Children's and youth organizations in the USSR. Development and establishment of youth organizations in Soviet Russia
They began to actively engage in issues of educating young people in the world at the end of the 19th century, when the first children's and youth movements appeared. At the beginning of the 20th century they came to Russia. After the revolution of 1917, communist ideology took a leading role in the education of young people. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the issue of creating and supporting youth organizations was left to chance for a decade. Only in the early 2000s did the state again pay attention to it. In 2015, a schoolchildren's union was created in Russia - an organization that will educate the younger generation.
Pre-revolutionary period and the first years of Soviet power
The mass movement of Russian youth was started not by revolutionary youth unions, not by the Komsomol, but by religious organizations of youth. The Christian youth movement arose at the very beginning of the 20th century. It was initiated from outside by missionaries of the World Christian Union of Young People sent to Russia in 1900. Soon Young People's Christian Union transformed into an independent society called "Mayak". In 1908-1909, in St. Petersburg alone, Mayak had 1,615 members, most of whom were between the ages of 17 and 25. "Mayaki" existed in Russia until 1923.
The student unrest of 1905-1906 forced the official authorities to meet the demands of students in secondary schools and allow the activities of cultural and educational institutions. In November 1906, it was registered in Russia Moscow society "Settlement"(this is the name given abroad to voluntary societies of intellectuals who carried out cultural work among the urban poor, including children and teenagers). It was the first children's club in Russia, which included a workshop, a kindergarten, a school, and a small observatory.
Stanislav Shatsky, Russian and Soviet teacher: “The dullness of life for a teenager and young man is a real poison, causing an acute thirst for bright, acute experiences, ultimately, no matter what they are expressed in”
The work experience of the Moscow “Settlement” and children’s associations of Petrograd spread throughout Russia and laid the foundation for cultural, educational, sports and recreational work with children, adolescents and youth. It was, in essence, a system of interest clubs based on self-government with the organization of summer recreational work outside the city. The children were left to their own devices, but they were asked to tend the garden, cook food, and clean their rooms. These clubs were destined to become widespread. However, the Settlement society was closed by the police in December 1908 “for promoting socialism among children.”
Nicholas II, Emperor: “Introduce in the villages the training of children in military formation and gymnastics schools by reserve non-commissioned officers for a reasonable fee”
After Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (in 1904-1905), the country was searching for ways to form a civil society; the state realized the need to give youth a patriotic education. In 1908 it appeared youth organization "Amusing Troops". This name was taken in memory of the boys with whom Peter the Great played in the war, and then created from them the best guards regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky. The initiative to create them belonged to the emperor personally. On January 8, 1908, Nicholas II gave instructions to create children's units. This movement was organized under the auspices of the Ministry of Education in the form of paramilitary detachments, first for rural and then for urban youth. Retired non-commissioned officers taught boys to march, sing drill songs, and perform techniques with wooden guns.
The educational system that existed in Russia was focused on educating boys on the model of military cadets: the school building was likened to a barracks, teachers were perceived as commanders, discipline was army. However, the widespread spread of the movement was prevented by the outbreak of the First World War and the revolution. Later analogues were the Soviet Zarnitsa and Orlyonok.
Konstantin Druzhinin, general of the tsarist army: “May the peers of our Great Hope, the Sovereign Heir Tsarevich Alexei, grow up, raised by family, school and public life in a military, victorious and warlike spirit.”
Among the non-political trends, it stood out for its organization and mass character. scout movement, which came to Russia from Great Britain. Its main goal was to prepare the younger generation to serve the Fatherland (not military, but in general). Bright and varied playing forms were widely used. The founder and chief of the world organization of scouts is the English general Robert Stephenson Smith Baden Powell. The official date of the birth of the scouting movement is considered to be 1908.
In the scouting organization, the antagonism between fathers and children was partially overcome. Scouting united teenagers, youth and adults of various religious denominations, various races and ethnic groups, not only Catholic Europe, but also Orthodox peoples and the Muslim world. A fundamentally new public youth organization was created, incorporating all the best that humanity had accumulated by the beginning of the 20th century. The essence of the scouting movement was expressed in the formation of independent characters, the development of a sense of solidarity, and the need for discipline in the interests of the team. As you know, scouting is, first of all, specific living people - both children and adults, united by a common game. Scouting sets itself the task of educating a citizen-social activist whose commonality is higher than his own “I”, who thinks of himself as part of a single whole.
Tsar Nicholas II ordered that Baden Powell's book Scouting for boys be translated into Russian, and invited schools to try a method of educating boys in accordance with it. The first Russian version of Scouting for boys was published by the Academy of the General Staff and published under the title “Young Scout” in 1909. The book inspired the captain of the first Life Guards Rifle Regiment of His Majesty Oleg Pantyukhov to found the first detachment of Russian scouts of seven boys in Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg. Thus, April 30, 1909 can be considered the birthday of the scouting organization in Russia. The first link of Pantyukhov’s detachment was called “Beaver”. The leaders tried to introduce their own Russian uniform, and the company tailor sewed Russian caftans and lambskin hats with a crimson top. But concrete life (hiking and games) showed that this form is impractical. Pantyukhov’s wife sewed the first flag and created a drawing of the first emblem of Russian scouts, which is conventionally called “The Boy under the Tree.” There is a legend that the prototype of this boy was the son of Emperor Nicholas II, Alexei.
Following St. Petersburg and Moscow, scout troops began to appear in Saratov, Astrakhan, Batumi, Perm, Stavropol, Odessa, and Kyiv. The movement quickly spread throughout Russia and intensified, as throughout the world, in connection with the outbreak of the First World War. Thus, the heyday of scouting in Russia is associated with the First World War. After 1917, this movement began to be viewed as hostile to Soviet power, although the ideology of the pioneer movement absorbed much from scouting. In 1922, scout organizations were banned in Soviet Russia. The most persistent of them survived until the spring of 1923.
Children's and youth movements in Soviet Russia and the USSR
The revolution of 1917 and the change of ideology had a noticeable impact on youth policy. The children's and youth movements formed at the beginning of the 20th century were replaced by organizations in which communist ideology played a leading role. Until about the mid-1920s, the old and new movements coexisted, but gradually Red Youth organizations supplanted competing associations.
The main role in the defeat of pre-revolutionary youth associations was played by the Russian Communist Youth Union (RKSM). In 1924 it was renamed the Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union (RLKSM), and in 1926 - the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM). On October 29 - November 4, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth was held, at which the creation of the RKSM was proclaimed.
Komsomol was created by the Bolsheviks to support the actions of the Bolshevik Party at the youth level. If in October 1918 the RKSM consisted of 22 thousand people, then by the III Komsomol Congress (1920) the movement already had almost half a million members. The Komsomol was given a large role in fulfilling the tasks set by the party.
Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks: “You must be the first builders of a communist society among millions of builders, which every young man, every young girl must be. Without involving the entire mass of working and peasant youth in this construction of communism, you will not build a communist society.”
In 1941, there were more than ten million Komsomol members in the USSR. 3.5 thousand members of the Komsomol became Heroes of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, 3.5 million were awarded orders and medals. Subsequently, the social base of the Komsomol expanded; in the 1960-1980s, almost all high school students became Komsomol members. The Komsomol participated in almost all spheres of life in the Soviet Union. During these years, the Komsomol actively promoted the participation of members of the organization in all-Union or regional “shock Komsomol construction projects.”
Under the wing of the Komsomol, a sponsored movement was created - a pioneer organization. Its appearance occurred against the backdrop of the fight against scouting and was due to the realization that it was necessary to create our own, communist organization to work with children. At the same time, a number of scout elements, albeit in a modified form, were borrowed by the ideologists of the pioneers. This is how her symbols appeared: a red tie (instead of green), a white shirt (instead of green), and the scout motto “Be prepared!” transformed into the pioneer slogan “Always ready!” The final formation of the pioneer organization occurred on May 19, 1922, when at the All-Russian Komsomol Conference a resolution was adopted on the creation of an organization for children from ten to 15 years old.
“Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children's movement and the use of the reorganized scouting system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee."
The organization was named "Young Pioneers named after Spartak", and two years later, after the death of the leader of the revolution, it was named after Vladimir Lenin. The main goal of the movement was to educate children in the Soviet spirit; communist ideals, patriotism, hard work, and collectivism were instilled in the younger generation. The pioneers participated in all events significant for the country. In the 1920-1930s, they fought against illiteracy, collected money for the construction of factories and airplanes, and campaigned for the creation of collective farms.
During the Great Patriotic War, many pioneers joined the ranks of the Red Army and partisan detachments. The names of the pioneer heroes of the Soviet Union are still heard: Leni Golikov, Valya Kotik, Marat Kazei and many others. After the war, the pioneer organization began to lose its amateur character, becoming a formal association of all Soviet children. In 1970, over 23 million schoolchildren were members of the World Pioneer Organization. Over the course of its existence, more than 200 million people have been members of the movement.
Before becoming a pioneer, a Soviet schoolchild was obliged to go through an association for the youngest children - October movement, which consisted of students aged seven to nine years old. Groups of October students - stars, which included five people - were created in the first grades of schools and operated before the pioneers joined. Each October child wore a badge on his chest - a five-pointed star with a portrait of Lenin as a child. A squad was formed from stars - this is a school class. The activities of the October students took place mainly in a playful way under the guidance of teachers and counselors from among the pioneers.
At the same time, for the younger generation of communists, the Komsomol Central Committee approved a set of rules that the Octoberists were instructed to know and observe
“Octobers are future pioneers.
October kids are diligent guys, they love school and respect their elders.
Only those who love work are called Octobers.
Octobers are truthful and courageous, dexterous and skillful.
The Oktyabryats are friendly guys, they read and draw, play and sing, and live happily.”
The history of all three movements ended in September 1991. After the ban of the CPSU, the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol was held, declaring the historical role of the Komsomol exhausted. The Komsomol officially ceased to exist, and together with the parent organization, the pioneers and the Octoberists became a thing of the past.
Children's and youth movements in modern Russia
One of the first youth organizations in the modern history of the country was Russian Youth Union(RSM). The movement was created on the basis of the Komsomol organization on May 31, 1990, when it officially declared its independence from the central union leadership of the Komsomol Central Committee. To date, it includes more than 70 territorial organizations with over 150 thousand members. And the number of participants in annual programs reaches four million. RSM is one of the most widespread non-governmental, non-profit, non-political youth associations in the country.
The Russian Youth Union implements more than two dozen all-Russian and more than two hundred interregional programs and projects for young people. Among the priority areas of work are educational, developmental, patriotic, career guidance, leisure, cultural and sports programs. In the life of Russian youth, such projects as “Student Self-Government”, “Russian Intellectual Resources”, “Art-Profi Forum”, the international camp “Be-La-Rus”, the “Personnel” program and others have appeared. The Russian Youth Union is represented in the Public Chamber and the State Duma, its members participate in expert councils of parliament and government bodies.
A prominent place among youth organizations in the early – mid-2000s was occupied by movement "Walking Together". The slogan of the organization is “Everything is Way” (consonant with the name of Vladimir Putin). In March 2000, the youth organization “Walking Together” held its first action on Tverskaya Street in Moscow. And on May 7, 2000, on the day of Vladimir Putin’s inauguration as president, “Walking Together” loudly announced itself by holding an action in Moscow in which up to 15 thousand people took part. Participants wore blue and red T-shirts with the image of Putin with the slogan “All is well.” On November 7, 2001, the movement held a large-scale action, “General Cleaning of Russia,” which took place in all regions where there was a branch of “Walking Together.” After this, members of the organization held several more mass actions, which caused considerable resonance in society.
On April 15, 2005, the youth democratic anti-fascist movement "Nashi". Its leader was Vasily Yakemenko, who resigned as leader of the “Walking Together” organization and headed “Nashi”. On the night of June 21-22, 2007, “Walking Together” held its last annual mass action, “We Must Remember – 2007,” dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.
“Nashi”, which replaced “Walking Together,” actually continued to pursue the line of its predecessor. One of the most notable projects of the movement was the annual summer camp on Lake Seliger in the Tver region. The main goal of the forum is team building, meetings with prominent politicians, journalists, experts in various fields, government officials, active recreation, and work in various areas. The movement gave many current politicians, as they say, a start in life. However, over time, the youth movement began to be marginalized. The methods used by movement activists during protests and in the fight against those who were considered enemies bordered on criminal. Suffice it to recall the attacks on opponents, the persecution of undesirables and other stories from the life of “Nashi”. In addition, the movement has been repeatedly accused of using budget funds for its own purposes.
However, along with the movement that died in God, the Seliger forum did not cease to exist, but on the contrary, received a new life, which was transformed into several youth events at the federal level. Every year, hundreds of thousands of young people gather at professional venues from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka to discuss the most pressing issues on a wide range of problems. The central forum is “Territory of Meanings” on Klyazma, bringing together more than six thousand participants to discuss political, economic and socially significant topics. For the second year in a row, the Tavrida Forum invites representatives of creative youth to Crimea: artists, musicians, journalists (about 3.5 thousand people over the summer). Smaller forums are also held. In Kaliningrad, Baltic Artek is visited by about 600 participants who discuss issues of Russian identity, culture, literature, interaction between government and society. And at the other end of the country - in the Kuril Islands - the Iturup forum is taking place, bringing together about 200 young men and women. At each of the four federal forums there is a “Project Conveyor”, within which participants present their projects to experts, the best of which receive support in the form of grants.
In 2015, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree that created All-Russian children's and youth organization "Russian Schoolchildren's Movement". The purpose of its creation is to improve state policy in the field of educating the younger generation and to promote the formation of personality based on the value system inherent in Russian society.
Branches of the organization will appear in all regions of the country. The state founder of the movement is Rosmolodezh. During the movement, a Russian Children and Youth Center will be created, which will ensure interaction between the movement and executive authorities and local governments.
Sergei Shargunov, writer, publicist: “It seems to me that the fact that they started this is worthy. And I am precisely a supporter, in a good sense, of depoliticizing such processes. Moreover, I know that initially not everyone agreed with this approach. The youth were accustomed to the fact that money was given to collect “extras”, but they were not particularly interested in the content. And then Volodin came, and he was talking about something else. He comes from a university environment and what’s more important to him is what’s in the guys’ heads. And he understands that if you always get attached to immediate tasks, then in the end you will simply take advantage of young people.”
In fact, the Russian Schoolchildren's Movement is the first children's and youth organization since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which will unite hundreds of thousands, and perhaps millions of schoolchildren. The idea of creating an organization was supported in the teaching community. Oksana Ganabova, a teacher of Russian language and literature at Lyceum No. 1581, noted that over two decades a whole generation has grown up in Russia, focused exclusively on their needs. “This is what is commonly called a lack of collective consciousness,” she said.
According to the teacher, the new youth movement will help pull current schoolchildren out of the virtual reality in which many of them practically live, and will help them learn to build relationships in the real world. “They have an internal need for communication, but, unfortunately, we do not provide such an opportunity,” said Ganabova. “They want to interact in some way, but they don’t have platforms or any other opportunities for this.”
Oksana Ganabova, teacher: “They think very little about the fact that the world around them is some kind of complex system, some complex whole that requires a certain amount of effort from a person in order to fit into it and somehow move and develop it.”
The new organization, which will be fully operational from 2016, according to the plan, will not be a copy of any of the existing or existing movements, including the pioneers. Its main task is not to promote a political ideology, but to instill a traditional system of values for Russia. That the movement will be as depoliticized as possible is evidenced by the fact that the initiative for its creation did not come from any specific political force, but was initiated by four parliamentary parties at once.
Traditions (established at the beginning of the movement, supplemented by the participants themselves).
“Learning by doing” is a method introduced at the beginning of the last century from pedagogy, when the basis of learning was the mandatory translation of theory into practice.
Adult support. The general task is to give the organization a dynamically developing and social character. Microgroup management system and courses at various levels, international exchange of experience, rotation of managers, steps of growth, titles, positions.
The Scout motto is “Be Prepared!” (eng. Be Prepared); in English it is abbreviated to the first letters in the same way as the surname of the founder of the Scout movement (B.P.).
The origin of this phrase stems from the original patriotic nature of the Scout movement. Baden-Powell wrote on February 12, 1908 in Boy Scouting magazine: “Be prepared to die for your country if necessary; so when the moment comes, go out of the house with confidence and without thinking about whether you will be killed or not.”
2.3 The emergence of communist youth unions. Komsomol and its activities
Komsomol (short for Communist Youth Union), full name All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM) is a political youth organization in the USSR.
The Komsomol worked under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Russian Communist Youth Union (RKSM) was created on October 29, 1918, in 1924 the RKSM was given the name V. I. Lenina – Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union (RLKSM), in connection with the formation of the Union of the SSR (1922) Komsomol
V In March 1926 it was renamed the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM).
IN In 1977, over 36 million citizens of the USSR were members of the Komsomol
V aged 14 - 28 years.
The February Revolution of 1917 contributed to an increase in the socio-political activity of young people. Youth workers' organizations "Labor and Light" and others began to appear, whose members were oriented toward socialist parties. In 1917, the Bolshevik-oriented Socialist Union of Working Youth (SSRM) took shape in Petrograd. Appearance in
various cities of Bolshevik youth organizations necessitated the creation of an all-Russian structure - the Russian Communist Youth Union (RCYU). From October 29 to November 4, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth was held, at which the creation of the RKSM was proclaimed.
The first Komsomol breast badges appeared in 1922, in the center of the badge there was the inscription KIM (Communist International of Youth), the Komsomol inscription appeared on badges only in 1945, and the Komsomol badges (with the profile of V. I. Lenin) acquired their final form only in 1958
According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin’s personal secretary in the 1930s, the founder of the Komsomol was Lazar Shatskin:
– It was he who invented the Komsomol and was its creator and organizer. At first he was the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, but then, copying Lenin, who did not officially head the party, Shatskin, hiding behind the scenes of the Komsomol leadership, led it for a number of years with his lieutenant Tarkhanov.
Very soon the Komsomol remained the only one in the RSFSR, and then in
USSR political youth organization. Through the structure of this organization, the ideological education of youth was carried out
And political and social projects were implemented. The Komsomol was positioned as an “assistant and reserve” of the CPSU. Under the leadership of the Komsomol, a children's political organization was created in 1922: the All-Russian, and later the All-Union Pioneer Organization.
During the mass repressions of 1937 - 1938. Many leaders of the Komsomol were arrested and shot: O.L. Ryvkin, L.A. Shatskin, E.V. Tseitlin and others. General Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee (1928 – 1931) Alexander Milchakov, who spent 15 years in Stalin’s camps, recalled:
– L. Kaganovich once started a conversation like this: “List me all the first secretaries of the Komsomol Central Committee, where are they?” I said: “Since you ask, it means you know where they are.” A list of names followed, it turned out that they were all arrested - Ryvkin, Shatskin, Tseytlin, Smorodin, Chaplin...
Komsomol was created by the Bolshevik Party to carry out large-scale actions. In October 1918, the RKSM had 22,100 members. Two years later, by the 3rd Komsomol Congress, - 482 thousand. Up to two hundred thousand Komsomol members took part in the fight against the interventionists and White Guards.
IN In 1930, the Komsomol took patronage over universal education and initiated the creation of two-year evening schools for the illiterate. The Komsomol announced a march for young people into science. In 1928/29 15 thousand people went to study at workers' faculties using Komsomol vouchers, 20 thousand went to training courses at universities, 30 thousand went to universities and technical schools. In 1934, the working class among students reached 48%. On the initiative of the Komsomol, a new mass form of technical training for workers was born - the technical minimum. “You can become a communist only when you enrich your memory with the knowledge of all the riches that humanity has produced,” V. I. Lenin addressed the delegates with these words 3rd Congress of the RKSM.
IN In 1941, there were more than 10 million Komsomol members in the USSR. About 1 million members of the Komsomol before the war became “Voroshilov Riflemen”, more than 5 million passed the standards for military topography, military topography and other military specialties. They became the “Young Guard” and the “Young Avengers”. Three and a half thousand became Heroes of the Soviet Union, three and a half million were awarded orders and medals. Special units from Komsomol girls were numbered
V In its ranks there are more than 200 thousand machine gunners, snipers and specialists of other specialties. For their military services in the fight against the Nazi invaders, 100 thousand girls were awarded orders and medals, 58 of whom received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
This is truly a mass organization that had enormous influence in all spheres of life: industry and economics, education and science, culture and art, sports, and leisure activities. By the beginning of the 1970s. 131 Komsomol newspapers are published with a one-time circulation of 16.6 million copies, including one all-Union newspaper, Komsomolskaya Pravda. Komsomol magazines, Komsomol publishing house "Young Guard", Lenin Komsomol Prize. The role of the Komsomol is the restoration of the country destroyed by the war, the development of virgin lands, the construction of the BAM.
IN Subsequently, the social base of the Komsomol gradually expanded, and in 1960 - 1980. XX century Almost all students of secondary schools were accepted into the Komsomol. In the later years of the USSR, membership of the Komsomol was actually a necessary attribute for a successful career of a young citizen. The Komsomol became not just massive, but practically universal. This almost inevitably led to organizational blurring, to the fact that membership in the Komsomol was no longer perceived
like honor and responsibility at the same time. In the last years of Soviet power, the Komsomol finally turned into a bureaucratic system, fully consistent with the general bureaucratic system of the last years of the USSR.
The Komsomol consisted of republican organizations of individual union republics (except for the RSFSR), regional (regional, regional, etc.) and primary organizations. As in the CPSU, in the Komsomol the main body was the Central Committee (Central Committee), elected by the highest body - the congress. The formal leader was the first secretary of the Central Committee.
At the 21st Congress of the Komsomol held on April 10 - 19, 1990, it was announced that the Komsomol of the RSFSR would be transformed into the RSM. At the same time, the youth movement “Communist Initiative” (DMKI) emerged from the Komsomol, the organizational meeting of which took place on October 2, 1990.
On September 27–28, 1991, the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol was held, which declared the historical role of the Komsomol exhausted and dissolved the organization. RSM and other republican youth organizations continued to exist as independent national youth organizations of the respective republics that were part of
USSR. Under these conditions, members of the Komsomol - members of the DMKI (Malyarov, Sokhonko, Voznyak, Yezersky and others), who were not members of either the RSM or other republican organizations, proclaimed their movement, which independently developed within the framework of the Komsomol, the legal successor of the all-Union organization and created an organizing committee for the revival Komsomol. Subsequently, they held a restoration congress of the Komsomol. This revived Komsomol became the first communist youth organization in the territory of the former USSR. Around the same time, new small communist youth organizations began to appear, in particular, the All-Union Young Guard of the Bolsheviks, focusing on the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus N. Andreeva (created in
In 1993, the majority of organizations of the revived Komsomol voted for the federal principle of building the Komsomol. Then the need arose to recreate the Russian Communist Youth Union (RCYU). In the second half of the 1990s. From the RKSM such youth organizations emerged as the Revolutionary Komsomol - RKSM (b) (in 1996), which became the youth organization of the RCWP - RPK and the Union of Communist Youth of the Russian Federation (in 1999), created as a youth organization of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
Also during the 1990s and 2000s. The process of forming various communist-oriented youth organizations continued. So, in particular, in 1998, the youth wing of Viktor Anpilov’s “Labor Russia” became the youth organization “Vanguard of Red Youth.” In 2005, Trotskyists, not involved in the activities of communist parties and inclined to cooperate with more radical anarchists, organized the Socialist Movement “Forward” (SD “Forward”).
Conventionally, communist organizations of modern Russia can be divided into those that operate under communist parties (SKM RF under the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, RKSM (b) under the RCRP - RPK, VMGB under the All-Union Communist Party of the Russian Federation),
And independent from political parties (RKSM, AKM, SD “Forward”). The latter are more actively involved in blocs and coalitions with various political forces, in particular with such as the Left Front, the Institute of Globalization Problems, the Institute of Globalization and Social Movements, and the Autonomous Action movement. The process of forming new communist youth organizations reflects the situation in the communist movement, which is in a protracted crisis,
And search by communist youth for new organizational forms
and working methods.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation has created a number of youth organizations, which in modern Russia are an analogue of past youth movements:
Russian Communist Youth Union (RCYU); Revolutionary Communist Youth League (Bolshevik-
kov) – RKSM; Union of Communist Youth of the Russian Federation – SCM
2.4 All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin. Participation of youth in the activities of voluntary societies (DOSAAF, OSVOD, PLO, etc.)
The All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin is a mass children's communist organization in the USSR. It was formed by the decision of the All-Russian Komsomol Conference on May 19, 1922, since then May 19 has been celebrated as Pioneer Day. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name Spartak, and after Lenin’s death it received it
Name. It originated from the Scout movement, but differed from it in significant aspects: the system was of an all-encompassing state nature and aimed at the ideological indoctrination of children and their education as citizens completely devoted to the Communist Party and the Soviet state.
In countries of Anglo-Saxon culture, a pioneer is a reconnaissance soldier or sapper. In the USA, “pioneers” are pioneers who mastered new lands during the colonization of the Wild West.
The origins of the pioneer movement lie in scouting. In 1917, there was a relatively extensive network of children's scout organizations in Russia; There were about 50 thousand scouts in total. During the ensuing Civil War, scouts helped search for street children, organized children's police units, and provided social assistance. At the same time, in the territories controlled by the Soviet government, the scout movement split into several directions.
So, if the Moscow detachment of V.A. Popova tried to remain on the traditional principles of Baden-Powell, then in a number of cities (Petrograd, Kazan, etc.) associations of the so-called “Forest Brothers” - forest rangers arose; finally, pro-Soviet tendencies emerged in scouting. Their most prominent spokesman was the scout leader of the RSFSR and the Far Eastern Republic Innokenty Zhukov (former secretary of the Russian Scout society), who called for the creation of a World Knighthood and the Labor Brotherhood of Scouts on the basis of work, play, love for each other and the whole world, calling for close cooperation between scouting and the Komsomol.
In parallel, there was also a movement of “Yukism” (Yuk-scouts, that is, “young communist scouts”), which directly tried to combine the principles of scouting with communist ideology. The idea of creating the YK Scouts belongs to the Bolshevik functionary Vera Bonch-Bruevich. The Komsomol, however, accused the Yukovites of not conducting real communist education, and the communist idea serves them only as a formal cover for the former “bourgeois” scoutism.
As soon as it emerged, the Komsomol declared war on scoutism (including Yukism), seeing it as its rival. Already at the 1919 congress of the RKSM, a decision was made to disband the scout troops.
At the same time, in communist circles there began to be a need to create their own, communist organization to work with children. The idea was formulated by N.K. Krupskaya, who
On the 20th of November 1921, several times in different places she made a report “On Boy Scoutism” (the report was soon published as a brochure entitled “RKSM and Boy Scoutism”), in which she proposed that the Komsomol adopt scouting methods and create a children’s organization, “ scout in form and communist in content.”
The leaders of the Komsomol, who had an extremely negative attitude towards scouting, initially perceived these ideas with caution. However, after Krupskaya’s speech at the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM (November 29), a special commission was created to discuss the issue “On the use of scouting for the education of working youth and children.” A detailed report by I. Zhukov was presented to the commission. On December 10, 1921, based on the commission’s report, a positive decision was made by the Bureau, and the search for specific organizational forms began.
At the beginning of 1922, the idea was put forward of using scouting methods not among Komsomol members, but among children and creating a children's communist movement (CCM). I. Zhukov proposed the name “pioneers” (borrowed from scouting practice) for the new organization. Its symbols were slightly modified scout symbols: a red tie (instead of green; it was already used by the Yukovites), a white blouse (instead of green), the scout motto “Be prepared!” and the scout’s answer to it is “Always ready!”
From scouting in the pioneer organization, playful forms of educational work with children, the organization of children into groups, the institute of counselors, gatherings around the fire, elements of symbolism have been preserved (for example, the three lily petals of the scout badge in the pioneer badge replaced the three flames of the fire, the three ends of the pioneer tie that became red began to mean three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists). The scout call “Be ready!” has also been preserved. by changing its focus on the struggle for the liberation of workers and peasants around the world.
On February 2, 1922, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM sent out a circular letter to local organizations about the creation of children's groups under Komsomol cells. On February 4, the corresponding decision was made by the Moscow Committee of the RKSM. For this purpose, a special bureau was created, one of whose members, former scoutmaster Valerian Zorin, organized a children's group on February 12 at the First Communist Boarding School named after the Third International (in Zamoskvorechye). The detachment, called “Young Scouts” in scouting, soon disbanded, and Zorin switched to organizing children at the Kauchuk plant.
On February 13, another former scoutmaster and member of the RKSM, 19-year-old Mikhail Stremyakov, organized a detachment of “young pioneers” at the factory apprenticeship school (fabzavuche) named after N. A. Borshchevsky at the former Mashistov printing house on Krasnaya Presnya. This last group is usually considered the first pioneer detachment (at the same printing house, Stremyakov began publishing the pioneer magazine “Drum” in April, and subsequently became the first editor of the newspaper “Pionerskaya Pravda”).
On March 2, a temporary bureau of children's groups was created at the Central Committee of the Young Communist League with the task of developing a charter, which was presented in May at the II All-Russian Komsomol Conference.
The resolution adopted on May 19 read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children’s movement and the use of a reorganized scouting system in it.” Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference decides to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.” A bureau for work among children was created consisting of 7 people, 4 of whom were former scoutmasters.
Throughout 1922, pioneer detachments appeared in a number of cities and villages. On December 3, the first pioneer detachments appeared in Petrograd. The first four detachments were created from the Russian detachment of military reconnaissance officers. This event took place in the club of the old and young guards (Teatralnaya Square, house no. 14).
In October, the 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM decided to unite all pioneer detachments into the children's communist organization “Young Pioneers named after Spartak”. On January 21, 1924, the day of Lenin’s death, by decision of the Central Committee of the RKSM the organization was named after Lenin, and in March 1926 the official name was established - the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until the end of its existence).
Initially, pioneer organizations were created by local cells of the RKSM at enterprises, institutions and in villages. Pioneer organizations in schools, that is, regardless of place of residence, began to be created in 1923 (under the name “outposts” and “bases”); they united pioneers of different detachments and were used in the struggle for the “new school” (in fact, in establishing communist control over the school, equally in relation to students and teachers).
IN In 1929, the restructuring of the organization began according to the school principle (class - detachment, school - squad). It assumed such proportions that the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in a special resolution of April 21, 1932, condemned “attempts to liquidate the pioneer movement by merging it with the school, as well as perversions promoting the transfer of the educational functions of the school to the pioneer movement.” However, this resolution did not have any noticeable practical results.
IN In its classic form, the All-Union Pioneer Organization united republican, regional, regional, district, city, and district pioneer organizations in the USSR. Formally Regulations
O All-Union Pioneer Organization stated that the basis of the organization is the squad, which is created in schools, orphanages and boarding schools with at least 3 pioneers. In squads numbering more than 20 pioneers, pioneer detachments are created, uniting at least 3 pioneers. In orphanages and pioneer camps, groups of different ages could be created. The detachment numbered 15
And more pioneers, divided into units. In fact, as indicated, the pioneer detachments (divided in turn into units led by the unit members) united students of the same class, and the squads united students of the same school.
In the 1980s the structure of the organization underwent some changes - a new link was created between the pioneers and Komsomol members - senior pioneers (in fact, pioneers before joining the Komsomol). The external difference was wearing a badge that combined elements of the Komsomol and Pioneer. In theory, older pioneers should have continued to wear a red tie, but many tried to wear “adult” ties.
The All-Union Pioneer Organization was led by the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM), which was controlled by the CPSU. All councils of pioneer organizations worked under the leadership of the corresponding Komsomol committees. Komsomol congresses and conferences heard reports from the councils of pioneer organizations and assessed their activities. Chairmen, deputies
And The secretaries of the councils of pioneer organizations from Central to District were approved by the plenums of the corresponding Komsomol committees.
The basis for organizational-mass and instructional-methodological work with pioneers and pioneer personnel were numerous Palaces and Houses of Pioneers and schoolchildren, and other out-of-school institutions. Komsomol committees provided the pioneer squads with personnel
senior pioneer leaders, carried out their selection, placement, advanced training and education. Primary Komsomol organizations sent squad leaders to the Pioneer squads, selected leaders of circles, clubs, sections, and other interest groups, and helped them organize the life of Pioneer groups.
The highest body of a squad, detachment, unit is a pioneer gathering. The troop assembly accepted schoolchildren into the pioneer organization, invited the squad council to recommend worthy pioneers to the ranks of the Komsomol, planned the work, assessed the activities of the squad council, units, and each pioneer. The gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council, the gathering of the squad was elected by the squad council. The councils of the squad and detachments elected the chairman of the council of the squad and detachment. In the All-Union, republican, regional, regional, district, city, district pioneer organizations, the form of self-government of pioneers was pioneer rallies, which were held once every 5 years (all-Union and republican) or once every 2 - 3 years (territorial, regional, district, city and regional). City (district) councils of the pioneer organization created pioneer headquarters from representatives of all pioneer squads of the city. The most active part of the pioneer organization, its most active elite, gathered at the city headquarters.
After the collapse of the USSR in Russia, the ideological activities of the pioneer movement were supported on a voluntary basis by the forces of public initiative groups and enthusiasts, which were of a purely symbolic nature. One such organization is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The overwhelming majority of both supporters and opponents of the Soviet system recall with nostalgia their participation in the pioneer movement and speak out for the return of the pioneer organization to schools at the state level. In October 2010, Dmitry Medvedev expressed that he was not against the revival of the pioneer and Komsomol movement in Russia, but at the level of a public organization, without its ideological component and without the participation of the state. One of such organizations from 2008 – 2010. there was Mishka's movement.
Young people also actively participated in the activities of voluntary societies (DOSAAF, OSVOD, PLO, etc.).
DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy) of Russia is an all-Russian voluntary, self-governing public-state association, the purpose of which is to promote the strengthening of the country’s defense capability and national security.
“Youth Groups” - Topics for independent research: Didactic goals of the project: Representatives of different cultures express their Individuality. The growth of youth groups. Sergeeva. How do teenagers express their individuality? Stages and timing of the project. Subculture. What makes young people choose a subculture?
“Culture of the USSR” - Poster of P. Chukhrai’s film “Driver for Vera”. Monument to Peter I in Moscow and the complex on Poklonnaya Hill of Zurab Tsereteli. Nikolai Tsiskaridze. The Amber Room, fragments of which were returned to Russia in the 90s. T. Bulanova. "Hands up". Portrait of an Afghan. 2. It became difficult for writers in the new conditions. Fragment of the film “The Barber of Siberia” directed by N. Mikhalkov.
“Youth subculture” - Gothic style. Youth informal movements. Factors of subcultural activity: And also oblique long bangs. Punk music. Pentagram. The predominant style in clothing is “DEAD”, that is, “dead style”. Punk image. EMO STYLE. A clear sign of punk is a plaid shirt worn under a biker jacket. The concept of subculture.
“Foreign Policy of the USSR” - Basic concepts. “Threat to the foundations of socialism” (CPSU). The policy of détente: achievements and failures. Summing up the lesson. Views of the parties on the causes of detente. a) CHINA, b) CZECHOSLOVAKIA. "Socialist camp". Criticism of Stalin is revisionism. "Socialist camp". Hungary 1956 4. From detente to confrontation.
"Youth culture" - National minorities. Youth. Created by anonymous authors. Forms of culture. Subculture. Functions of culture: Basic elements of culture. What qualities do young people value most in people, % October 2006 Includes myths, fairy tales, epics, carnival processions, etc. Values. Language. Customs, traditions.
“Youth movements” - General program provisions of left-wing youth movements. The main dominants of pro-presidential movements. Set the minimum wage level to be no lower than the subsistence level. Right-wing radical (nationalist) youth organizations. Left patriotic movements. Revise the law on political parties, referendums, release political prisoners.
Lost Generations
History of children's and youth organizations of the USSR
Sergey Komyakov
Take care of honor from a young age
© Sergey Komyakov, 2017
ISBN 978-5-4485-8083-3
Created in the intellectual publishing system Ridero
Introduction
An attribute of civil society are citizen organizations. But in undeveloped, proto-civil societies, the function of organizing citizens does not belong to them themselves, but to the supreme institutionalized structure, which is the state. Such an organization has very specific features and has both positive and negative influence on the development of social relations. A typical example of such an organization of citizens is the system of organization of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, which has mobilization features. And here the experience of domestic organizations that arose under the influence of the Soviet state and the Communist Party is interesting. But if the Communist Party was a specific governing body, then secondary organizations, primarily youth, the Komsomol and the Pioneers show the peculiarities of the mechanism for organizing the population of an authoritarian state with the aim of its political socialization in a direction pleasing to the ruling regime. Russia is still experiencing the impact of this process, and will continue to experience it for a long time. Therefore, the problem of the development of youth and youth organizations in the USSR in 1918-1991 is one of the most pressing and controversial in the Russian history of modern times. The achievements of youth movements in the Soviet Union are very contradictory - on the one hand, there is a high level of organization and leisure activities for young people, great achievements in youth sports, on the other hand, the suppression of free thinking, dogmatization of youth communication. All this speaks to the difficulty of studying the history of youth and youth organizations of the USSR in 1920-1991.
That is why it seems relevant to consider in the study the history of youth and youth organizations of the USSR in 1920-1991, to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of youth organizations in the USSR.
The importance of studying this problem increases if we take into account the fact that in modern Russia the search for optimal models and systems of working with youth continues, and the role and importance of the systematic and methodological socialization of the younger generation in the modern world is constantly increasing.
1.Forever young: Russian scout organizations
1.1.Formation of scout organizations
Russia met the dawn of the twentieth century in a state of capitalist transformation. The Russian monarchy coexisted with a society that developed along the Western European path, but retained serious class vestiges. The latest trends coexisted with the institutions of the Middle Ages. This situation had an impact on Russian youth. As the most flexible and receptive to change, youth was the vanguard of social development.
Assessing the institutionalization of youth, it is necessary to note that before the Manifesto of 1905 there could be no legal youth organizations in Russia. Even participation in a small circle whose members studied biology, economics or history could be fraught for young people. Expulsion from an educational institution, exile, or even prison were punishments for participation in a youth organization. The 1905 Manifesto, which allowed social and political movements, allowed young people to begin the process of self-organization.
At this time, there were three trends in the youth movement that coincided with the social structure of Russian society. The first was associated with the scions of aristocratic and noble families. These families focused on classical upbringing of children, home education, training in horse riding, fencing, in other words, everything that was considered necessary for a young nobleman.
The second trend was associated with young men from families of representatives of industrial and commercial capital, skilled workers. The level of development of the Russian economy at this time had already led to the formation of a fairly significant layer of traders, industrialists, doctors, teachers, officials, skilled workers, and clerks (accounting for 3-5 percent of the population of the Russian Empire). These people had the economic opportunity to educate their children, but they were shackled by class remnants and could not aspire to be accepted in high society, to be members of riding clubs, yacht clubs, and various elite societies.
The Russian merchants and industrialists were guided by different values than the nobility and aristocracy. It also manifested itself in the organization of leisure time. Thus, in contrast to aristocratic horse racing and bicycle racing, Russian entrepreneurs brought boxing and football, popular in Great Britain, to Russia, and organized competitions in classical wrestling, cross-country skiing and ice skating.
Also, young people from this social group did not have economic opportunities to receive an education equivalent to that of the elite, they could not organize their leisure time at the same level, but at the same time they were not bound by class norms and ideas, which allowed them to choose forms of organizing their free time .
The third trend was associated with the institutionalization of the youth of the working class and peasantry, who made up the overwhelming majority of Russian youth. In this direction, everything was quite simple - most of the young people, children of workers and peasants had neither time nor means for leisure. This group was characterized by early alcoholism and an early start to working life. But a small part of the urban youth from among the workers joined the political struggle. She campaigned, participated in strikes, walkouts and terrorist attacks.
All these trends had the right to exist, but the logic of historical development had to preserve the most adequate one for the historical path of Russia.
First, let's look at the organizations of aristocratic and noble youth. Oddly enough, they actually did not exist. This was due to the fact that there was relatively little of her, and her career and life were predetermined from birth. The framework that society set for young aristocrats and nobles was very strong. First came home education, then classical education - a gymnasium or lyceum, and then training in a military or civilian educational institution. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the organization of the educational process in Russia was such that it actually left no free time for students. Moreover, the golden youth were bound by participation in various social events of their circle - balls, receptions, visiting relatives, etc.
True, some informal organizations that imitated English organizations of graduates of elite educational institutions existed, but this form of youth self-organization in Russia did not become widespread. It should also be noted here that the creation of youth organizations of the Russian elite was hampered by a direct ban on military and civil servants of Imperial Russia being members of political parties, and in fact being interested in politics and expressing their own opinions on political problems, which were considered the prerogative of the Emperor. When, after the February Revolution, this ban was lifted, the youth of the elite who survived the First World War had no time left to organize - the civil war began.
Young people, children of the emerging middle class, had significantly greater opportunities for self-organization. The middle class in any country has certain institutional features. These traits were evident in the emerging middle class of the Russian Empire. Of course, he was influenced by long-term political lack of rights, as well as the possibility of realizing economic rights, which arose only after the judicial reform of 1864. However, the interests of the middle class in relation to their offspring were obvious. They wanted to see children educated, literate enough for a career that often continued the career of the parent, as well as physically healthy and not drinking. This opportunity was provided by paramilitary youth organizations of scouts.
Scout organizations in Russia arose at the same time as in Western Europe and the USA. At the beginning of the twentieth century, European countries and the United States were covered by a broad youth movement, which was voluntary and focused on broad layers of youth.
The emergence of scout organizations is associated with several foreign policy events, among which are the operations of colonial troops against rebel peoples and the Anglo-Boer War. What they had in common was that they showed an extremely low level of physical fitness for young officers who came from the upper and middle strata of society. It turned out that the average English officer is a poor shooter, gets tired quickly even while riding a horse, does not know how to navigate the terrain, does not know how to make a fire, etc. This was a consequence of his upbringing in closed military schools, where they taught general education subjects, stepping and dressage in the arena, and not what was necessary in a real combat situation.
1.1 Development and establishment of youth organizations in Soviet Russia
At the beginning of the twentieth century, due to the increased attention of society to children, the idea of creating a harmoniously developed personality gained popularity. It was also not lost sight of the fact that youth educated in this way would be able to overcome class antagonism over time. State structures were also interested in a healthy, full-fledged younger generation - after all, this is the future workforce, the army reserve.
Serious changes have occurred in the theory and practice of upbringing and education. The reduction in working hours for children and adolescents has led to an increase in their free time and the problem of constructive employment. Education has become a matter of national importance. Many countries have laws on compulsory education. The state took on part of the burden of education. The problem of juvenile delinquency began to be solved in a completely different way.
The socio-economic situation (living and working conditions, isolation of classes), educational traditions (patriarchy), school officialdom (rules for students), control by the Russian Orthodox Church did not allow children and adolescents to go beyond the established system.
One of the attempts to create public youth organizations in pre-revolutionary Russia was the emergence of scouts. Having emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, this movement used and combined bit by bit the experience of pre-existing children's and youth organizations, some gymnastics societies and sports clubs.
The year 1917, which split Russia into Reds and Whites, also left a deep crack in scouting. Most of the scouts preferred the white side, but there were also red scouts. Yesterday's patrol brothers sometimes became mortal enemies.
The new government was wary of the existing scout troops, and then, through the hands of the Komsomol and law enforcement agencies, began the deliberate destruction of scouting in Russia. We can say that the state tried to subjugate youth organizations.
Some scoutmasters were forced to start organizing groups of a “new type”, and this is how the first groups began to appear, later called “pioneer” groups.
The pioneer organization was born and developed in our country in the conditions of revolutionary transformations in Russia, in the world as a whole, associated with the spread of the ideas of communism, socialism, and the aggravation of class contradictions in capitalist countries and especially in Russia.
The pioneer organization is part of pioneering - a branch of the children's movement, a specific socio-pedagogical, cultural phenomenon of the 20th century.
Unlike other directions, types, and forms of the children's movement, the pioneer movement basically has several sources.
The first source is the international workers', revolutionary, communist movement, into which children were also drawn.
The second source is the children's movement itself (in the world and in Russia), which manifested itself in the experience of creating and operating a wide variety of children's communities (scouts, falcons, amusements, student organizations, agricultural unions, amateur clubs, circles of various content areas).
The third source is the specific socio-political conditions of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century (after the events of 1917).
The birth and development of pioneering reflected the uniqueness of its structures, forms, the nature of its relations with state and socio-political institutions, and contributed to its transformation into an organic part of the Soviet state, its political system and its history.
It was the new ideology of the movement, its goals, principles, and direction of content that became the subject of heated discussions in these years by the Komsomol, the party, educational authorities, and the pedagogical community. To study these issues, a special state-public commission was created, which included N.K. Krupskaya, E.M. Yaroslavsky, V.A. Zorin, V.F. Vasyutin and others.
An important role in the creation of the children's organization was played by the Third Congress of the Komsomol (1920), at which V.I. Lenin made a keynote speech, defining the tasks of youth unions.
The children's movement was seen as “an urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children,” with the goal of uniting, educating and preparing the masses to fight for the interests of the proletariat.
All groups united into the “organization of young pioneers” under the local organization of the Russian Komsomol Youth Union (RKSM), headed by a council appointed by the RKSM committee. In order to implement amateur activities, children were asked to elect various commissions from among themselves, and even a comrades' court.
The materials of the V Congress of the RKSM enshrined the position of pioneers - a change in the Komsomol. The temporary bureau was transformed into the Central Bureau of Children's Communist Groups of Young Pioneers (CB UP). It included S. Tarkhanov, V. Zorin, I. Zhukov, A. V. Lunacharsky, N. K. Krupskaya. The number of pioneers is growing. Serious discussions continue on important issues: about leadership, about the target orientation of activities, about the basing of detachments, etc. .
The naming of the organization of young pioneers after V.I. Lenin in 1924 (before that, the detachments of young pioneers were named after Spartak) gave a powerful impetus to the growth of its ranks.
By 1924, pioneer organizations had been created in all union republics. A unified “Organizational Regulations of the Children’s Communist Organization of Young Pioneers named after Comrade” was adopted. Lenin" (August, 1924), which consolidated the creation and organizational design of a single pioneer organization as a means of educating a new generation of builders of a socialist society.
In March 1926, the pioneer organization began to be called the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I.Lenin. The first pioneer detachments, uniting the children of workers and peasants, worked at Komsomol cells of factories, factories, and institutions; participated in community cleanups, helped in the fight against child homelessness and in eliminating illiteracy.
By the end of the 30s. The restructuring of the All-Union Pioneer Organization was completed according to the so-called school principle: class - detachment, school - pioneer squad. Military and defense work began in pioneer groups; circles for young shooters, orderlies, and signalmen were created, and military sports games were held.
In the late 40s - early 50s. The All-Union Pioneer Organization participated in the restoration of destroyed cities and villages, the pioneer movement “Let’s Decorate the Motherland with Gardens” began, and all-Union expeditions were held to study the native land. The Plenum indicated that the main task of the pioneer organization is to widely involve pioneers in active socio-political work and, above all, in socially useful work. The Plenum emphasized that the forms and methods of activity of the pioneer organization should differ from the forms and methods of educational work at school; the activities of pioneer squads should not be limited to the school.
In 1962, the All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the Order of Lenin for its great work in the communist education of children and in connection with its 40th anniversary.
The 16th Congress of the Komsomol (1970) adopted an appeal to all pioneers of the USSR in connection with preparations for the 50th anniversary of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. V.I. Lenin. The appeal, the resolution of the congress, and the recommendations of the section “Komsomol, Pioneer Organization and School” provide a specific program for the activities of the Pioneer organization at the present stage, and outline ways to increase the role of Pioneer groups in improving the educational process at school. The congress paid special attention to the issues of training pioneer workers.
A concrete embodiment of the amateur nature of the pioneer organization is pioneer self-government (detachment council, squads, district and city headquarters of young pioneers, periodically held rallies). Each detachment had its representatives in the active squad, the squad - in city and district headquarters.
The “Timurov movement” became a very noticeable phenomenon in the sphere of children's leisure in the late 30s and early 40s. It unfolded in the USSR among pioneers and schoolchildren in the early 1940s. under the influence of A.P. Gaidar’s story “Timur and His Team”. Timurites provided assistance to the families of military personnel during the Great Patriotic War, the elderly, collective and state farms in agricultural work, kindergartens, improvement of settlements, settlements, caring for the graves of fallen soldiers, etc.
According to the researcher of the Timur movement V.P. Tatarova, the Timurov team was conceived by A.P. Gaidar as “an alternative to the pioneer organization, then, in the 30s, already tightly tied to the school, bureaucratic, dull. He, by his own admission , prepared - and prepared - a “bomb” for it.
The methodology proposed by A.P. Gaidar for children (in the form of a story) for organizing an amateur initiative association of “the children themselves,” caring for their elders, looked suspicious for the late 30s. However, the story was published thanks to N. A. Mikhailov, Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee, who took responsibility.
During the war years there was a massive scale of the movement. In 1942, the newspaper "Moscow Bolshevik" wrote that in Moscow the pioneer organization was disbanded, and its role was actually replaced by Timurov's teams. The Komsomol was concerned about the situation. According to the memoirs of N.A. Mikhailov, the movement became so widespread that Komsomol organizations had to think about how to make this movement organically join the work of the pioneer organization?
The Timurites themselves did not feel any particular desire to “join” the pioneer organization, but the Komsomol tried to use this movement as a “form of work”. As Tatarova writes, “the Komsomol and pioneer bodies hastened to take them into their hands. Drive them into pioneer formations, chain them to school; give them to the power of circulars and “scientific recommendations” issued from above. And, alas, it worked. The movement is quietly fading, only isolated pockets are smoldering Hopes for revival began to warm up during the “thaw” of the 50s and 60s, when Timur’s men broke out of the schools and into the courtyards...”
The Timur movement did not die at the end of the 50s, but “passed the baton” to the communist movement.
The Communard movement is an informal association that arose in the 60s of the 20th century, connecting Communard clubs - informal groups that, to one degree or another, are followers of a certain pedagogical methodology, which is known in the pedagogical literature under the names: Communard methodology, methodology of collective creative affairs, methodology I .P.Ivanova, the Eaglet method, etc. The term “communard movement” appeared in the press around 1963, when hundreds of “sections of the Young Communards Club” (YUK, KYUK club) appeared in the country. The "incubation period" of this movement began much earlier - in the mid-50s. On the initiative of the Leningrad philosopher and teacher-researcher I.P. Ivanov, a small youth initiative subcultural association of teachers, the Union of Enthusiasts (SEN), was created in Leningrad in 1956. Initially, it was a circle of predominantly pioneer leaders (L.G. Borisova and others), who were extremely dissatisfied with the contemporary domestic pedagogy, the system of educational work that dominated the pioneer organization.
The “incubation period” lasted until March 1959, i.e., until the time when the “Senovites” created a consolidated regional pioneer squad at the House of Pioneers of the Frunzensky District of Leningrad, called the “Commune of Young Frunzenians” (KYuF).
To designate a new type of out-of-school educational collective, the term “commune” was taken. From the very beginning, the KYF became an amateur, initiative, self-governing subcultural association of children and their “older friends.” Essentially, it was an informal association, although it was officially considered a “district school of pioneer activists.”
But in essence, KYuF became the antipode of the “schools of pioneer activists”, which “trained” the “elected pioneer activists” using the methods of “educational practice” usual for secondary schools. KYuF, first of all, provided conditions for “life practice”, conditions for self-realization. It is not for nothing that the “Kyufites” liked to emphasize that “no one ever teaches in a commune, they live in a commune.”
Objectively, education and training took place at KYuF, but this was carried out in accordance with the principle of a “hidden pedagogical position” and was done not by means of “open educational influence”, but indirectly through the organization of “educational situations”, through educational “collective creative activity”.
“There was the experience of a commune of young Frunzenians in Leningrad - a good school for the ideological training of pioneer and Komsomol activists. However, other communes created following its example turned into unique sections within school Komsomol organizations, opposed themselves to them, and tried to almost completely replace the school Komsomol. Members sections of young communards, without trying to improve the content of the work of school Komsomol organizations, indiscriminately criticized them. This led to an incorrect, simplified understanding of the Komsomol charter, instead of it their own laws, characterized by empty phraseology and lack of specific content, it is quite natural that this form of work died like that. as soon as she was born..."
Leading Komsomol functionaries were more and more inclined to view the YC Club as a “form of school Komsomol work,” as a “school of Komsomol activists.” Attempts were made to declare the entire “school Komsomol” communards. The leaders of the movement began to resist the Komsomol’s attempts to subjugate it and formalize it. The leaders of the student youth department of the Komsomol Central Committee insisted on unifying the forms of life of communitarian associations. Most of the leaders of the movement did not agree to unification and were told that in this case, the future fate of the communist associations would depend on their relationship with the Komsomol bodies “on the ground.” The “Thaw” was ending and by the end of the 60s there was less and less desire to be a “Komsomol guard” among young Communards.
An important event not only for the “communard movement”, but for the entire “social-pedagogical movement” was the January 1968 gathering of the Sverdlovsk SC club “Scarlet Sail”. Participants in the gathering came to the conclusion that the experience of the “communard movement” contributes to the prevention of alienation and versatile education. However, for greater efficiency in the development of culture, it was considered advisable to make a number of changes to the now traditional “communard methodology.”
We can say that a process of pedagogization was taking place. If the first decade of the “communard movement” was marked by a sharp contrast between “life practice” and “educational practice”, education mediated by “open” education, then its new decade was assumed, predicted and projected as a combination of “life practice” with “educational practice”, a combination of pedagogy “ hidden pedagogical influences" with the pedagogy of an "open pedagogical position".
And indeed, the 70s were marked by the “movement of pedagogical detachments,” which was later joined by those who initially opposed the “open pedagogical position.” The transition from the communard movement" to the "movement of subdetachments" was not simple, painful, but in the conditions of the "era of stagnation" it was necessary. This "transitional period" was in relation to the "movement of the peddetachments" and a kind of "incubation period" during which a kind of “laboratory” (experimental) work to transform the “model” of a “communal association” into a “model” of a “pedagogical detachment”.
At the end of 1970, when the first generation of “cult army commissars” was raised, young members of the “Orion” cultural army were invited by the department of pedagogy and the Komsomol committee of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin to create the first “Experimental Pedagogical Unit” in Moscow and the country. Of the three “outposts” of this ESPO, created in the “red corners” of different Moscow microdistricts, one “survived” (and celebrated its 30th anniversary). And he “survived”, probably, primarily due to the most consistent implementation of “commander pedagogy” and “cult army methodology”.
ESPO "laid the beginning" of a mass movement of student teaching teams.
At the very beginning of the movement of the pedagogical detachments, on the initiative of the Moscow ESPO, regular meetings of the pedagogical detachments and the Leningrad KIM began, at one of which it was decided to name (at the suggestion of I.P. Ivanov) this community the “Kommunarsky-Makarenkovsky Commonwealth” (KMS). Under this name (and with the support of the Pedagogical Society of the Russian Federation), the KMS held 13 all-Russian meetings and several more after changing the name to the “Creative Commonwealth of Makarenko Komsomol Pedagogical Teams.”
The further history of the movement of pedagogical detachments showed that it was precisely those detachments that survived the longest that retained the “commander pedagogy”. But KIM itself found itself in a deep crisis for a long time, ceased to exist as a student commune and has an “after-effect” in a completely different capacity - in the form of the association “Pedagogy of Social Creativity”. This public organization is of great importance as “the guardian and interpreter of the scientific and methodological heritage of I.P. Ivanov.” But in this capacity, the community of “Kimovites” has largely lost the role of a “school of teacher-organizers” and, even more so, a “team of communist education enthusiasts.”
After the Resolution of the Komsomol Central Committee on the creation of pedagogical detachments was adopted in 1976, they began to be created everywhere without fail. The Komsomol undertook to lead the organization of rallies of pedagogical detachments. Soon the amateur movement was “formalized” and compromised. A few years later, nothing remained of the pedagogical detachments organized at the command of the Komsomol. Some units (which arose even before the Decree) continued to work.
Thus, it can be noted that all youth organizations in Soviet times were created to educate the younger generation and were considered as part of the communist education system. This system included pioneers, communards and pedagogical detachments. But, in order to prevent an ideology alien to politics from growing, and in order for there to be a unified system of education in the country, the Komsomol tried to subjugate both the communist movement and the pedagogical detachments. Thus, the main youth organizations that existed in the USSR remained pioneering and the Komsomol, whose activities were regulated by the Communist Party.
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