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Principality of Liechtenstein(German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein [ˈfʏɐstəntuːm ˈliːçtənʃtaɪn]) is a dwarf (160 km²) state in Central Europe. The name of the country comes from ruling dynasty Liechtenstein. The capital is Vaduz. Liechtenstein borders Austria in the east and Switzerland in the west, its territory is completely surrounded by the territories of these states. Form government system — a constitutional monarchy.
Political structure
Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy. The current constitution came into force on October 5, 1921. The head of state is Hans-Adam II, Prince von und zu Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf, Count of Rietberg. In fact, he ruled the country since 1984, and ascended the throne on November 13, 1989. The prince administers the state, endorses legislative acts adopted by the Landtag (parliament), represents Liechtenstein in relations with other states, appoints civil servants, and has the right to pardon. Legislature- Landtag, which consists of 25 deputies elected by direct secret ballot using a system of proportional representation (15 deputies from Oberland and 10 deputies from Unterland) for a period of 4 years.
Story
Territory of Liechtenstein from 15 BC. e. was part of the Roman province of Raetia. According to legend, in 300 St. Luke converted the inhabitants of this area, which was under Roman rule, to Christianity. The Franks invaded the country in 536. Later, under Charlemagne, the bishop was removed from the post of governor, and secular rulers began to be appointed to this position. The area was under Carolingian rule until 911, when the German Empire split into major and minor duchies.
Within the Duchy of Swabia, on the territory of present-day Liechtenstein, there were the fiefs of Schellenberg and Vaduz, which later became part of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1507, Emperor Maximilian granted Vaduz special rights and privileges, including sovereignty and tax collection. These rights were transferred to the Austrian Liechtenstein family.
The Liechtenstein family really wanted to get a seat in the Reichstag of the Holy Roman Empire. To do this, he had to own lands, the overlord of which would be the emperor himself (unmittelbar). For this purpose, Hans-Adam I acquired two tiny fiefs on the border with Switzerland from the impoverished owners of Hohenems - Schellenberg (in 1699) and Vaduz (in 1712). These lands had the necessary legal status.
Thanks to the assistance of Eugene of Savoy (who was Prince Liechtenstein's matchmaker), in 1719 the emperor recognized the head of the family, Anton Florian, as a prince of sovereign dignity. This is how the Principality of Liechtenstein appeared.
From 1815 to 1866, Liechtenstein was part of the German Confederation, and in 1860 the Liechtensteins became hereditary members of the upper house of the Austrian parliament, and in 1866, under Johann II of Liechtenstein (1840-1929), the principality gained independence. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Liechtenstein acted as an ally of Austria, and from 1876 to 1918 had close ties with Austria-Hungary.
After the First World War, Liechtenstein terminated the agreement with Austria and refocused on Switzerland: an agreement on trade and postal service was signed in 1921, and in 1924 Customs Union. Since then, the currency of Liechtenstein has been the Swiss franc. Since 1919, Switzerland has represented Liechtenstein's diplomatic and consular interests abroad.
During World War II, the principality maintained neutrality. In 1990, Liechtenstein joined the UN, and in 1991 - the European Free Trade Association.
Administrative division
Liechtenstein consists of two historically established administrative parts: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein) with its center in the city of Vaduz, and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein) with its center in the city of Schellenberg. The Principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 communes. Communes mostly consist of a single city. Five communes are within the electoral district of Lower Liechtenstein, the remaining six belong to Upper Liechtenstein.
Geographical data
The Principality is located in the spurs of the Alps, the most high point— Mount Grauspitz (2,599 m). One of the rivers flows through the western part of the country. largest rivers Western Europe- Raine. The climate is temperate, precipitation 700-1,200 mm per year. About a quarter of the territory is covered with forests (spruce, beech, oak); in the mountains there are subalpine and alpine meadows.
Along with Uzbekistan, it is one of two countries in the world from which it is necessary to cross two borders to exit into the World Ocean.
Economy
Liechtenstein is a prosperous industrial country with a developed financial services sector and high level life.
Liechtenstein's GDP in 2007 was $4.16 billion. GDP per capita was $118 thousand (1st place in the world).
Home industry economy - manufacturing industry: metalworking, precision instrument making, optics, production of vacuum equipment, electronic systems, microprocessors. The basis of the industry is precision engineering and instrument making. The largest companies are Hilti AG (fastening, small-sized construction equipment with autonomous power supply) and Balzers AG (ultra-deep vacuum equipment for the optical, microelectronic and microprocessor industries). The industry is almost entirely export-oriented. A significant place is occupied by the food industry (in particular, the production of canned food and wine), textiles, ceramics and pharmaceutical industry.
With the development of the manufacturing industry and the growth entrepreneurial activity the labor resources of Liechtenstein itself ceased to satisfy the demand for labor. IN different areas The economy employs approximately 32.4 thousand people, with more than a third of them (12.9 thousand people) coming to work daily from Austria, Switzerland and Germany. The industrial sector employs 43% of workers, 55% in the service sector, and less than 2% in agriculture.
A significant source of income for the population and the treasury is foreign tourism, as well as the issue of postage stamps.
Agriculture specializes mainly in pasture farming for meat and dairy production (75% of agricultural products). They grow grain crops, potatoes and vegetables. Winemaking is traditionally developed. The foothills and lower slopes of the mountains are occupied by orchards and vineyards. High-quality wines are produced from local grape varieties.
International trade
Exports in 2008 - $2.47 billion. The structure of exports is dominated by precision instruments, electronics, postage stamps, and ceramics. Exports are directed mainly to EU countries and Switzerland.
Imports in 2008 - $0.92 billion. The import structure includes machinery, metal products, textiles, food, and cars. The main import partners are EU countries and Switzerland.
Banking system
The country has an effective banking system(total balance sheet amount of approximately CHF 32.5 billion). The largest banks are the National Bank, Liechtensteiner Global Trust, Verwaltungsund Privatbank (since 2005 it has a representative office in Moscow). Thanks to low taxes on capital and profits, as well as strictly guarded banking secrecy, Liechtenstein maintains its position as a major financial center.
Liechtenstein banks came under criticism after in February 2008, German prosecutors received a disk with the data of several hundred German citizens suspected of tax evasion by transferring money to the accounts of various funds in Liechtenstein.
Along with Monaco and Andorra, the Principality of Liechtenstein is on the black list of “tax havens” - states where residents of other countries avoid taxation.
Foreign economic relations
More than 73.7 thousand international concerns and foreign companies are registered in Liechtenstein due to the low level of taxation, simple registration rules and in order to maintain financial secrecy. The state budget consists mainly of taxes, including from these companies (about 30%), income from the issue of postage stamps (10%) and foreign tourism.
Population
The population of Liechtenstein on December 31, 2008 was 35,360 people, with an average population density of about 220 people per km².
Birth rate - 9.75 newborns per 1000 people (2009). Mortality - 7.39 per 1000 people (infant mortality - 4.25 per 1000 births).
Immigration - 4.66 per 1000.
Annual population growth is 0.7% (2009).
Average duration life: men - 76.6 years, women - 83.5 years (2009).
Most of the inhabitants are Liechtensteiners (Alemannics), 65.6% according to the 2000 census, the rest are Italians, Swiss and Austrians.
Official language German, in everyday life - Alemannic dialect German language.
The majority of believers (76%) profess Catholicism, Protestants make up about 7% of the population.
Law enforcement and justice agencies
The Liechtenstein Police (German: Landespolizei) has 120 employees serving in the criminal police, security and traffic police and in the coordination service. In addition, there is a municipal police (German: Gemeindepolizei).
The Principality refused armed forces in 1868. The constitution, however, enshrines the provision on military service.
International relationships
In 2004, Liechtenstein concluded an agreement with the European Union on the expansion of the European Economic Area. For a long time the signing of the agreement was delayed due to the entry into the EU in 2004 of the Czech and Slovak Republics. The Czech Republic and Slovakia refused to recognize Liechtenstein as a state due to unresolved issues of ownership of the ruling princely house. According to Benes' decrees, the property of German (including also Austrian and Liechtenstein) private and legal entities on the territory of Czechoslovakia was expropriated by this state. On September 8, 2009, a cooperation agreement was concluded between the Czech Republic and Liechtenstein, which marked the diplomatic recognition of Liechtenstein by the Czech Republic. There are still no diplomatic relations with Slovakia.
The Principality has its embassies in the USA, Germany, Belgium (at the same time it represents Liechtenstein in the Vatican and is a mission to European Union), Switzerland and Austria. In other countries, the interests of Liechtenstein are represented by the embassies of the Swiss Confederation.
Liechtenstein ( Liechtenstein), a state (principality) in Central Europe. Liechtenstein borders Austria in the east and Switzerland in the west, its territory is completely surrounded by the territories of these states. Liechtenstein is one of the smallest states in the world: 160 sq. km. Liechtenstein consists of two historically established administrative parts: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein) with its center in the city of Vaduz, and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein) with its center in the city of Schellenberg. The Principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 communes. The form of government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the prince. The ruling Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II, ascended the throne on November 13, 1989. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament (Landtag). Since March 25, 2009, the Prime Minister of Liechtenstein is Klaus Tücher.
Liechtenstein Map:
The capital is Vaduz. Largest cities: Vaduz, Schaan, Eschen, Triesen, Balzers. Population 35 thousand people (2009), mainly Liechtensteiners. Italians, Austrians, and Swiss also live on the territory of the principality. The average population density is about 220 people per sq. km. Average life expectancy (2009): 77 years for men, 84 years for women. The birth rate (per 1000 people) is 9.8. The mortality rate (per 1000 people) is 7.4. The official language is German, in everyday life it is the Alemannic dialect of German. The majority of believers are Catholics (76%), Protestants make up about 7% of the population.
The Principality is located in the spurs of the Alps south of Lake Constance, the highest point is Mount Grauspitz (2,599 m). Mountains occupy three quarters of the country's territory. The country is poor in mineral resources. Only limestone is mined for construction purposes and white clays and alabaster are mined for making pottery and ceramics. One of the largest rivers in Western Europe, the Rhine, flows through the western part of the country. The climate in the Rhine Valley is mild because it is protected from cold winds by mountains on all sides. The average annual temperature is 9.5°C, the average January temperature is 0°C, July is 18°C. In extreme cases, the temperature in winter drops to –20°C, and in summer it rises to +30°C. The climate of the mountains is more severe. average temperature In January there is –6–10° C, in July – +12–14° C. In winter there is snow in the mountains for a long time. The average annual precipitation in the Rhine valley is 700–800 mm, in the mountains – up to 1200 mm. About a quarter of the territory is covered with forests (spruce, beech, oak); in the mountains there are subalpine and alpine meadows. The fauna is represented by the following animals: chamois, red deer, roe deer, mountain goats, weasels, stone martens, raccoons, on the plains - foxes, hares, near reservoirs - otters. The avifauna includes hazel grouse, quail, partridge, cranes, snipe, woodcock, heron, wild geese, bittern, black grouse, jays, mergansers, wood pigeons, blackbirds, eagles, etc. Trout, chub, grayling, and carp are bred in the reservoirs. Much attention devoted to nature conservation. There are six reserves in the country.
Liechtenstein is a prosperous industrial country with a developed financial services sector and a high standard of living. Liechtenstein's GDP in 2007 was $4.16 billion. GDP per capita was $118 thousand (1st place in the world). The main branch of the economy is the manufacturing industry: metalworking, precision instrument making, optics, production of vacuum equipment, electronic systems, microprocessors. The basis of the industry is precision engineering and instrument making. The industry is almost entirely export-oriented. A significant place is occupied by the food and flavoring industries (in particular, the production of canned food and wine), textiles, ceramics and pharmaceutical industries. Agriculture specializes mainly in pasture farming for meat and dairy production. They grow grain crops, potatoes and vegetables. Winemaking is traditionally developed. Electricity production 153 million kWh. Majority industrial enterprises- branches of Swiss companies. Liechtenstein is a center of international financial activities. A significant source of income for the population and the treasury is foreign tourism, as well as the production of porcelain dentures and the issuance of postage stamps. The country has an efficient banking system. Along with Monaco and Andorra, the Principality of Liechtenstein is included in the black list of “tax havens” - states where residents of other countries avoid taxation.
Liechtenstein is a member of the UN, as well as a member of several trade associations in Europe.
Generally accepted full form: Principality of Liechtenstein;Generally accepted short form: Liechtenstein; local full form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein; local short form: Liechtenstein.
State structure: hereditary constitutional monarchy.
Capital: Vaduz.
Administrative division: 11 communes (Ge-meinde): Balzers, Vaduz, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggel, Triesen, Triesenberg, Schahn, Schellenberg, Eschen.
Dependent territories:
Independence: On January 23, 1719, the Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein was founded; On July 12, 1806 it became independent from the Holy Roman Empire.
National holiday: Assumption of the Virgin Mary, August 15.
Constitution: October 5, 1921
Legal system: local civil and criminal laws; The compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice is accepted with reservations.
Suffrage: from 20 years old; universal.
head of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since November 13, 1989, received executive powers on August 26, 1984); crown prince ALOIS (ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein), son of the monarch (born June 11, 1968);
head of the government: head of government Mario FRICK (since December 15, 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Michael RITTER (since February 2, 1997);
government: the cabinet is elected by the Landtag; approved by the monarch; elections: no; hereditary monarchy; After parliamentary elections, the monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party in the Landtag as head of government, and the leader of the party with the second largest faction in the Landtag as deputy head of government.
Legislature: unicameral Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct universal suffrage using a proportional system for 4 years); elections: the last one took place on February 3-11, 2001 (the next one is expected in 2005); election results: distribution of votes between parties: FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; distribution of seats among parties: FBP 13, VU 11, FL1.
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof); High Court (Obergericht).
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU) (Oswald KRANZ); Citizens' Progressive Party (FBPL) (Ernst WALCH); Freedom List (FL) (Pepo FRICK, , Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER).
Groups political influence and their leaders:
Participation in international organizations: CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO (observer), WIPO, WTrO.
Diplomatic representation in the USA: Liechtenstein does not have an embassy in the United States; in current diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein's interests are represented by the Swiss Embassy.
US diplomatic mission: The US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein; the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein.
Flag description: two equal horizontal stripes of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the blue stripe on the shaft side.
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