Action vx. For those curious about binary toxic substances
Other designations: substance of group F (Sweden), substance of group A (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.
Creation
Chemical properties
Chemically resistant. The period of semi-hydrolysis at pH=7 and a temperature of 25 °C is 350 days. Nucleophilic reactions are greatly slowed down compared to sarin. With acids and haloalkyls it forms solid toxic ammonium salts, soluble in water, but not having skin-resorptive properties.
Physicochemical characteristics
Chemical name: S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate. Gross formula: C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. Molecular weight 267.37. Colorless thick liquid (the technical product has a color ranging from yellow to dark brown). T pl = −39 °C, high-boiling compound, does not distill at atmospheric pressure T boil = 95-98 °C (1 mm Hg), d4 (25 °C) = 1.0083. Volatility 0.0105 mg/l (25 °C). Vapor pressure at 25 °C = 0.0007 mm Hg. Art. Hygroscopic, limitedly soluble in water (about 5% at 20 °C), well soluble in organic solvents.
Toxicological properties
A poisonous nerve agent.
Symptoms of damage: 1-2 minutes - constriction of the pupils; 2-4 minutes - sweating, salivation; 5-10 minutes - convulsions, paralysis, spasms; 10-15 minutes - death.
When exposed through the skin, the pattern of damage is basically similar to that caused by inhalation. The difference is that symptoms appear after some time (from several minutes to several hours). In this case, muscle twitching appears at the site of contact with the agent, then convulsions, muscle weakness and paralysis.
Infects open water bodies for a very long period - up to 6 months. The main combat state is coarse aerosol. VX aerosols infect ground layers of air and spread in the direction of the wind to a depth of 5 to 20 km, affecting manpower through the respiratory system, exposed skin and ordinary army uniforms, and also contaminate the terrain, weapons, military equipment and open waters. VX is used by artillery, aviation (cassettes and airborne jet devices), as well as with the help of chemical landmines. Armament and military equipment, infected with VX droplets, pose a danger in the summer for 1-3 days, in the winter - 30-60 days.
Resistance of VX on the ground (skin-resorptive effect): in summer - from 7 to 15 days, in winter - for the entire period before the onset of heat. Protection against VX: gas mask, combined arms protective kit, sealed military equipment and shelters.
First aid
First of all, it is necessary to remove the droplet-liquid agent from the affected areas, and then evacuate the victim to an uninfected area. After evacuation, it is necessary to remove remaining contamination from the skin, remove contaminated clothing and decontaminate. If possible, these actions should be carried out before all other treatments.
In the affected area, the victim must wear a gas mask. If an aerosol or droplet liquid agent gets on the skin of the face, a gas mask is put on only after treating the face with liquid from the PPI.
If the agent comes into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately treat the infected areas with IPP-8 or IPP-10. If there are none, you can wash off the OM using household bleach and rinse clean water. It is also possible to use other, similar to military, degassing means.
If the agent gets into the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting and, if possible, rinse the stomach with a 1% solution baking soda or clean water.
Rinse affected eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water.
After removing the agent from the affected areas, an antidote must be immediately administered. The antidote used is atropine, pralidoxime or diazepam. The antidote is administered using a syringe tube with a red cap from an individual first aid kit (AI-2). If the convulsions are not relieved within 10 minutes, the antidote is reintroduced. The maximum permissible administration is 2 doses of the antidote. If this limit is exceeded, death occurs from the antidote. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration.
Afterwards, it is necessary to evacuate the victim from the contaminated area. Stricken personnel delivered through the medical evacuation stage to medical service units, depending on the severity of the injury.
The gas is degassed by strong oxidizing agents (hypochlorites). Dichloroethane is used to degas uniforms, weapons and equipment.
VX in culture
- The series "Spooks" (the fifth episode of the second season) features a terrorist attack using VX on London's Parliament Square.
- In the movie Locust, VX gas was used to fight a new type of locust that was resistant to other poisons.
- In the fifth season of 24, a number of terrorist attacks were carried out using VX.
- In the third season of the series “Lost” (“Staying Alive”), all Dharma Initiative employees were killed with this gas from the Burya station.
- In episode 12 of the fourth season of the series " Sea Devils“The Typhoon group investigated the contamination of a protected lake with this substance.
- In the movie The Rock, VX gas rockets are captured by a group of military officers to terrorize San Francisco. VX gas is shown as a bright green oily substance in glass beads, unlike in real life, the gas in the film also has a blister effect.
Notes
see also
Links
- Deadliest weapon: VX nerve gas(English), video from youtube.com
Chemical warfare agents | |
---|---|
Generally toxic | Hydrogen cyanide (AC) Cyanogen chloride (CK) Arsine (SA) Phosphine (PH) Carbon monoxide (CO) |
Asphyxiating effect | Phosgene (CG) Diphosgene (DP) Chlorine (CL) |
Blistering action |
Poison of any origin, chemical, food or natural, has always been a subject of interest from the media mass media, chemical safety and popular writers. Humanity knows hundreds of deadly poisons, many of which have been practically used as a means of murder, genocide and acts of terrorism. Some of them are presented in our review.
The well known cyanide is deadly poison, which acts on the central nervous system and on the heart. Even a small dose, entering the blood, binds iron molecules and blocks the supply of oxygen to vital important bodies, resulting in death within minutes. Exist different shapes cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide, which is considered the most poisonous. This gas kills a person in about 10 minutes. The gas was used during World War I as a chemical weapon and was banned Geneva Convention. Today, cyanide is used as a means of murder, suicide and in the plots of books.
This main character events of September 2011, when reports of people receiving anthrax spores in envelopes appeared in the news almost every day. As a result, five people died and 17 were injured from exposure to the poison, which caused panic among US citizens. This fear is understandable, since anthrax spores are easily transmitted through the air. After infection, the respiratory system becomes numb and the person begins to suffocate. Out of 10 people, 9 die within a week of infection.
Sarin is considered as a means massacres, which causes death by asphyxia after 60 seconds. A minute of terrible torment and the person dies. Since 1993, the production of this substance has been prohibited, but despite this, in 1995 a massive massacre was committed in Japan. terrorist attack in the metro, as well as in Iraq and Syria, resulting in between 330 and 1,800 deaths.
Amatoxin is a substance found in the most deadly mushrooms in the world. When it enters the bloodstream, it affects the cells of the kidneys and liver, resulting in organ failure within a few days. Amatoxin also affects the heart. If a large dose of penicillin is not administered, the person may fall into a coma or die from heart and liver failure.
Strychnine has been used as a pesticide to kill pests, but it can also kill humans. It was discovered in Asia, contained in special varieties of trees, but it can also be obtained in the laboratory (the one who managed to do this received Nobel Prize). Strychnine can enter the body in different ways: injection, inhalation and absorption. After entering the body, muscle convulsions and spasms begin, leading to asphyxia. After the injection, the person dies within half an hour.
Back in school, everyone was warned to be careful with the thermometer. And this is not just like that, but because of a heavy metal called mercury. It is an incredibly toxic metal that enters the body either through inhalation or through skin contact. If mercury comes into contact with the skin, it causes itching, burning, and the skin may even peel off. Mercury can cause memory loss, vision loss, kidney failure and brain cell destruction. The result is death.
A notorious poison found in fugu fish, popular among sushi connoisseurs who are willing to pay a hefty price in the hope that the fish is cooked correctly. The first symptoms appear 30 minutes after consumption poisonous fish. At first, the person feels his mouth paralyzed and it becomes difficult to swallow. Soon there is a violation of coordination of movements and speech. Seizures and convulsions begin, as a result the person may fall into a coma and die. Death occurs after about 6 hours, but cases of death have been known after 17 minutes. This poison is considered one of the deadliest on earth.
Ricin is another poison that has become popular, as has anthrax, in connection with sending it by mail. The actress who starred in the movie “Walking Dead” was convicted of just such a crime. Ricin has been found in castor bean seeds. Ricin is an incredibly deadly poison; it binds to proteins in the body, causing death. He was considered as chemical weapons US military and al-Qaeda members.
The most dangerous nerve gas on the planet, formerly a pesticide, has become an excellent target for militaries around the world, despite the ban on the use of weapons mass destruction. Gas has no other use except during war. The gas is so poisonous that one drop of it on the skin can kill a person. When inhaled, the first symptoms of poisoning are similar to the onset of the flu, then paralysis of the respiratory system occurs, which leads to death.
This is the deadliest poison on Earth. A cup of the toxin could kill hundreds of thousands of people by causing the disease botulism, a disease that affects the central nervous system. Surprisingly, this poison has an important practical use- from Botox injection procedures to migraine treatment. It is known that some patients have died after procedures using botulinum toxin. Of those injured as a result of poisoning with this poison, 50% die without treatment. medical care, and those who survive suffer from serious complications for many years. Due to its instability and easy availability in nature, botulinum toxin is the deadliest poison in the world. However, the cosmetic industry often uses
VI-gas, V-Ex, V-X(from English VX), EA 1701 - an organophosphorus chemical warfare agent with a nerve agent, O-ethyl-S-β-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonate, a representative of the V-series of agents, before the appearance of information about substances of the “Foliant” type (A-230 - A-234) [ ] - the most toxic ever artificially synthesized substance used in chemical weapons (LD 50, orally - 70 μg/kg).
Only Russia and the United States admit to having reserves of V-gases, but other countries are believed to also have some of this poison. Cindy Westergaard, chemical weapons expert and senior Researcher Stimson Center, says Iraq "certainly produced VX" in the 1980s, but there is no evidence of its use.
Other designations: substance of group F (Sweden), substance of group A (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.
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Chemically resistant. The period of semi-hydrolysis at pH=7 and a temperature of 25 °C is 350 days. Nucleophilic reactions are greatly slowed down compared to sarin. With acids and haloalkyls it forms solid toxic ammonium salts, soluble in water, but not having skin-resorptive properties.
Physicochemical characteristics
Transparent oily liquid of amber color, tasteless and odorless. Chemical name: S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate. Gross formula: C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. Molecular weight 267.37. Colorless thick liquid (the technical product has a color ranging from yellow to dark brown). T pl = −39 °C, high-boiling compound, does not distill at atmospheric pressure T boil = 95-98 °C (1 mm Hg), d4 (25 °C) = 1.0083. Volatility 0.0105 mg/l (25 °C). Vapor pressure at 25 °C = 0.0007 mm Hg. Art. Hygroscopic, limitedly soluble in water (about 5% at 20 °C), well soluble in organic solvents.
Synthesis
There are several options for the synthesis of VX, for example using thione-thiol isomerization:
Infects open water bodies for a very long period - up to 6 months. The main combat state is coarse aerosol. VX aerosols infect ground-level layers of air and spread in the direction of the wind to a depth of 5 to 20 km, affect manpower through the respiratory system, exposed skin and ordinary army uniforms, and also infect the terrain, weapons, military equipment and open water bodies. VX is used by artillery, aviation (cassettes and airborne jet devices), as well as with the help of chemical landmines. Weapons and military equipment contaminated with VX droplets pose a danger for 1-3 days in summer and 30-60 days in winter.
Resistance of VX on the ground (skin-resorptive effect): in summer - from 7 to 15 days, in winter - for the entire period before the onset of heat. Protection against VX: gas mask, combined arms protective kit, sealed military equipment and shelters.
First aid
First of all, it is necessary to remove the droplet-liquid agent from the affected areas, and then evacuate the victim to an uninfected area. After evacuation, it is necessary to remove remaining contamination from the skin, remove contaminated clothing and decontaminate. If possible, these actions should be carried out before all other treatments.
In the affected area, the victim must wear a gas mask. If an aerosol or droplet liquid agent gets on the skin of the face, a gas mask is put on only after treating the face with liquid from the PPI.
If the agent comes into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately treat the infected areas with IPP-8 or IPP-10. If there are none, you can wash off the OM using household bleach and rinse with clean water. It is also possible to use other, similar to military, degassing means.
C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS Physical properties Molar mass 267.36566 g/mol Density 1.00083 g/cm³ Thermal properties T. float. -50 °C T. kip. 298 °C Classification Reg. CAS number 50782-69-9 PubChem SMILES InChI RTECS TB1090000 ChEBI ChemSpider Safety NFPA 704 Data are based on standard conditions (25 °C, 100 kPa) unless otherwise stated. VI-gas, V-Ex, V-X(from English VX), EA 1701 - an organophosphorus chemical warfare agent with a nerve agent, O-ethyl-S-β-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonate, a representative of the V-series of agents, before the appearance of information about substances of the "Foliant" type (A-230 - A-234) - the most the most toxic substance ever artificially obtained for use in chemical weapons (LD 50, orally - 70 μg/kg).
Created in 1955 in Great Britain on the basis of amiton, which was originally developed as a pesticide, but due to its extreme toxicity it was not used in agriculture. It was subsequently banned. Currently available only in US arsenals (military markings - three green rings with the inscription VX-GAS).
Only Russia and the United States admit to having or had reserves of V-gases, but other countries are believed to also have some of this poison. Cindy Westergaard, a chemical weapons expert and senior fellow at the Stimson Center, says Iraq "certainly produced VX" in the 1980s, but there is no evidence of its use. September 27, 2017 Russian media reported complete destruction Russia has stockpiles of chemical weapons, including VX.
Other designations: substance of group F (Sweden), substance of group A (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.
In 1952, several researchers simultaneously worked on the study of a class of complex organophosphates. Dr. Lars-Erik Tammelin worked on this topic for the Swedish National research institute defense, and for obvious reasons his work was not widely published.
J.F. Newman and Ranajit Ghosh, chemists research laboratory field protection company Imperial Chemical Industries also worked in this direction and found substances of the complex organophosphate class to be highly effective as pesticides.
In 1954, ICI launched one of the substances of this class on the market under the trade name “Amiton”, but the product was immediately recalled due to its high toxicity. Amiton's toxicity did not go unnoticed by the military, and samples of the substances were sent to Porton Down Military Research Park. Upon completion of the study, a number of substances in this class amounted to new group nerve agents are V-agents, and Amiton received the designation.
In 1955, just a year after research began, VX was developed. The resulting gas turned out to be 300 times more toxic than phosgene (COCl 2) used in the First World War. However, such a comparison is not entirely correct, since the substances belong to different groups OV. The VX was soon sold to the USA. The reasons for this decision remain unclear.
VX patent applications were filed in 1962 and not published until February 1974.
Chemical properties
Chemically resistant. The period of semi-hydrolysis at pH=7 and temperature +25 °C is 350 days. Nucleophilic reactions are greatly slowed down compared to sarin. With acids and haloalkyls it forms solid toxic ammonium salts, soluble in water, but not having skin-resorptive properties.
Physicochemical characteristics
Transparent oily liquid of amber color, tasteless and odorless. Chemical name: S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate. Gross formula: C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. Molecular weight 267.37. Colorless thick liquid (the technical product has a color ranging from yellow to dark brown). T pl = −39 °C, high-boiling compound, does not distill at atmospheric pressure T boil = 95−98 °C (1 mm Hg), d4 (+25 °C) = 1.0083. Volatility 0.0105 mg/l (+25 °C). Vapor pressure at +25 °C = 0.0007 mm Hg. Art. Hygroscopic, limitedly soluble in water (about 5% at +20 °C), well soluble in organic solvents.
Synthesis
There are several options for the synthesis of VX, for example using thione-thiol isomerization:
This method is described in patent US3911059A and includes several steps:
- Preparation of O-diethyl methylphosphonite from dichloromethylphosphine.
- Mixed ester - O-ethyl-O-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite (substance QL) from O-diethyl methylphosphonite and diisopropylaminoethanol.
- QL reaction with sulfur and subsequent thione-thiol rearrangement.
Another synthesis option, originally developed in the UK (patent GB1346409A), involved the synthesis of VX in one step - the reaction of sulfur, O-ethyl methylphosphonite and diisopropylaminoethyl chloride in a benzene solution under mild conditions.
Toxicological properties
A poisonous nerve agent.
Symptoms of damage: 1-2 minutes - constriction of the pupils; 2-4 minutes - sweating, salivation; 5-10 minutes - convulsions, paralysis, spasms; 10-15 minutes - death.
When exposed through the skin, the pattern of damage is basically similar to that caused by inhalation. The difference is that symptoms appear after some time (from several minutes to several hours). In this case, muscle twitching appears at the site of contact with the agent, then convulsions, muscle weakness and paralysis.
Infects open bodies of water for a very long period - up to 6 months. The main combat state is coarse aerosol. VX aerosols infect ground-level layers of air and spread in the direction of the wind to a depth of 5 to 20 km, affect manpower through the respiratory system, exposed skin and ordinary army uniforms, and also infect the terrain, weapons, military equipment and open water bodies. VX is used by artillery, aviation (cassettes and airborne jet devices), as well as with the help of chemical landmines. Weapons and military equipment contaminated with VX droplets pose a danger in the summer for 1-3 days, in the winter for 30-60 days.
Resistance of VX on the ground (skin-resorptive effect): in summer - from 7 to 15 days, in winter - for the entire period before the onset of heat. Protection against VX: gas mask, combined arms protective kit, sealed military equipment and shelters.
First aid
First of all, it is necessary to remove the droplet-liquid agent from the affected areas, and then evacuate the victim to an uninfected area. After evacuation, it is necessary to cut out any remaining contamination from the skin, remove contaminated clothing and decontaminate. If possible, these actions should be carried out before all other treatments.
In the affected area, the victim must wear a gas mask. If an aerosol or droplet liquid agent gets on the skin of the face, a gas mask is put on only after treating the face with liquid from the PPI.
If the agent comes into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately treat the infected areas with IPP-8 or IPP-10. If there are none, you can wash off the OM using household bleach and rinse with clean water. It is also possible to use other, similar to military, degassing means.
If the agent gets into the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting and, if possible, rinse the stomach with a 1% solution of baking soda or clean water.
Rinse affected eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water.
After removing the agent from the affected areas, an antidote must be immediately administered. The antidote used is atropine, pralidoxime or diazepam. The antidote is administered using a syringe tube with a red cap from an individual first aid kit (for example, AI-2). If the convulsions are not relieved within 10 minutes, the antidote is reintroduced. The maximum permissible administration is 2 doses of the antidote. If this limit is exceeded, death occurs from the antidote [ ] .
If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration.
Afterwards, it is necessary to evacuate the victim from the contaminated area. The affected personnel are delivered through the medical evacuation stage to medical service units, depending on the severity of the injury.
The gas is degassed by strong oxidizing agents (hypochlorites). 1,2-dichloroethane is used to degas uniforms, weapons and equipment.
Known Applications
- In December 1994 and January 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, a member of the Japanese religious sect Aum Shinrikyo, on the orders of sect leader Shoko Asahara, synthesized 100 to 200 grams of VX, which was used to assassinate three people. Two were poisoned but did not die. One of those poisoned, a 28-year-old man, died, becoming the first VX victim ever recorded in the world. The man Asahara suspected of being a traitor was attacked at 7:00 am on December 12, 1994, on a street in Osaka. The attackers sprayed liquid VX on the victim's neck. The poisoned man chased them for about 100 meters before falling; he died 10 days later, without emerging from a deep coma. Doctors initially suspected that he had been poisoned by some