Define the concept of syntax. What is syntax in Russian definition
Speech is the main means of communication between people. It is close to human consciousness and thinking. We express our thoughts in words and sentences, using the language that our parents taught us in early childhood. Language also plays an important role in a person’s later life. Thanks to him, all the knowledge acquired in the process of life is consolidated in phrases and words, since we do not stop expressing them, guided by our opinion or attitude in conversations at work or in a friendly company. “Syntax” in this case acts as the main assistant in the construction of Russian speech, helping to correctly form phrases.
Syntax as a branch of the science of language
The branch of linguistics called "syntax" is based on the study of phrases and sentences both in the Russian language and in the field of literature.
Syntax studies syntactic structure of delivered speech and language, i.e. sentences, phrases, their construction, ways of including phrases in a sentence, consolidating constructions in the text, as well as combining and forming words in complex sentences, etc. What syntax studies and its definition is more precisely described on Wikipedia.
Syntax. Wikipedia. Definition
Syntax (translated from ancient Greek “σύν-ταξις” - “composition”) is a branch of linguistics that studies the construction and functional interaction of different parts of speech in text sentences, short phrases and other units of linguistic speech. In grammar it is considered an integral part. The various questions of a syntactic nature being studied affect the field of study of such a science as morphology.
Syntax is a branch of the science of language that studies sentences and phrases, the main subsections of which are the syntax of sentences and phrases.
A phrase is a unit of syntax that is a combination of two or more independent words that are related to each other grammatically and in meaning. A phrase consists of a main word and dependent words.
The sentence is the basic unit of syntax and language; one or more words that contain the question, message or encouragement (advice, request, order); characterized by semantic completeness (i.e., it represents a statement) and intonation; includes a grammatical basis, which includes the main members, namely the subject and the predicate, or one of them.
Syntax Sections
- phrase syntax;
- simple sentence syntax;
- complex sentence syntax;
- text syntax.
There is a difference between a sentence and a phrase, which must be determined and not confuse these units into one whole, since they are of different levels, despite the fact that there is a need to study them one linguistic discipline reunites them. This is necessary to create various syntactic constructions (i.e., words are initially combined into phrases, and then sentences are made from phrases).
The sentence in this case acts as a stronger and improved syntactic construction. It is organized differently: unlike a phrase, it contains a grammatical basis. Simple sentences consist of one grammatical stem, while more complex ones consist of several.
Distinctive examples:
- "lie on the stove"(phrase);
- “Emelya slept on the stove”(simple with one grammatical basis: "Emelya"(subject) " slept"(predicate));
- « While Emelya was sleeping on the stove, buckets went to fetch water.”(complex with two grammatical stems: 1) "Emelya was sleeping"; 2) "the buckets were gone").
Basic syntax concepts
In addition to the basic syntactic units, a complex syntactic whole and text also play this role. As part of all syntactic units, words are used in word form (word form) and together form the so-called “morphological paradigm”(For example, “They drove up to the Petrovs’ house in a new car.”, in this case, seven words are divided into five word forms, and a preposition is an element of the word form and is included in the members of the sentence).
Word form and syntax
A word form as part of a sentence or phrase is a structural and semantic component of a syntaxeme (syntactic unit).
Syntaxeme is a unit that represents the morphological form of a word and having distinctive syntactic semantics(For example, " in the garden by the river"(location semantics used) or " beyond recognition", "to the point of exhaustion" (semantics used meanings of consequence and degree).
Syntactic connection
Between syntactic units there are syntactic connections or syntactic relations, which are the main features of syntactic constructions.
Syntactic connection is an expression of the relationship of basic elements in their inherent syntactic unities. The main types of syntactic connections include subordination and composition.
When composing they are capable combine equal syntactic components, and in case of subordination - unequal, with one of the components acting as the main one and the other as the dependent one.
The coordinating connection promotes the connection of homogeneous members and partially complex ones, and the subordinating connection helps to connect word forms and phrases, as well as partially in complex sentences.
A coordinating connection can be open, that is, it can combine a number of words (for example, “ Sergei, Sasha and Vanya were not at school yesterday"), and closed when it combines no more than two words, which are in relations of conjunction or opposition, but not enumeration (for example, “ I was sad, and I went for a walk").
There are two types of syntactic relations: predicative and non-predicative. Predicatives influence the grammatical basis; non-predicative ones can arise between words in any construction.
The role of syntax in modern Russian language
A.A. was the first to talk about syntax. Shakhmatov at the beginning of the 20th century. He was the first to make a report, which he submitted for consideration, and published the first textbook in 1914 regarding this science, which is entrenched in Russian literature.
A.A. Shakhmatov considered syntax to be the highest level of the language system, explaining that its units widely appear in the process of communication and contribute to the correlation of the communicated information with reality, and also noted a complete set of syntactic units.
Today it is difficult to separate morphology and syntax. Let us remember that morphology is based on the study of the forms and meaning of words, and syntax studies the construction of sentences and the compatibility of words and phrases. Often there are semantic and grammatical errors both in speech and in texts, in the construction of phrases (for example, “ terrible beauty" or "beautiful girl"). The transitional element in this case from lexical-morphological meaning to syntactic meaning is the syntax of phrases, with the help of which individual words are structured into sentences.
A sentence, by its nature, has intonation completeness and a complete meaning, and a phrase defines an action, object or phenomenon, on the basis of which the sentence reproduces thoughts, emotions and desires. Wherein a sentence is considered the minimum unit of communication, since the properties of words are not always manifested only in it, as an element of communication, but sometimes also in phrases, as in their grammatical and semantic combination.
Syntax, in addition to the structure of sentences, also studies grammatical properties, as well as types and phrases as the smallest combination of words connected grammatically. Taking this into account, we can highlight the syntax of phrases and sentences in it. Thus, the generated sentences are combined in meaning into one text. The main feature of the text, in turn, will be considered semantic unity (main theme).
COMBINATIONS
AND SIMPLE
OFFERS
well lectures
E.P. Wasted
SYNTAX AS A SECTION OF GRAMMAR. COMBINATION 3
PROPOSAL 8
SIMPLE SENTENCE. FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE 11
FEATURES OF STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF SINGLE-SOUND, INCLUDED AND INCOMPLETE SENTENCES 17
SIMPLE COMPLEX SENTENCE (OP) 23
SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE ORGANIZATION OF SENTENCE 28
LITERATURE 32
SYNTAX AS A SECTION OF GRAMMAR. COMBINATION
Syntax as a section of grammar. Subject and tasks of syntax.
Basic concepts of syntax.
Collocation as a unit of syntax.
Characteristic features of phrases.
Types of phrases.
Types of connections between words in a phrase.
1. Syntax as a section of grammar. Subject and tasks of syntax Syntax
(from the Greek syntaxis - composition, structure) is a branch of linguistics that studies the syntactic structure of language, i.e. its syntactic units (SU), connections and relationships between them. Subject of syntax
is the study of ways to combine words into phrases and sentences.:
Syntax Tasks
description of types of phrases, types of sentences and their structural parts;
description of means of communication of components of syntactic units;
study of the relationship between the form of SEs and their content.
Syntax occupies a central place in the grammatical system of a language, since it is to it that those linguistic units that serve for communication between people belong to it (i.e., they perform the most important function of language). This determines the relationship of syntax to other branches of linguistics. carried out through word forms, which are the material for the structure of SE. In the formation of CE, function words - prepositions, conjunctions, particles - play an important role.
Connection with lexicology. The LZ of significant words that are part of the SE is the basis of the lexical semantics of a sentence.
Connection with phonetics carried out through intonation, which expresses the completeness of the sentence, distinguishes interrogative / non-interrogative, conveys various expressive meanings, etc.
2. Basic concepts of syntax
Syntactic units(SE) – phrase, simple sentence (SS) and complex sentence (SP).
The objects of studying syntax, but not syntactic units, are word And word form(units of morphology, building material of syntax), SSC And text(units of text linguistics, in syntax, are studied from the perspective of connections between the sentences included in them).
Syntactic relations- these are types of syntactic correspondence that are regularly identified in SE. The components of SE are in certain semantic relationships with each other. For example, the relationship between an object and its attribute is a defining (attributive) relationship, and between an action and an object is an object relationship.
Syntactic connections– a formal expression of syntactic relationships between the components of syntactic units. The syntactic connections of a language constitute a system.
Means of expressing syntactic connections:
word form ( autumntheir leaves→ ending indicates agreement between the main word leaves in R.p., plural h. and dependent word autumn, which is put in the same form);
prepositions ( to come inV home, victoryabove enemy→ prepositions indicate the connection of control);
unions ( thunderAnd lightning→ op. union pointing on op. connection; you will returnWhen read it→ sub.
union pointing on sub. connection); word order ( Alongside the door stood (control)there is a vase of flowers on the table; On the table alongside the door (nominal adjoint)
there was a vase of flowers); intonation (
She sang, danced well; She sang well, danced;;
Vendor of dried roachstuck between the drawers Trader dried vobla stuck out
between the boxes (Yu. Olesha).
- (Greek, from syn together, and taxis order). A part of grammar that sets out the rules for combining words and sentences themselves to express thoughts. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SYNTAX [gr. syntax... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
1. Syntax as a section of grammar. Subject and tasks of syntax- SYNTAX is a department of grammar, which includes the “study of sentences” for some, the “study of phrases” for others, and the “study of the meaning of word forms and classes of words” for others. Determining syntax is hampered by the difficulty of defining a sentence (see ... Dictionary of literary terms
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order) a section of semiotics that studies the structural properties of sign systems, the rules of their formation and transformation, abstracting from their interpretation (which is studied by semantics). S. formalized language is called... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
A set of rules for constructing phrases in an algorithmic language that allows one to determine meaningful sentences in this language. See also: Syntax of programming languages Programming languages Financial dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, combining sentences into complex sentences, ways of generating statements as part of a text; types, meanings of phrases,... ... Modern encyclopedia
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences; types, meanings, etc. of phrases and sentences.2) The section of grammar that studies this... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
SYNTAX, syntax, plural. no, husband (Greek syntaxis composition) (ling.). The grammar department studies sentences and phrases. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
SYNTAX, ah, husband. 1. Section of grammar is the science of the laws of combining words and the structure of sentences. 2. A system of linguistic categories related to word compounds and sentence structure. C. phrases. C. proposals. S. text. S. colloquial... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Male, Greek, grammatical, word composition. Syntax rules. Synthesis, log. analysis from beginning to consequences, from particulars to general. Synthetic method of research, opposite. analytical, decomposing the whole into its parts, reaching from phenomena to... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- (Greek suntaxiV structure, system, construction in grammar, grammatical structure of speech) in European. In grammar, this term denoted that part of it that examines the laws of combining individual words into whole sentences. Modern... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
1. Syntax as a section of grammar. Subject and tasks of syntax (Greek syntaxis - composition). 1) A section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech and includes two main parts: 1) the study of phrases and 2) the study of sentences. Syntax of the phrase. Sentence syntax. 2) The study of the functioning in speech of various lexical and grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). Noun syntax. Verb syntax. Syntax is dynamic
Communicative syntax.
Syntax, the object of study of which is such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of statements, etc. Syntax is static
. (static aspect of syntax). Syntax, the object of study of which are structures not related to the context and situation of speech; a sentence (as a predicative unit) and a phrase (a non-predicative unit). Text syntax
. Syntax, the object of study of which is not the structural patterns of phrases, simple and complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes, but various kinds of statements associated with the speech situation, as well as the structure of the text that goes beyond the boundaries of the complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena is of great importance for linguistic-stylistic analysis of the text..
Syntax functional
1) Syntax, the object of study of which is to clarify the role (function) of all syntactic means (units, constructions) in the construction of coherent speech. 2) Syntax that uses the approach “from function to means” as a research method, that is, finding out by what grammatical means spatial, temporal, causal, target relationships, etc. are expressed ( Wed
the traditional approach “from means to function”, that is, finding out what functions a certain grammatical unit performs).. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. 1976 .
See what “syntax” is in other dictionaries:
between the boxes (Yu. Olesha).
- (Greek, from syn together, and taxis order). A part of grammar that sets out the rules for combining words and sentences themselves to express thoughts. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SYNTAX [gr. syntax... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
1. Syntax as a section of grammar. Subject and tasks of syntax- SYNTAX is a department of grammar, which includes the “study of sentences” for some, the “study of phrases” for others, and the “study of the meaning of word forms and classes of words” for others. Determining syntax is hampered by the difficulty of defining a sentence (see ... Dictionary of literary terms
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order) a section of semiotics that studies the structural properties of sign systems, the rules of their formation and transformation, abstracting from their interpretation (which is studied by semantics). S. formalized language is called... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
A set of rules for constructing phrases in an algorithmic language that allows one to determine meaningful sentences in this language. See also: Syntax of programming languages Programming languages Financial dictionary Finam ... Financial Dictionary
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, combining sentences into complex sentences, ways of generating statements as part of a text; types, meanings of phrases,... ... Modern encyclopedia
- (from the Greek syntaxis construction order), 1) ways of combining words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences; types, meanings, etc. of phrases and sentences.2) The section of grammar that studies this... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
SYNTAX, syntax, plural. no, husband (Greek syntaxis composition) (ling.). The grammar department studies sentences and phrases. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
SYNTAX, ah, husband. 1. Section of grammar is the science of the laws of combining words and the structure of sentences. 2. A system of linguistic categories related to word compounds and sentence structure. C. phrases. C. proposals. S. text. S. colloquial... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Male, Greek, grammatical, word composition. Syntax rules. Synthesis, log. analysis from beginning to consequences, from particulars to general. Synthetic method of research, opposite. analytical, decomposing the whole into its parts, reaching from phenomena to... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
- (Greek suntaxiV structure, system, construction in grammar, grammatical structure of speech) in European. In grammar, this term denoted that part of it that examines the laws of combining individual words into whole sentences. Modern... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Every language has many words, but without the correct form they mean little. The word is just the Russian language. The Russian language is especially rich in them. The syntax of the native language is the main assistant in the design of the grammatical connection of words in sentences and phrases. Knowing the basic rules of this part of linguistics helps people build both written and spoken language.
Concept
Syntax in the Russian language is a particularly important section that studies the construction of sentences and phrases and, in addition, the relationship between the parts of speech in them. This branch of linguistics is part of grammar and is closely connected with morphology.
Linguists distinguish several types of syntax:
- Communicative. Shows the relationship between combinations of words in a sentence, explores different ways of dividing sentences, considers the typology of statements, and so on.
- Static. Considers individual and unrelated proposals. The object of study of this type of section of grammar is the syntactic norms of relationships between parts of speech in a sentence or phrase.
- Text syntax. Explores simple and combination constructions. Its goal is linguistic analysis of the text.
All of the above types are studied by the modern Russian language. Syntax examines in detail the following units of linguistics: sentence, phrase, text.
Collocation
A phrase is a minimal syntactic unit. These are several words connected by semantic, grammatical and intonation load. In this unit, one word will be the main word, and the others will be dependent. You can ask a question about dependent words from the main one.
There are three types of connections in phrases:
- Adjacency ( lie trembling, sing beautifully).
- Agreement ( about a sad story, a beautiful dress).
- Management ( read a book, hate the enemy).
The morphological properties of the main word are the main classification of phrases that the Russian language offers. The syntax in this case divides phrases into:
- adverbial (shortly before the concert);
- personalized (trees in the forest);
- verbal (read a book).
Simple sentences
The Russian language is very diverse. Syntax as a special section has a main unit - a simple sentence.
A sentence is called simple if it has one grammatical basis and consists of one or more words expressing a complete thought.
A simple sentence can be one-part or two-part. This fact is revealed by the grammatical basis. A one-part sentence is represented by one of the main members of the sentence. Two-part, respectively, subject and predicate. If the sentence is one-part, then it can be divided into:
- Definitely personal. (I wish you love!)
- Vaguely personal. (They brought flowers in the morning.)
- Generalized-personal. (You can’t cook porridge with them.)
- Impersonal. (It's getting evening!)
- Nominal. (Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy.)
Two-part can be:
- Common or uncommon. The secondary members of the sentence are responsible for this characteristic. If they are not there, then (The birds are singing.) If yes - common (Cats love the strong scent of valerian.)
- Complete or incomplete. Sentences are called complete if all members of the sentence are present. (The sun was setting towards the horizon.) Incomplete - where at least one syntactic unit is missing. Basically, they are characteristic of oral speech, where the meaning cannot be understood without previous statements. (Will you eat? - I will!)
- Complicated. A simple sentence can be complicated by isolated and secondary members, homogeneous constructions, introductory words, and appeals. (In winter in our city, especially in February, it can be very cold.)
Complex sentences
Complex sentences are those constructed from several grammatical stems.
The Russian language, the syntax of which is difficult to imagine without complex sentences, offers several types of them:
- Complex. The parts of such a sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions and coordinating connections. This connection gives simple sentences within a complex sentence some independence. (The parents went on vacation, and the children stayed with their grandmother.)
- Complex. The parts of a sentence are connected by subordinating conjunctions and subordinating connections. Here one simple sentence is the subordinate clause, and the other is the main clause. (She said she would come home late.)
- Non-Union. The parts of such a sentence are related in meaning, order of arrangement and intonation. (He went to the cinema, she went home.)