracy of this system is less than that of more large system, but fully meets the needs of the infantryman. In its current configuration (sensor, display and cable), the AkSL system weighs less than 500 grams and is powered by two CR123 batteries. At the end of 2012, AkSL was also successfully tested on helicopters (two sensors on each side) under various flight modes, ranging from hovering to speeds of 200 km/h. The helicopters flew over the training zones, from where fire was fired in special modes.
ShotPoint is a web-based system developed by Software Integrated Systems (Isis) Vanderbilt in collaboration with Databuoy LLC
Databuoy Company
In the United States, the Vanderbilt Institute for Software Integrated Systems (Isis Vanderbilt) has been working on anti-sniper systems for several years. His latest developments are aimed at creating network sensors. He recently teamed up with Databuoy LLC to manufacture and market the ShotPoint system. It consists of several nodes, each of which has four sensitive microphones, a GPS and inertial system, an electronic panel with built-in software, a radio transmitter and a corresponding battery pack.
Based on its position relative to the shooter, the unit can receive a muzzle flash and a shock wave, or only a shock wave. The nodes form a special network and transmit detection information through the network to the control unit, which combines all incoming data into a single optimal solution. The control unit then sends the data to the Internet node and it is displayed on the corresponding display. Detection event data from multiple nodes is combined to more accurately localize the shooter, calculate bullet trajectory, and estimate caliber. According to Databuoy, the average ShotPoint system error is less than 1°, or three meters, in azimuth, and less than 7 meters in range when nodes are deployed with a recommended distance of 50 to 150 meters between each node. Detection rate exceeds 95% and response time is less than a second. Currently, each node is a cylindrical container with a diameter of 170 mm and a height of 120 mm, housing a folding antenna and a 2.4 GHz radio, as well as four 4D batteries. They weigh a third of the mass of the entire system, 1.68 kg; Thanks to low power consumption (0.5 W), each module can operate autonomously for five days. However, to meet different customer requirements, Databuoy is ready to offer kits of different compositions. ShotPoint nodes are easy to install, locate themselves, and create their own network. The data fusion and control software is compatible with Android OS and can run on tablets. ISIS Vanderbilt and Databuoy began marketing the ShotPoint system in early 2013 and participated in several applications. Shotpoint can also be used to protect troops in combat guard and at small temporary infrastructure facilities. A potential customer is considering this system for ground robots that can follow a leader.