What is the average daily outdoor temperature. Average daily outside air temperature
"...Average daily temperature outside air - average value outside air temperature measured at certain times of the day at regular intervals. It is accepted according to the data meteorological service(GOST 12.1.005-88(2001))..."
Source:
"Occupational safety manual for road foreman" (approved by Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated January 29, 2003 N OS-37-r)
- - In the auricle and in the external auditory canal healthy people There are the same microorganisms as on the skin, i.e. S. saprophiticus, S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium sp. However, they are few in number, because earwax has...
Dictionary of microbiology
- - indicator of the thermal state of air; recorded by measuring instruments...
Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary
- - ...
Geographical atlas
- - ...
Geographical atlas
- - ...
Geographical atlas
- - ...
Geographical atlas
- - concentration of impurities in the atmosphere, determined from the average daily sample...
- - an air sample taken within 24 hours continuously or at equal intervals between samples at least four times in 9 days...
Ecological dictionary
- - purulent external S. with perichondritis of the auricle...
- - averaged over the volume of the service area. Source: "House: Construction Terminology", M.: Buk-press, 2006...
Construction dictionary
- - average temperature the hottest or coldest period of time, according to which the external fencing of buildings and structures is calculated - calculating temperature in the external air - návrhová teplota venkovního vzduchu -...
Construction dictionary
- - the highest of the average daily concentrations of any pollutant recorded at a certain measurement point for a certain observation period...
Ecological dictionary
- - Air sample taken over 24 hours continuously or at equal intervals between samples at least four times in 9...
Dictionary of business terms
- - "..."average daily gas supply rate" - the volume of gas supply determined by dividing the monthly supply volume by the number of days of the corresponding month;..." Source: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05.02...
Official terminology
- - The most important element characterizing the weather is T. gas environment, surrounding the earth's surface, more correctly - T. that layer of air that is subject to our observation...
encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron
"Average daily outdoor temperature" in books
Yu. Yu. Oganesova Ventilation regime for museum premises depending on daily changes in the moisture content of the outside air
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From the book How to Always Be Happy. 128 tips to relieve stress and anxiety author Gupta Mrinal Kumar61. Temperature, humidity, air pollution and noise affect your mind There is an optimal level of temperature, humidity and sound level at which the human body functions most efficiently. Thus, the optimal temperature level is 20–25 °C, humidity –
Temperature and humidity in the hive
From the book Basics of Beekeeping [The Most necessary advice for those who want to start their own apiary] author Medvedev N.I.Temperature and humidity in the hive In their nest, bees maintain a certain temperature and humidity throughout the year. IN autumn-winter period, when there is no brood in the colony, the temperature in the area of the frames inhabited by bees can range from 13 to 28 °C (at
Outer ear infection
From the book Home Directory of the Most important advice for Your health author Agapkin Sergey NikolaevichOuter ear infection An infection can develop in the outer ear and middle ear. An outer ear infection (sometimes called swimmer's ear) is an inflammation of the outer ear canal, which is the part of the ear that runs from the eardrum to the outer ear.
Flights in the spring-summer period are characterized primarily by high outside air temperatures, the influence of which on take-off parameters is very significant. Due to the reduction in the weight charge of the air flowing through the engine, the available thrust is noticeably reduced. The demand increases significantly
author Ershov Vasily VasilievichFlights in the spring-summer period are characterized primarily by high outside air temperatures, the influence of which on take-off parameters is very significant. Due to the decrease in the weight charge of the air flowing through the engine, the available
When flying in the spring and summer, the outside air temperature becomes especially important. In summer, there is often a significant upward deviation in temperature from average values, and this phenomenon becomes especially significant at high altitudes.
From the book Practice of flying on a Tu-154 aircraft author Ershov Vasily VasilievichWhen performing flights in the spring-summer period special meaning acquires the outside air temperature. Often observed in summer significant deviation temperatures from average values towards increase, and this phenomenon acquires special significance in
Air temperature as one of the climate characteristics
From the book Weather Sensitivity and Health author Dubrovskaya Svetlana ValerievnaAir temperature as one of the climate characteristics. This factor is significant for weather-sensitive people. Fluctuations in air temperature along with changes in humidity can negatively affect your well-being. Differences in the range of 2–4° are considered neutral
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From the book 365 golden exercises breathing exercises author Olshevskaya Natalya8. Air temperature The “consumer properties” of air are determined not only by its gas composition, but also temperature and humidity. Thanks to the perfect thermoregulation mechanism built into the human body, we can adapt to both unbearable
Air temperature and humidity
From the book Home Doctor on the Windowsill. From all diseases author Nikolaeva Yulia NikolaevnaTemperature and humidity In relation to temperature, plants are distinguished between heat-loving, moderately heat-loving and cold-resistant plants. The first requires a temperature of at least 20 °C, the second - at least 14 °C. Cold-hardy plants grow best at temperatures around
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From the book 200 health recipes for weather-sensitive people author Lagutina TatyanaAir temperature Air temperature is responsible for heat exchange processes occurring between human body and the environment. Temperature effects are perceived by a person as a feeling of warmth or cold. Moreover, from this point of view, it is not connected
Temperature, air humidity
From Corella's book author Nekrasova Irina NikolaevnaTemperature, air humidity Despite the fact that the homeland of cockatiels is tropical zone, they tolerate short-term drops in temperature without much harm to health. But still one should not allow sharp changes temperature or a prolonged drop in temperature
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From the book Chickens of meat breeds author Balashov Ivan EvgenievichAir temperature Air temperature has a huge impact on the health of chickens. Birds grow well, gain weight and lay eggs at temperatures from 11 to 22 °C. At lower temperatures, feed consumption increases, resulting in higher prices
Light and air temperature
From the book The Advantages of Introverts by Laney MartyLight and air temperature Introverts are especially sensitive to temperature environment and duration daylight hours. Our body often has more difficulty turning on in the morning than the body of extroverts (again, the “braking system”!). We need natural light,
2.1. Air temperature
author Team of authors2.1. Air temperature The hygienic value of air temperature is determined primarily by its influence on the heat exchange of the body, which is one of the types of interaction of the body with external environment. Thanks to the perfection of thermoregulation mechanisms,
2.6. Types of air pollution. Air protection
From the book Hygiene physical culture and sports. Textbook author Team of authors2.6. Types of air pollution. Atmospheric air protection Anthropogenic environmental pollution through atmospheric air have a negative effect on the human body and cause a spectrum of pathological changes of various origins. Active
Looking through the statistics of visits to our blog, I noticed that search phrases such as, for example, very often appear “What should the coolant temperature be at minus 5 outside?”. I decided to post the old one schedule quality regulation heat supply based on average daily outside air temperature. I would like to warn those who, based on these figures, will try to figure out their relationship with housing departments or heating networks: heating schedules for each individual settlement different (I wrote about this in the article). Heating networks in Ufa (Bashkiria) operate according to this schedule.
I also want to draw attention to the fact that regulation occurs according to average daily outside air temperature, so if, for example, outside at night minus 15 degrees, and during the day minus 5, then the coolant temperature will be maintained in accordance with the schedule at minus 10 o C.
Typically, the following temperature charts are used: 150/70 , 130/70 , 115/70 , 105/70 , 95/70 . The schedule is selected depending on specific local conditions. House heating systems operate according to schedules 105/70 and 95/70. Main heating networks operate according to schedules 150, 130 and 115/70.
Let's look at an example of how to use a chart. Let's say the temperature outside is minus 10 degrees. Heating network work according to temperature schedule 130/70 , which means when -10 o C the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline of the heating network should be 85,6 degrees, in the supply pipe of the heating system - 70.8 o C with a 105/70 schedule or 65.3 o C with a 95/70 schedule. The water temperature after the heating system should be 51,7 about S.
As a rule, the temperature values in the supply pipeline of heating networks are rounded when assigned to a heat source. For example, according to the schedule it should be 85.6 o C, but at a thermal power plant or boiler house it is set to 87 degrees.
Temperature outdoor air Tnv, o S |
Temperature of network water in the supply pipeline T1, o C |
Water temperature in the heating system supply pipe T3, o C |
Water temperature after the heating system T2, o C |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
150 | 130 | 115 | 105 | 95 | ||
8 | 53,2 | 50,2 | 46,4 | 43,4 | 41,2 | 35,8 |
7 | 55,7 | 52,3 | 48,2 | 45,0 | 42,7 | 36,8 |
6 | 58,1 | 54,4 | 50,0 | 46,6 | 44,1 | 37,7 |
5 | 60,5 | 56,5 | 51,8 | 48,2 | 45,5 | 38,7 |
4 | 62,9 | 58,5 | 53,5 | 49,8 | 46,9 | 39,6 |
3 | 65,3 | 60,5 | 55,3 | 51,4 | 48,3 | 40,6 |
2 | 67,7 | 62,6 | 57,0 | 52,9 | 49,7 | 41,5 |
1 | 70,0 | 64,5 | 58,8 | 54,5 | 51,0 | 42,4 |
0 | 72,4 | 66,5 | 60,5 | 56,0 | 52,4 | 43,3 |
-1 | 74,7 | 68,5 | 62,2 | 57,5 | 53,7 | 44,2 |
-2 | 77,0 | 70,4 | 63,8 | 59,0 | 55,0 | 45,0 |
-3 | 79,3 | 72,4 | 65,5 | 60,5 | 56,3 | 45,9 |
-4 | 81,6 | 74,3 | 67,2 | 62,0 | 57,6 | 46,7 |
-5 | 83,9 | 76,2 | 68,8 | 63,5 | 58,9 | 47,6 |
-6 | 86,2 | 78,1 | 70,4 | 65,0 | 60,2 | 48,4 |
-7 | 88,5 | 80,0 | 72,1 | 66,4 | 61,5 | 49,2 |
-8 | 90,8 | 81,9 | 73,7 | 67,9 | 62,8 | 50,1 |
-9 | 93,0 | 83,8 | 75,3 | 69,3 | 64,0 | 50,9 |
-10 | 95,3 | 85,6 | 76,9 | 70,8 | 65,3 | 51,7 |
-11 | 97,6 | 87,5 | 78,5 | 72,2 | 66,6 | 52,5 |
-12 | 99,8 | 89,3 | 80,1 | 73,6 | 67,8 | 53,3 |
-13 | 102,0 | 91,2 | 81,7 | 75,0 | 69,0 | 54,0 |
-14 | 104,3 | 93,0 | 83,3 | 76,4 | 70,3 | 54,8 |
-15 | 106,5 | 94,8 | 84,8 | 77,9 | 71,5 | 55,6 |
-16 | 108,7 | 96,6 | 86,4 | 79,3 | 72,7 | 56,3 |
-17 | 110,9 | 98,4 | 87,9 | 80,7 | 73,9 | 57,1 |
-18 | 113,1 | 100,2 | 89,5 | 82,0 | 75,1 | 57,9 |
-19 | 115,3 | 102,0 | 91,0 | 83,4 | 76,3 | 58,6 |
-20 | 117,5 | 103,8 | 92,6 | 84,8 | 77,5 | 59,4 |
-21 | 119,7 | 105,6 | 94,1 | 86,2 | 78,7 | 60,1 |
-22 | 121,9 | 107,4 | 95,6 | 87,6 | 79,9 | 60,8 |
-23 | 124,1 | 109,2 | 97,1 | 88,9 | 81,1 | 61,6 |
-24 | 126,3 | 110,9 | 98,6 | 90,3 | 82,3 | 62,3 |
-25 | 128,5 | 112,7 | 100,2 | 91,6 | 83,5 | 63,0 |
-26 | 130,6 | 114,4 | 101,7 | 93,0 | 84,6 | 63,7 |
-27 | 132,8 | 116,2 | 103,2 | 94,3 | 85,8 | 64,4 |
-28 | 135,0 | 117,9 | 104,7 | 95,7 | 87,0 | 65,1 |
-29 | 137,1 | 119,7 | 106,1 | 97,0 | 88,1 | 65,8 |
-30 | 139,3 | 121,4 | 107,6 | 98,4 | 89,3 | 66,5 |
-31 | 141,4 | 123,1 | 109,1 | 99,7 | 90,4 | 67,2 |
-32 | 143,6 | 124,9 | 110,6 | 101,0 | 94,6 | 67,9 |
-33 | 145,7 | 126,6 | 112,1 | 102,4 | 92,7 | 68,6 |
-34 | 147,9 | 128,3 | 113,5 | 103,7 | 93,9 | 69,3 |
-35 | 150,0 | 130,0 | 115,0 | 105,0 | 95,0 | 70,0 |
Please do not rely on the diagram at the beginning of the post - it does not correspond to the data from the table.
Temperature graph calculation
Calculation method temperature chart described in the reference book (Chapter 4, paragraph 4.4, p. 153).
This is a rather labor-intensive and time-consuming process, since for each outdoor temperature you need to count several values: T 1, T 3, T 2, etc.
To our joy, we have a computer and a spreadsheet processor MS Excel. A work colleague shared with me a ready-made table for calculating the temperature graph. It was made at one time by his wife, who worked as an engineer for a group of modes in thermal networks.
In order for Excel to calculate and build a graph, you just need to enter a few initial values:
- design temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network T 1
- design temperature in the return pipeline of the heating network T 2
- design temperature in the heating system supply pipe T 3
- Outdoor temperature T n.v.
- Indoor temperature T v.p.
- coefficient " n"(it is, as a rule, unchanged and equal to 0.25)
- Minimum and maximum cut of the temperature graph Cut min, Cut max.
All. nothing more is required from you. The calculation results will be in the first table of the sheet. It is highlighted with a bold frame.
The charts will also adjust to the new values.
The table also calculates the temperature of direct network water taking into account wind speed.
1. How to determine the average temperature of a day, month, year?
Sum the temperatures and divide by the number of observations.
2. How does air temperature change with changes in altitude, season and geographical latitude? Why?
Air temperature decreases with altitude because the air is heated by earth's surface, then the further from the surface, the lower the temperature.
The seasons have the same different temperatures. Cold time year - winter, warm summer, spring and autumn are transitional periods. Temperatures by season depend on distance globe from the Sun and the angle of incidence of solar rays.
From the equator to the poles, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays decreases and temperatures also decrease.
3. In what weather do you think - cloudy or cloudless - is the daily temperature range higher? Why?
Temperature ranges are higher in cloudless weather because clouds trap heat in the atmosphere. In their absence, the earth's surface warms up greatly during the day and cools down more at night.
4. *Explain why on the islands New Earth average temperature warm month does not exceed +20С, despite longer duration sunshine.
Novaya Zemlya is located in subarctic latitudes and the angle of incidence of sunlight is very small, so the surface does not warm up. Also, snow and ice are highly reflective.
Practical tasks
1. Determine the average daily air temperatures and the daily temperature range according to the data in the table.
Air temperature measurement data, 0C
1 day – average -6.50С, amplitude 80С
Day 2 – average -10C, amplitude 50C
Day 3 – average +3.50С, amplitude 30С
2. Average monthly air temperatures are as follows: I - -100C, II - -100C, III - -40C, IV - +50C, V - +130C, VI - +160C, VII - +180C, VIII - +160C, IX - + 120C, X - +60C, XI - -30C, XII - -90C. Determine the average annual temperature range and draw a graph annual progress temperatures Analyze the graph.
Average annual +40С
Amplitude – 280С
The graph of the annual temperature variation and the calculated amplitude makes it possible to say that we're talking about about moderate moderate continental climate With cold winter and warm summers.
![](https://i1.wp.com/resheba.me/attachments/images/tasks/000/005/118/0000/6e90011b65d7.jpg)
3. During the flight, the flight attendant informed that the air temperature outside was -280C, and near the surface of the Earth - +150C. Determine the aircraft's flight altitude.
The temperature drops by 6 0C for every 1 km of rise. Temperature difference 430C.
4. Climbers climb Mount Chomolungma, 8848 m high, at the foot of which the temperature is +240C. Determine what temperature will be at the top.
Considering that with every 100 meters of rise the temperature will decrease by 0.6 degrees.
make up equations.
The sun's rays, when passing through transparent substances, heat them very weakly. This is explained by the fact that straight Sun rays practically do not heat the atmospheric air, but strongly heat the earth's surface, capable of transmitting thermal energy adjacent layers of air. As the air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises higher. In the upper layers warm air mixes with cold, giving it part of the thermal energy.
The higher the heated air rises, the more it cools.
The air temperature at an altitude of 10 km is constant and amounts to -40-45 °C.
A characteristic feature of the Earth's atmosphere is a decrease in air temperature with height. Sometimes there is an increase in temperature as altitude increases. The name of this phenomenon is temperature inversion (temperature rearrangement).
Temperature change
The appearance of inversions can be caused by cooling of the earth's surface and the adjacent layer of air in a short period of time. This is also possible when dense cold air moves from mountain slopes to valleys. During the day, the air temperature continuously changes. During the daytime, the earth's surface heats up and warms bottom layer air. At night, along with the cooling of the earth, the air cools. It is coolest at dawn and warmest in the afternoon.
IN equatorial belt There is no daily temperature fluctuation. Night and day temperatures have the same values. Daily amplitudes on the coasts of seas, oceans and above their surface are insignificant. But in the desert zone, the difference between night and day temperatures can reach 50-60 °C.
In the temperate zone maximum amount solar radiation on Earth falls on days summer solstices. But the hottest month is July in the Northern Hemisphere and January in the Southern. This is explained by the fact that despite the fact that solar radiation less intense during these months, great amount thermal energy is given off by the highly heated earth's surface.
The annual temperature range is determined by the latitude of a particular area. For example, at the equator it is constant and amounts to 22-23 °C. The highest annual amplitudes are observed in areas of mid-latitudes and in the interior of continents.
Any area is also characterized by absolute and average temperatures. Absolute temperatures determined through long-term observations at weather stations. The hottest area on Earth is the Libyan Desert (+58 °C), and the coldest is the Vostok station in Antarctica (-89.2 °C).
Average temperatures are established by calculating the arithmetic mean values of several thermometer indicators. This is how average daily, average monthly and average annual temperatures are determined.
In order to find out how heat is distributed on Earth, temperature values are plotted on a map and points with the same values are connected. The resulting lines are called isotherms. This method allows us to identify certain patterns in the temperature distribution. Thus, the highest temperatures are recorded not at the equator, but in tropical and subtropical deserts. Temperatures decrease from the tropics to the poles in the two hemispheres. Taking into account the fact that in the Southern Hemisphere water bodies occupy large area than land, the temperature amplitudes between the hottest and coldest months are less pronounced there than in the North.
Based on the location of the isotherms, seven thermal zones are distinguished: 1 hot, 2 moderate, 2 cold, 2 permafrost areas.
Related materials:
1. Atmosphere
3. Climatic zones
News and society
Annual temperature amplitude: how to calculate, calculation features
We all know that the inhabitants of the globe live in completely different climatic zones. That is why, with the onset of cold weather in one hemisphere, warming begins in the other. Many people go on vacation to bask in the sun in other countries and don’t even think about the annual temperature range. Children will learn how to calculate this indicator school days. But with age, people often simply forget about its importance.
Definition
Before calculating the annual temperature amplitude according to the graph, it is necessary to remember what constitutes this definition. So, amplitude, in itself, is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum indicators. In the case of calculating the annual temperature, the amplitude will be the thermometer readings. For accurate results, it is important that only one thermometer is used at all times. This will allow you to independently determine the temperature schedule in a particular region. How to calculate annual amplitude in climatology? For this purpose, experts use average readings of monthly temperatures over the past years, so their indicators always differ from those calculated independently for their locality.
Factors of change
So, before calculating the annual amplitude of air temperature, you should take into account several important factors, influencing its performance.
First of all, this is the geographic latitude of the required point. The closer the region is to the equator, the smaller the annual fluctuation in thermometer readings will be. Closer to the poles of the globe, the continents feel seasonal change climate is stronger, and, consequently, the annual temperature amplitude (how to calculate - later in the article) will increase proportionally.
The proximity of the region to large bodies of water also affects the air heating indicators. The closer the coast to the sea, ocean or even lake, the milder the climate, and the temperature changes are not so pronounced. On land, the temperature difference is very high, both annual and daily. Of course, those who often come from the sea can change this situation. air masses, as, for example, in Western Europe.
The amplitude of temperatures also depends on the height of the region above sea level. The higher the desired point is located, the smaller the difference will be. With every kilometer it decreases by approximately 2 degrees.
Before calculating the annual temperature range, it is necessary to take into account seasonal climate change. Such as monsoons or droughts.
Daily amplitude calculations
Each owner of a thermometer and free time can carry out such calculations independently. To obtain maximum accuracy for a particular day, you should record the thermometer reading every 3 hours, starting at midnight. Thus, from the 8 measurements obtained, it is necessary to select the maximum and minimum indicators. After this, the smaller is subtracted from the larger, and the resulting result is daily amplitude specific day. This is exactly how specialists carry out calculations at weather stations.
It is important to remember elementary rule mathematics that minus times minus gives plus. That is, if the calculations are carried out in the cold season, and the daily temperature fluctuates from positive during the day to negative at night, then the calculation will look something like this:
5 - (-3) = 5 + 3 = 8 - daily amplitude.
Annual temperature range. How to calculate?
Calculations to determine annual fluctuations in thermometer readings are carried out in a similar way, only the average thermometer readings of the hottest and coldest months of the year are taken as the maximum and minimum values. They, in turn, are calculated by obtaining average daily temperatures.
Taking the Average Reading
To determine the average readings for each day, you need to add all the readings recorded for a given period of time into a single number and divide the result by the number of added values. Maximum accuracy is obtained by calculating the average from more measurements, but most often it is enough to take data from the thermometer every 3 hours.
Similarly, from the already calculated average daily indicators, data on average temperatures for each month of the year is calculated.
Carrying out calculations
Before determining the annual range of air temperature in a particular region, you should find the maximum and minimum average monthly temperature. It is necessary to subtract the smaller from the larger, also taking into account the rules of mathematics, and the resulting result is considered the very same annual amplitude that is being sought.
Importance of indicators
Apart from calculating air temperature for various geographical purposes, temperature differences are also important in other sciences. Thus, paleontologists study the life activity of extinct species, calculating the amplitudes of temperature fluctuations in entire eras. To do this, they are helped by various soil samples and other thermography methods.
Exploring the operation of engines internal combustion, experts define periods as certain time intervals of fractions of seconds. To ensure accurate measurements in such situations, special electronic recorders are used.
In geography, temperature changes can also be recorded in fractions, but this requires a thermograph. Such a device is a mechanical device that continuously records temperature data on tape or digital media. It also determines the amplitude of changes, taking into account the set time intervals. Such precision instruments are used in areas where human access is prohibited, for example, in areas nuclear reactors, where every fraction of a degree is important, and it is necessary to constantly monitor their changes.
Conclusion
From all of the above, it is clear how the annual temperature amplitude can be determined and why this data is needed. To make the task easier, experts divide the atmosphere of the entire planet into certain climatic zones. This is also due to the fact that the temperature spread across the planet is so wide that it is impossible to determine average for her, which would correspond to reality is impossible. Dividing the climate into equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate continental and maritime allows us to create a more realistic picture, taking into account all the factors influencing temperature indicators in the regions.
Thanks to this distribution of zones, it can be determined that the temperature amplitude increases depending on the distance from the equator, the proximity of large bodies of water and many other conditions, including the summer and winter solstice. Interestingly, depending on the type of climate, the duration and transition seasons, as well as peaks of hot and cold temperatures.
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The weather in Moscow. Air temperature and precipitation. June 2018
The table shows the main characteristics weather in Moscow— air temperature and amount of precipitation given for each day in June 2018.
Average monthly temperature for June: 17.0°. Actual temperature of the month according to observational data: 13.7°. Deviation from the norm: -2.4°.
Normal precipitation in June: 80 mm. Precipitation: 33 mm. This amount is 41%
from the norm.
The most low temperature air (5.6 °
) was June 1st. The most heat air (26.1 °
) was June 3.
|
---|
Air temperature in Moscow.
June 2018
Explanations for calculating daily averages. The values of air temperature and precipitation in the table are given for the meteorological day, which in Moscow begins at 18:00 universal time (21:00 local time). Be careful: if the daily variation of temperature is incorrect, the maximum per day may be recorded at night, and the minimum during the day. Therefore, the discrepancy between the values indicated in the table and the night minimums and daytime maximums from the archive is not an error!
Explanations for the schedule. Current minimum, average, Maximum temperature air in Moscow are represented on the graph by solid lines in blue, green and red colors, respectively.
Normal values are shown as solid thin lines. Absolute Highs and temperature minimums for each day are indicated by thick red and blue dots, respectively.
Explanations of daily and monthly records. Temperature records for each day are defined as the lowest and highest high value according to a series of daily resolution data. To monitor the weather in Moscow, daily data is taken for the period 1879-2018 gg. Monthly weather records are determined from a series of monthly resolution data. Monthly data taken for the period 1779-2018 gg. - air temperature, 1891-2018 gg. — precipitation.
Select the month you are interested in (starting from January 2001) and press the “Enter!” button.
How to calculate average temperatureAverage daily or average monthly temperature air is important for climate characteristics. Like any average, it can be calculated by making several observations. The number of measurements, as well as the accuracy of the thermometer, depend on the purpose of the study. You will need
Instructions
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Average daily temperature
Page 4
The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outside air temperature of 10 C and above, and the cold and transitional period is lower - HO C.
The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outside air temperature of 10 C and above, and the cold and transitional period is below 10 C.
Pupation in spring begins after the average daily temperature reaches above 10 C and usually occurs during the period of coloring of apple tree buds. Females need additional nutrition or, according to at least, in dripping moisture.
When the temperature of the oil product in the tank is higher than the average daily air temperature and the turnover rate is 200 or higher per year, the effectiveness of using radiation-reflective coatings is insignificant.
Duration of development of one generation at an average daily temperature of 21 - 23 degrees relative humidity air 63 - 73% is 25 - 30 days. With increasing temperature, the duration of development decreases.
Most flowers grow well at an average daily temperature of 12 to 18 - 20 C.
For rough calculations, the difference between the maximum and average daily outside air temperature L / n is 9 C for areas with a dry climate and 7 C for areas with a temperate climate humid climate.
For rough calculations, the difference between the maximum and average daily outdoor air temperature Ata is 9 C for areas with a dry climate and TC for areas with a moderate humid climate.
The calculated outside air temperature is taken to be the average daily temperature (average for the last 5 years according to meteorological observations) repeatability at least three times a month, which, when coinciding with an unfavorable wind direction, gives the worst conditions for rolling cars.
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During the day the air temperature changes. The lowest temperature is observed before sunrise, the highest - at 14-15 hours.
To determine average daily temperature, You need to measure your temperature four times a day: at 1 a.m., at 7 a.m., at 1 p.m., at 7 p.m. The arithmetic mean of these measurements is the average daily temperature.
The air temperature changes not only during the day, but also throughout the year (Fig. 138).
Rice. 138. Head course of air temperature at latitude 62° N. highway: 1 - Tórshavn Denmark (marine mud), medium annual temperature 6.3 °C; 2- Yakutsk ( continental type) — 10.7 °С
Average annual temperature is the arithmetic average of temperatures for all months of the year. It depends on geographic latitude, the nature of the underlying surface and heat transfer from low latitudes to high.
The Southern Hemisphere is generally colder than the Northern Hemisphere due to Antarctica being covered in ice and snow.
The warmest month of the year in the Northern Hemisphere is July, and the coldest month is January.
Lines on maps connecting points to same temperature air are called isotherms(from the Greek isos - equal and therme - heat). Their complex arrangement can be judged from maps of January, July and annual isotherms.
Climate on the corresponding parallels Northern Hemisphere warmer than similar parallels in the Southern Hemisphere.
The highest annual temperatures on Earth are observed in the so-called thermal equator. It doesn't match geographic equator and is located at 10° N. w. This is explained by the fact that in the Northern Hemisphere a large area is occupied by land, and in the Southern Hemisphere, on the contrary, there are oceans that waste heat on evaporation, and in addition, the influence of ice-covered Antarctica is felt. The average annual temperature at the parallel is 10° N. w. is 27 °C.
Isotherms do not coincide with parallels despite the fact that solar radiation is distributed zonally. They bend, moving from the continent to the ocean, and vice versa. Thus, in the Northern Hemisphere in January over the continent, isotherms deviate to the south, and in July - to the north. This is due to the unequal heating conditions of land and water. In winter, land cools and in summer it warms up faster than water.
If we analyze isotherms in the Southern Hemisphere, then in temperate latitudes their course is very close to parallel, since there is little land there.
In January, the highest air temperature is observed at the equator - 27 ° C, in Australia, South America, central and southern parts Africa. The lowest January temperature was recorded in northeast Asia (Oymyakon, -71 °C) and at the North Pole -41 °C.
The “warmest July parallel” is the parallel of 20° N. with a temperature of 28 ° C, and the coldest place in July is South Pole with an average monthly temperature of -48 °C.
The absolute maximum air temperature was recorded in North America(+58.1 °C). The absolute minimum air temperature (-89.2 °C) was noted at the Vostok station in Antarctica.
Observations revealed the existence of daily and annual fluctuations in air temperature. The difference between the largest and lowest values air temperature during the day is called daily amplitude, and during the year - annual temperature amplitude.
The daily temperature range depends on a number of factors:
- latitude of the area - decreases when moving from low to high latitudes;
- the nature of the underlying surface - it is higher on land than over the ocean: over oceans and seas the daily temperature amplitude is only 1-2 °C, and over steppes and deserts it reaches 15-20 °C, since water heats up and cools down more slowly than land ; in addition, it increases in areas with bare soil;
- terrain - due to cold air descending into the valley from the slopes;
- cloudiness - with its increase, the daily temperature amplitude decreases, since clouds do not allow the earth's surface to heat up strongly during the day and cool down at night.
The magnitude of the daily amplitude of air temperature is one of the indicators of the continental climate: in deserts its value is much greater than in areas with a marine climate.
Annual temperature range has patterns similar to the daily temperature amplitude. It depends mainly on the latitude of the area and the proximity of the ocean. Over the oceans, the annual temperature amplitude is most often no more than 5-10 °C, and above inland areas Eurasia - up to 50-60 °C. Near the equator, average monthly air temperatures differ little from each other throughout the year. At higher latitudes, the annual temperature range increases, and in the Moscow region it is 29 °C. At the same latitude, the annual temperature amplitude increases with distance from the ocean. In the equator zone above the ocean, the annual temperature amplitude is only G, and above the continents it is 5-10°.
The different heating conditions of water and land are explained by the fact that the heat capacity of water is twice that of land, and at the same amount heat the land heats up twice faster than water. When cooling, the opposite happens. In addition, when heated, water evaporates, which consumes a significant amount of heat. It is also important that on land heat spreads almost only in the top layer of soil, and only a small part of it is transferred into the depths. In the seas and oceans, significant thicknesses are heating up. This is facilitated by vertical mixing of water. As a result, the oceans accumulate much more heat than land, retain it longer, and expend it more evenly than land. The oceans are warming more slowly and cooling more slowly.
The annual temperature range in the Northern Hemisphere is 14 °C, and in the Southern Hemisphere - 7 °C. For the globe, the average annual air temperature at the earth's surface is 14 °C.
Heat zones
The uneven distribution of heat on Earth depending on the latitude of the place allows us to highlight the following thermal belts, the boundaries of which are isotherms (Fig. 139):
- the tropical (hot) zone is located between the annual isotherms + 20 °C;
- temperate zones of the Northern and Southern hemispheres— between the annual isotherms +20 °С and the isotherm of the warmest month +10 °С;
- the polar (cold) belts of both hemispheres are located between the isotherms of the warmest month +10 °C and O °C;
- Perpetual frost belts are limited by the 0 °C isotherm of the warmest month. This is the kingdom eternal snow and ice.
Rice. 139. Heat zones Earth