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Slavs are one of the indigenous inhabitants Eastern Europe, but they are divided into three large groups: eastern, western and southern, each of these communities has similar features of culture and language.
And the Russian people - part of this large community - came from along with Ukrainians and Belarusians. So why were the Russians called Russians, how and under what conditions did this happen? We will try to find answers to these questions in this article.
Primary ethnogenesis
So, let’s take a journey into the depths of history, or rather, at the moment when this IV-III millennium BC begins to take shape.
This is when ethnic division occurs European peoples. From general environment the Slavic mass stands out. It was also not homogeneous, despite the similarity of languages, in other respects Slavic peoples are quite different, this even applies to the anthropological type.
This is not surprising, since they mixed with different tribes, this result was obtained with a common origin.
Initially, the Slavs and their language occupied a very limited territory. According to scientists, it was localized in the area of the middle reaches of the Danube, only later did the Slavs settle in the areas of modern Poland and Ukraine. Belarus and southern Russia.
Range expansion
The further expansion of the Slavs gives us the answer to the origin. In the 4th-3rd centuries BC, the Slavic masses move towards central Europe and occupy the Oder and Elbe basins.
At this stage it is still impossible to talk about any clear demarcation within the Slavic population. The greatest changes in ethnic and territorial demarcation were brought about by the Hun invasion. Already by the fifth century AD, the Slavs appeared in the forest-steppes of modern Ukraine and further south in the Don region.
Here they successfully assimilate the few Iranian tribes and found settlements, one of which is Kyiv. However, numerous toponyms and hydronyms remain from the former owners of the lands, which led to the conclusion that the Slavs appeared in these places around the above period.
At this moment, there was a rapid growth of the Slavic population, which led to the emergence of a large inter-tribal association - the Anta Union, and it was from its midst that the Russians emerged. The history of the origin of this people is closely connected with the first prototype of the state.
The first mentions of Russians
From the fifth to the eighth centuries there was a continuous struggle Eastern Slavs and nomadic tribes, however, despite the hostility, these peoples will be forced to coexist in the future.
By this period, the Slavs had formed 15 large inter-tribal unions, the most developed of which were the Polyans and Slavs who lived in the area of Lake Ilmen. The strengthening of the Slavs led to the fact that they appeared in the possessions of Byzantium, and it was from there that the first information about the Russians and Dews came.
That is why the Russians were called Russians, this is a derivative of the ethnonym that the Byzantines and other peoples surrounding them gave them. There were other names that were similar in transcription - Rusyns, Rus.
This chronological period There is an active process of forming statehood, and there were two centers of this process - one in Kyiv, the other in Novgorod. But both bore the same name - Rus'.
Why were Russians called Russians?
So why did the ethnonym “Russians” appear both in the Dnieper region and in the north-west? After the great migration of peoples, the Slavs occupied vast areas of Central and Eastern Europe.
Among these numerous tribes there are the names Russ, Rusyns, Rutens, Rugs. Suffice it to recall that Rusyn has survived to this day. But why this particular word?
The answer is very simple, in the language of the Slavs the word “blond” meant fair-haired or simply fair, and the Slavs looked exactly like that according to their anthropological type. A group of Slavs who originally lived on the Danube brought this name when moving to the Dnieper banks.
The terminology and origin of “Russian” originate from there; the Russians, over time, turn into Russians. This part of the Eastern Slavs settles in the area modern Kyiv and surrounding areas. And they brought this name here, and since they established themselves here, the ethnonym became established; over time it only changed a little.
The emergence of Russian statehood
Another part of the Russians occupied lands along the southern coast Baltic Sea, here they ousted the Germans and Balts to the west, and they themselves gradually moved to the north-west, this group of Eastern Slavs already had princes and a squad.
And she was practically one step away from creating a state. Although there is a version about the Northern European origin of the term “Rus” and it is connected with the Norman theory, according to which the Varangians brought statehood to the Slavs, this term denoted the inhabitants of Scandinavia, but there is no evidence for this.
The Baltic Slavs moved to the area of Lake Ilmen, and from there to the east. Therefore, by the ninth century, two Slavic centers bear the name Rus, they are destined to become rivals in the struggle for dominance, this is what gives the new people their origin. Russian man is a concept that originally denoted all the Eastern Slavs who occupied the territories of modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
The history of the Russian people at its very beginning
As mentioned above, intense rivalry arose between Kiev and Novgorod at the end of the ninth century. The reason for this was the acceleration of socio-economic development and the need to create a unified state.
The northerners gained the upper hand in this battle. In 882, the Novgorod prince Oleg gathered a large army and went on a campaign against Kyiv, but he was unable to take the city by force. Then he resorted to cunning and passed off his boats as a merchant caravan, taking advantage of the effect of surprise, he killed Kyiv princes and took the Kiev throne, declaring himself the Grand Duke.
This is how the ancient Russian state appears with a single supreme ruler, taxes, squad and judicial system. And Oleg becomes the founder of those who ruled in Rus'-Russia until the 16th century.
It was then that the history of our country and its largest people begins. The fact is that the Russians, the history of the origin of this people, are inextricably linked with the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who are their closest ethnic relatives. And only in the post-Mongol period did the fragmentation of a single base become apparent, as a result of which new ethnonyms (Ukrainians and Belarusians) appeared, characterizing the new state of affairs. Now it’s clear why the Russians were called Russians.
The Russian ethnic group is the largest people in Russian Federation. Russians also live in neighboring countries, the USA, Canada, Australia and a number of European countries. They belong to the large European race. The modern territory of settlement of the Russian ethnic group stretches from Kaliningrad region in the west to the Far East in the east and from Murmansk region And Northern Siberia in the north to the foothills of the Caucasus and Kazakhstan in the south. It has a complex configuration and was formed as a result of long migrations, cohabitation in some regions with other peoples, processes of assimilation (for example, some Finno-Ugric groups) and ethnic division (with Belarusians and Ukrainians).
The name of the people “Rus” or “ros” appears in sources in the middle of the 6th century. There is no clarity in the origin of the word “Rus”. According to the most common version, the ethnonym “Rus” is associated with the name “ros”, “rus”, which goes back to the name of the Ros River, a tributary of the Dnieper. The word "Rus" was common in Europe.
Anthropologically, Russians are homogeneous in the sense that they are all part of a large Caucasian. At the same time, between separate groups differences are observed. Among the Russian population northern regions signs of the Atlanto-Baltic race predominate, the Russians of the central regions constitute the East European type of the Central European race, the Russians of the north-west are represented by the East Baltic type of the White Sea-Baltic race, among the Russians of the south signs of an admixture of Mongoloid and Mediterranean elements are found.
The ethnogenesis of the Russian ethnos is closely connected with the origin of the ancient Russian people, in the formation of which, in turn, important role played by East Slavic tribes. The Old Russian nationality with a pan-East Slavic identity was formed during the period of the unity of the Old Russian early feudal Kyiv state ( Kievan Rus IX- beginning of XII V.). During the period of feudal fragmentation, general self-awareness was not lost, which affected, in particular, the formation of ethnonyms denoting in subsequent centuries the three East Slavic peoples - Great Russians, Little Russians, and Belarusians.
The process of development of the Russian nationality proceeded in parallel with the formation of the Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. Famous role This was due to the gradual accumulation of local differences in the context of the collapse of a single ancient Russian state. The ethnocultural differences of the three peoples, which were formed in subsequent centuries, are explained both by the tribal division of the Eastern Slavs of the pre-state era, and by socio-political factors. In the conditions of the liberation struggle against the Horde yoke (mid-XIII - late XV centuries), ethnic and ethno-confessional consolidation of the principalities took place northeast Rus', which formed in the XIV - XV centuries. Moscow Rus'.
To the period when it began new process the unification of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians in the Russian state, the ethnic differentiation of the Eastern Slavs, which developed in the 14th - 17th centuries, went quite far (although it was not completely completed until the 19th - 20th centuries) and turned out to be irreversible. The Eastern Slavs continued to develop in conditions of intense interethnic contacts, but now as three independent peoples.
Key Features The ethnic history of the Russians was the constant presence of sparsely populated territories and the centuries-old migration activity of the Russian population. The period preceding the formation of the Old Russian state, as well as the era of Kievan Rus, was marked by the movement of the East Slavic ethnic massif to the north and northeast and the settlement of those regions that subsequently formed the core of the Russian (Great Russian) ethnic territory.
The ethnic core of the Russian people took shape in the 11th - 15th centuries. within the lands lying in the Volga-Oka interfluve and the borders of Veliky Novgorod, during fierce resistance to Mongol-Tatar dependence.
After liberation from the Horde yoke, the secondary settlement of the “wild field” began, that is, the southern Russian regions devastated by the Horde raids. Relocations followed to the Volga region in the 17th - 18th centuries, to Siberia, to North Caucasus, later - to Kazakhstan, Altai and Central Asia. As a result, a vast ethnic territory of Russians gradually formed. During the Russians' exploration of new territories, intensive interethnic contacts took place with representatives of a number of other peoples. These and other factors contributed to the fact that special (separate) ethnographic, ethno-confessional, and ethno-economic groups were preserved or formed within the Russian people.
In the XVIII - XIX centuries. The Russian nation is gradually being formed. We can say that in the second half of the 19th century. basically the Russian nation was formed. Reforms of the 60s XIX century gave a strong impetus to the development of capitalism in Russia. IN during the XIX V. The formation of the Russian intelligentsia took place, major successes were achieved in the field of literature, art, science, and social thought. At the same time, archaic forms of traditional culture were preserved to a certain extent.
Great influence The formation of the Russian ethnic group was influenced by the natural and climatic features of the country: the virtual absence of mountain ranges, the presence of a large number of forests and swamps, harsh winters, etc. The intensity of agricultural work, especially the need to manage the harvest on time and without losses, contributed to the formation of the Russian national character, the ability to withstand extreme stress, which turned out to be life-saving and necessary during periods of enemy invasions, famine, and serious social upheavals. Periodically repeated attacks on the external borders of the country strongly encouraged the Russian population to fight for liberation and unity. Under these conditions, the state played an exceptional role in the formation and strengthening of the Great Russian nationality, and then the Russian nation.
In the absence of summary statistical data, up to the 17th century, according to various estimates, in the Russian state in the middle of the 15th century. there were 6 million people in the first half of the 16th century. 6.5 - 14.5, at the end of the 16th century. 7 - 14, and in the 17th century. 10.5 - 12 million people.
In the 18th century demographic condition Russian state and the Russian people appears in the following form. In 1719, the entire population of Russia was 15,738 million people, including Russians - 11,128 million. In 1795, out of a population of 41,175 million, Russians numbered 19,619 million people, or 49% of the total population. The given data does not take into account the Russian population living in the Baltic states, Belarusian and Ukrainian provinces, in the area of the Cossack troops (Don and Ural).
After joining Russian Empire according to the Treaty of Nystad (1721) of Estland and Livonia, and later Courland, at the beginning of the 19th century. Finland and Bessarabia, and in the second half of the century Central Asia and the Far East, Russians began to populate these regions. Thus, the migration movements of the Russian people in the 19th - early 20th centuries. did not stop, new centers of Russian settlement were formed. As a result of these movements, the Russian population in the Central Industrial and Northern regions of the European part of the country grew more slowly than in the southern populated regions.
According to the 1897 census, the entire population of the country numbered 125.6 million people, of which Russians made up 43.4% of its composition (55.7 million people), most of which was located in the European part of the country.
By 1990, the number of Russian ethnic groups reached 145 million (actually in Russia - almost 120 million people), or 82.6% of the total population. 49.7% of Russians inhabit the center of the European part of Russia, the north-west, the Volga-Vyatka region and the Volga region; in the Urals, Siberia and Far East- 23.9%. In the near abroad, the majority of Russians are in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Belarus.
For many centuries, scientists have been breaking their spears, trying to understand the origin of the Russian people. And if research in the past was based on archaeological and linguistic data, today even geneticists have taken up the matter.
From the Danube
Of all the theories of Russian ethnogenesis, the most famous is the Danube theory. We owe her appearance chronicle code“The Tale of Bygone Years,” or rather, the centuries-old love of domestic academics for this source.
The chronicler Nestor defined the initial territory of settlement of the Slavs as territories according to downstream Danube and Vistula. The theory about the Danube “ancestral home” of the Slavs was developed by such historians as Sergei Solovyov and Vasily Klyuchevsky.
Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky believed that the Slavs moved from the Danube to the Carpathian region, where an extensive military alliance of tribes arose led by the Duleb-Volhynian tribe.
From the Carpathian region, according to Klyuchevsky, in the 7th-8th centuries the Eastern Slavs settled to the East and Northeast to Lake Ilmen. The Danube theory of Russian ethnogenesis is still adhered to by many historians and linguists. The Russian linguist Oleg Nikolaevich Trubachev made a great contribution to its development at the end of the 20th century.
Yes, we are Scythians!
One of the most fierce opponents of the Norman theory of the formation of Russian statehood, Mikhail Lomonosov, leaned toward the Scythian-Sarmatian theory of Russian ethnogenesis, which he wrote about in his “Ancient Russian History.” According to Lomonosov, the ethnogenesis of the Russians occurred as a result of the mixing of the Slavs and the “Chudi” tribe (Lomonosov’s term is Finno-Ugric), and he named the place of origin of the ethnic history of the Russians between the Vistula and Oder rivers.
Supporters of the Sarmatian theory rely on ancient sources, and Lomonosov did the same. He compared Russian history with the history of the Roman Empire and ancient beliefs with pagan beliefs Eastern Slavs, having discovered large number coincidences. The ardent struggle with the adherents of the Norman theory is quite understandable: the people-tribe of Rus', according to Lomonosov, could not have originated from Scandinavia under the influence of the expansion of the Norman Vikings. First of all, Lomonosov opposed the thesis about the backwardness of the Slavs and their inability to independently form a state.
Gellenthal's theory
The hypothesis about the origin of Russians, unveiled this year by Oxford scientist Garrett Gellenthal, seems interesting. After spending great job for the study of DNA various peoples, he and a group of scientists compiled a genetic atlas of migration of peoples.
According to the scientist, two significant milestones can be distinguished in the ethnogenesis of the Russian people. In 2054 BC. e., according to Gellenthal, trans-Baltic peoples and peoples from the territories of modern Germany and Poland migrated to the northwestern regions modern Russia. The second milestone is 1306, when the migration of Altai peoples began, who actively interbred with representatives of the Slavic branches.
Gellenthal's research is also interesting because genetic analysis proved that the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion had practically no effect on Russian ethnogenesis.
Two ancestral homelands
Another interesting migration theory was proposed by late XIX century Russian linguist Alexey Shakhmatov. His “two ancestral homelands” theory is also sometimes called the Baltic theory. The scientist believed that initially the Balto-Slavic community emerged from the Indo-European group, which became autochthonous in the Baltic region. After its collapse, the Slavs settled in the territory between the lower reaches of the Neman and Western Dvina. This territory became the so-called “first ancestral home”. Here, according to Shakhmatov, the Proto-Slavic language developed, from which all Slavic languages originated.
Further migration of the Slavs was associated with the great migration of peoples, during which at the end of the second century AD the Germans went south, liberating the Vistula River basin, where the Slavs came. Here, in the lower Vistula basin, Shakhmatov defines the second ancestral home of the Slavs. From here, according to the scientist, the division of the Slavs into branches began. The western one went to the Elbe region, the southern one was divided into two groups, one of which settled the Balkans and the Danube, the other - the Dnieper and Dniester. The latter became the basis of the East Slavic peoples, which include the Russians.
We are locals ourselves
Finally, another theory different from migration theories is the autochthonous theory. According to it, the Slavs were the indigenous people inhabiting the eastern, central and even part southern Europe. According to the theory of Slavic autochthonism, Slavic tribes were an indigenous ethnic group huge territory- from the Urals to Atlantic Ocean. This theory has quite ancient roots and many supporters and opponents. This theory was supported by the Soviet linguist Nikolai Marr. He believed that the Slavs did not come from anywhere, but were formed from tribal communities living in vast territories from the Middle Dnieper to Laba in the West and from the Baltic to the Carpathians in the south.
Polish scientists - Kleczewski, Potocki and Sestrentsevich - also adhered to the autochthonous theory. They even traced the ancestry of the Slavs from the Vandals, basing their hypothesis, among other things, on the similarity of the words “Vendals” and “Vandals”. Of the Russians, the autochthonous theory explained the origin of the Slavs Rybakov, Mavrodin and Greeks.
I am Russian by nationality because my parents are Russian. My family consists of 5 people. Grandma, mom, dad, me and brother. And before, Russian families were large. For example, each of my grandmothers had 8 people in their family, including five children.
Families
We live in the city in a comfortable apartment. Previously, the Russian population mostly lived in villages and hamlets in wooden huts and worked agriculture. I know that my grandmother’s relatives lived in the village of Atkino, Vadinsky district Penza region. And my grandfather’s relatives still live in the village of Kuvaka, Kamensky district. I was there and tried Kuvaka water, which has been known since ancient times.
Life
Houses always had a Russian stove, which was heated with wood to heat the hut. They cooked food on it and, moreover, they could sleep on it. Water was carried from the well in wooden buckets. In this case, a rocker arm was often used. The hut had a wooden table and benches. There was also a spinning wheel, on which they spun threads, and then wove (made fabric from threads) and sewed clothes. The dishes were made of wood, clay or cast iron. And, of course, there was a copper samovar in the house, where everyone gathered for tea. big family. I saw all these items in local history museum. He sat on a bench near the table and even tried on a Russian suit.
Cloth Russian nationality Report to the lesson
The Russian folk costume for men consists of wide trousers, a long shirt with a slanted collar, which was worn untucked with a belt, and a headdress - a cap - a bit like a cap. They used to wear bast shoes or boots on their feet. Women wore a long shirt and a sundress over it. Women used to wear a kokoshnik on their heads or go without a headdress, and their hair was always long, and they braided it.
Previously, the man in the family was always the head of the family, who worked and fed the whole family, and women did not work, but were engaged in raising children and housework, and were completely dependent on men. Therefore, boys were immediately brought up in strictness and taught to work from an early age. And now both mom and dad work in our family.
Even in Russian villages, on holidays it was customary to sing songs and ditties accompanied by an accordion, and play Russian games: tag, lapta, hide and seek, trickle, etc. I also learned about this in the local history museum and even played some games at the Night in museum."
My favorite Russian dishes: pancakes, cabbage soup, porridge, and also okroshka. And my dad really loves dumplings and the Russian drink kvass.
I am proud that I have Russian nationality Report for the lesson
self-name: “Russians”) the nation that created the Russian state. It consists of three related branches - Great Russians, Little Russians and Belorussians, descended from the Old Russian people (IX - XIII centuries), formed from East Slavic tribes.
In the 9th century, within the current territory European Russia lived following unions East Slavic tribes: Novgorod Slavs - near Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov; Krivichi - along the Western Dvina and on the upper reaches of the Dnieper; Dregovichi - between Pripyat and Berezina; Radimichi - between the Dnieper and Sozh; northerners - along the Dnieper to Sula; glade - along the Dnieper from Pripyat to Ros; Drevlyans - along Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev; Volynians (Buzhans, Dulebs) - along the Western Bug; Tivertsy and Ulichi - along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Dniester; Vyatichi - along the Oka. According to many researchers, the name “Russians” goes back to the name of one of the Slavic tribes - the Rhodians, Rosses, or Russes.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian people numbered 88 million people, including Great Russians, Little Russians, Rusins and Belarusians. IN total number of the population of the Russian state, the Russian people accounted for 67%: in European Russia (including 10 provinces of the Kingdom of Poland) - 80%, in Siberia - 80%, in the Caucasus - 34%, in Central Asia - 9%, in 10 provinces of the Kingdom of Poland - about 7 % of the population.
Each of the branches of the Russian people has its own ethnographic characteristics, due to which they are divided into a number of ethnographic groups.
Among the Great Russians, the largest, differing in the dialects of the language (“occasing” and “akaya”) and features in buildings, clothing, some rituals, etc., are the northern and southern Great Russians. The connecting link between them is the Central Russian group, occupying central region- part of the Volga-Oka interfluve (with Moscow) and the Volga region; it has both northern and southern Great Russian features in its language and culture. Smaller ethnographic groups of Great Russians: Pomors (on the shore White Sea), meshchera (in the northern part Ryazan region), various groups Cossacks and their descendants (on the Don, Kuban, Ural, Terek rivers, as well as in Siberia); Old Believer groups: “Poles” (in Altai), “Semeyskie” (in Transbaikalia), “masons” (on the Bukhtarma River in Kazakhstan); special groups are made up of the Great Russians in the Far North (along the Anadyr, Indigirka, Kolyma rivers), who have adopted the features of the surrounding peoples.
A number of ethnographic groups exist among the Little Russians: central-eastern (south-eastern), northern (poles) and western (south-western). Among the Belarusians, the poleshuks (poleshchuks) - residents of woodland - stand out especially; The most unique among them are the Pinchuks, the population of Pinsk Polesie.
Until 1917, not a single serious statesman or the scientist did not consider the Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians as separate peoples. Dividing them into official statistics was carried out purely geographically, and not nationality. Like Siberia and the Urals, Little Russia and White Rus' (Belarus) constituted a single geography of the Russian people, an integral fraternal organism. Some linguistic and ethnographic differences between Little Russians and Belarusians were explained by the peculiarities of their historical development under the conditions of centuries-old Polish-Lithuanian occupation. The proclamation of the Russian people as Little Russians and Belarusians is the result of the subversive work of the Austro-German intelligence services (and later Western intelligence services in general) with the goal of dismembering and weakening the single fraternal organism of Russia. The same idea was preached by home-grown liberals, who liked the idea of “Ukrainianism” and the dismemberment of the united Russian people. Raised by foreign intelligence services, the “independents” are the worst enemies of Ukraine and Belarus, traitors to the Russian people.
Today, as at the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian people (mainly the Great Russians, as the most large group) want to divide into several small ethnic groups, and then completely destroy. For this purpose they use various methods from “Ukrainian” separatism (for example, attempts to distinguish such independent peoples as “Siberians” or “Pomors” with the creation of separate languages for them) to hidden and open genocide. Moreover, many liberal myths are associated with the Russian people, the first of which is the one that claims that Russians do not exist at all (remember the favorite phrases of Russophobes: “scratch any Russian, a Tatar will be found”, “in three hundred () years Tatar-Mongol yoke There are no Russians left,” etc.). All this can be considered elements of a war against the Russian nation, an undeclared and invisible war.
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