What is military affairs? Military affairs
Story
Military affairs is present throughout the history of mankind, since it affected its fundamental interests. For the period from 3600 BC. e. Until 1980, approximately 1,455 wars occurred, including two world wars, during which more than 3.6 billion people were killed, starved, or died from epidemics. According to N.P. Mikhnevich’s calculations in the history of mankind for one year peaceful life All mankind experiences an average of 13 years of war. Conflicts in society (state) and among them arose at all stages of development human society and provided certain influence for its development.
Military affairs begins to be cultivated in society, like all other activities of people, aimed, first of all, at maintaining vital important functions, such as continuation of life, clan, freedom.
On composition, development and content military affairs in a particular state (society), in a specific historical era, was influenced by many factors, primarily such as the social and political system of the state, the level of development industrial production, the level of development of science and education, cultural traditions of the population, the spiritual state of society in the state. In general, content, main directions of development and improvement military affairs in any state have common features, which follow from the objective laws of world development. At the same time, they also have significant differences, conditioned geographical location state, its population, economic activity, the nature of external threats.
Military affairs begins to play a significant role in the socio-political life of many ethnocultural entities for various reasons: it was a struggle for living space, for territories; or military affairs became a type of activity in which it was possible to increase the welfare of a particular cultural and historical community (according to at least some part of it), was a means of profit or a means of survival in extreme periods of the existence of the ethnos.
In Ancient Egypt, Greece, India, China, and then in Rome, the first theoretical works on military affairs, some provisions of which have not lost their significance to this day. Over time, the theory and practice of military affairs improved, new types and types of formations were created, weapons and military equipment, the strategy and tactics of their use were improved.
To study military affairs in many states specialized educational institutions have been created (military academies, schools, institutes, etc.), it is also being studied or planned to be studied in some civilian educational institutions(see military department) of many states.
In Russia
In the state
Military affairs in Russia is a term that, in a broad sense, covers all issues of military theory and practice related to the construction, training and actions of the Armed Forces of the state in peacetime and wartime, as well as preparing the population in case of war, and includes the following components:
- Military construction is a part of military affairs, which includes the theory and practice of construction (formation, reform), in accordance with external and internal conditions in the world and the country, the armed forces of the state, interconnected economic, socio-political, military and other activities to create and improve military organization states.
- Military Administration - component government, in the field of training and management of the armed forces, troops (forces) in peacetime (war) and preparing the population in case of war, an integral part of military affairs.
- Military training of the population
- Military law is a branch of law that, in a broad sense, covers everything legal issues related to military affairs, a system established by the state legal norms, establishing the principles and forms of structure of the armed forces, regulating relations in the field of their construction, life, everyday life and activities and defining the duties, rights and responsibilities of military personnel, those liable for military service and other participants in societies, relations in the field of military affairs.
- Documents (laws) of peacetime.
- Military doctrine - a declaration on the policy of the state (country) in the field military security. A system of official views and provisions of the leadership of the state (country), establishing the direction of the preparation and actions of the state, military development, in peace and war.
- Wartime documents (laws).
- Documents (laws) of peacetime.
- Military policy is an integral part of the general policy of classes, states, parties and other socio-political institutions, directly related to the creation of a military organization, the preparation and use of armed violence to achieve political goals.
- Military economics is the most important and developed area of the state's economy, which in a broad sense covers all economic issues of military affairs, ensuring the military (defense) potential of the state (country).
- The rear is an integral part of the armed forces of the state, ensuring the fulfillment of the assigned tasks of the armed forces;
- Military art is the theory and practice of preparing and waging war, military operations on land, sea, air and space. The theory of military art is part of military science. The art of war includes strategy, operational art and tactics, which are closely related to each other. The main provisions of the art of war are expressed in its principles, which are common to military actions of strategic, operational and tactical scales, since the paths are expressed in them practical application objective laws of war and armed forces. The state of military art depends on the level of development of production and means armed struggle, the nature of the social system of the state. For the development of military art. are influenced by historical and national characteristics, geographical conditions and economics.
- Military science or the science of war is a field of science that is a system of knowledge about the preparation and conduct of war by states, coalitions of states or classes to achieve political goals, an integral part of military affairs.
- Theory of military art
- Military strategy (Theory of strategic art) is the science of conducting military operations (war) on a global scale, the field of military art. Covers issues of theory and practice of preparation for military operations (war), their planning and conduct.
- Operational Art (Theory operational art) - the science of conducting military operations on the scale of theaters of military operations (TVD), an integral part of the art of war, occupies an intermediate position between military tactics and strategy. Studies methods of preparing and conducting joint and independent operations (combat operations) by large military formations - corps (group of corps), armies, front (group of armies), group of fronts.
- Theory of tactics, Tactics (ancient Greek. τακτικός "pertaining to the formation of troops", from τάξις "formation and disposition") - a section of theory and an integral part of military art, including the theory of preparation and conduct of combat by formations (corps, division, brigade), units (ships) and subunits of various types of armed forces, branches of troops (forces) and special troops on land, air and sea; military theoretical discipline. Tactics covers the study, development and preparation of all types of combat operations: offensive, defensive, oncoming combat, tactical regroupings and so on.
- Military engineering art (obsolete military engineering) is a part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting engineering support for armed struggle: design and construction of military facilities, communications, fortifications and bridges, providing troops with water, energy and auxiliary means, the use or neutralization of conventional explosives, including mines, in order to facilitate the advance of friendly forces or impede the advance of enemy troops, as well as other issues engineering support. In addition, the concept of military engineering includes the design and development of equipment necessary to perform the listed tasks, including means of camouflage and shelter.
- Naval art is a part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting armed combat at sea. Naval art consists of strategic use navy, operational art and tactics navy.
- Management and theory of military development - is a system of scientific knowledge about the essence, patterns, principles, forms and methods of management and construction of the armed forces, troops (forces) in military (combat) operations, as well as their life activities in peacetime.
- Mobilization preparation.
- Military history is the science of the origin, construction and actions of the armed forces ( military formations) states (peoples) of the world.
- Domestic military history.
- Foreign military history.
- Military legislation (Military law).
- Military statistics - identification, analysis and collection of statistical data of phenomena and processes of military affairs.
- Military pedagogy is a branch of pedagogy that studies patterns in education, training and psychological preparation military personnel.
- Theory of military training and education.
- Combat training.
- Theory of military art
- Theory war economy and rear (supply, support)
- Defense production theory
Military affairs is simple and quite accessible to the common mind of a person. But fighting is difficult.
In the armed forces
Military affairs- in a narrow sense, military affairs in the Armed Forces of the USSR and Russia means a system of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for military personnel and those liable for military service to successfully fulfill their military duty. For various categories For military personnel, separate criteria are provided for knowledge, skills and abilities, depending on the type of armed forces, type of troops, unit, specialty (military specialty, military training)) and position occupied.
I vow to study conscientiously military affairs, to protect military and national property in every possible way and to be devoted to your People, your Soviet Motherland and the Soviet Government until your last breath.
The main condition for a serviceman to fulfill his duties is his training under the Combat Training program.
To master the specialty "shooter" you must have at least a basic education general education(nine classes high school). Specialty training is carried out at the place of service in the troops (forces).
After training, the shooter must know:
Military personnel who have successfully completed military affairs in their specialty, in an assigned position and performing their military duty conscientiously, can be marked (marked) with insignia (for example):
- Excellent Student of the Red Army / Excellent Student of the Navy
- Excellent in combat and political training.
- Excellent Air Force Officer.
- Excellent student of the Navy.
In other countries
IN foreign countries this term absent, present (replaced) by the term military science(military studies, military sciences) or military art, in Russia these terms have separate meaning presented above. The most significant foreign models of military affairs are presented below.
Prussian (German) model
Motivation and inner conviction are a decisive condition for success in military affairs.
In Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, South Africa and some South American countries military research(or military sciences; German Militärwissenschaften) - denotes everything that relates to the art of war, military sciences and the history of wars (military actions) (or: military history).
Military art studies the development of the laws of war, includes the study of the goals of war (military policy), using the means of war - the armed forces (military construction: organization, management, armament and equipment of troops, fortresses, fleets).
Military sciences include doctrines of the use of war, means of war ( armed forces), strategy (line of war (military operations) and tactics (execution of individual movements (marches) and battles of troops).
Military history studies the history of wars (military actions) and the conclusions from wars (military actions).
In addition to practical military sciences, other (auxiliary) sciences are used (fortification, weapons, etc.).
In addition to military sciences, it is envisaged to use part of other sciences, the knowledge of which is caused by military necessity(military geography, military geology, etc.).
Anglo-Saxon model
Areas of responsibility of the territorial unified commands of the US Armed Forces (December 2008).
In the USA, England, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and other English-speaking countries, military science is the process of translating a state's national defense policy into production military power, using military scientists, including: theorists, researchers, experimental scientists, applied scientists, designers, testing engineers, and military personnel responsible for creating weapons prototypes. In doing so, military science seeks to interpret policy into such military skills that, by applying military concepts and military techniques, can be used in military technology, military weapons systems and other military matters to produce the required military capabilities of the state. Consists of:
See also
Notes
- Military affairs// Big Soviet encyclopedia/ A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd edition. - Moscow: Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1971. - T. 05. - P. 217. - 640 p.
- Military affairs // Military encyclopedia / P. S. Grachev. - Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1994. - T. 2. - P. 149. - ISBN 5-203-00299-1.
- Military affairs // Soviet military encyclopedia. - Moscow: Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense, 1979. - T. 2. - P. 210.
- Military Affairs // Military encyclopedic dictionary. - Moscow: Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1986. - P. 139. - 863 p. - 150,000 copies.
- Military affairs // Military encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. A. P. Gorkin. - Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2001. - T. 1. - P. 305. - 848 p. - 5,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-219-6.
- Flavius Vegetius Renatus, " Summary military affairs.»
- “History of military art from ancient times to the 19th century.” St. Petersburg , 1885 and 1896
- Website rubaltik.ru “Latvian students can start studying military science at universities.”
- m), Article 71, Chapter 3, Section One, Constitution of Russia
Military affairs in Rus' - in Ancient Rus' its armed forces consisted of the princes themselves. squads (consisting mainly of Varangians) and zemstvo. militia. The squads were located in capital cities and regions. cities and the princes were quite wealthy. content. Zemsk, militia in case great war was convened and dissolved at the end. They were commanded by those and other governors, to whom were subordinate the thousanders, centurions and foremen. To Kyiv. book Svyatoslav Igorevich, the Russians did not have their own cavalry and hired it from the Uers and Pechenegs. Both Svyatoslav and his son Vladimir, during their campaigns against the Volzhsk, Bulgars and near Korsun (988), transported infantry by water, in boats, and sent cavalry along the shore; on the Dnieper On the rapids, the ships were carried by hand and then lowered into the water again. With the advent of Christianity in Rus', the Varangians. the squads were gradually replaced by Russians. army, nobles from youths and swordsmen. Each city also had its own military men. People, the militia still gathered only in emergency situations. Hikes were made mostly in winter, so as not to distract warriors from rural households. classes. The weapons were issued just before the campaign, and after its completion they were taken away and kept by the prince. arsenal. The army was divided into spearmen and archers. In the field they protected themselves with fences and stakes (fortress), and on the march they moved with a guard in front and on the sides. During the siege of cities, they tried to interrupt communication between them, for which purpose they located their forts on the roads. The walls of the cities were pierced with vices (rams), the ditches were filled with earth, along which they climbed to the walls. Time Tat.-Mong. The yoke had a very significant impact on the general structure of Russia. troops. In addition to the regiments of rights. and lion hands, a large, guard, advanced and ambush regiment appeared. Cavalry began to make up the predominant part of the army, having adopted the mode of action from the Tatars - first throwing out a mass of arrows and spears while galloping. The infantry was intended to capture cities and forts and hold back the enemy's onslaught. The appearance of fire weapons in Rus' are attributed to the reign of Dmitry Donskoy. First mentioned. about guns and cannons in connection with the defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh (1382). The guns were brought to Rus' from Germany through Novgorod the Great and from Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Under Ivan III Vasilyevich, local troops appeared in Rus'. The foot and horse dat people stood completely separately. Under Ivan the Terrible, up to 80 thousand people were collected. During his reign they received further development Sagittarius, troops. The third type of troops of that time were the Cossacks - Don, Yaik, Terek. Dac people were supplied to the army for military service, which consisted of appointing dat people to the service, arming them, equipping them and supplying them with food supplies and money. From whom to take the data people and in what number was determined by the Rank Order. “City and prison affairs” was a general obligation. military service, from which no one was exempt. The participation of the population in it was expressed: 1) in the supply of materials for the construction of fortifications; 2) in workers' attire for excavation work; 3) in the defense of cities and fortified points of their district. He will carry out everything, the orders were made by the governors. In addition to 5 regiments, in the 16th century. a walk-city also appeared. The nature of the war was mostly offensive, in order “to prevent the enemy from entering their cities in order to meet him in his own land.” Under Ivan III, the Cannon Hut was built in Moscow, which served as an impetus for the rapid development of artillery. Under Ivan the Terrible, the defense of the “towns” was entrusted to the chief. way to the artillery. Since 1552 field army He always maneuvers with artillery. “City and prison affairs”, due to the special attention of the government to the defense of borders, early reached a relatively high degree of development. The contents of the troops in peacetime and war were ensured by Ch. way with stocks in kind. Due to randomness and uncertainty of legislation. measures in this regard, a lot of abuses occurred, and the army was often left without bread and money.
Materials used from the book: Boguslavsky V.V., Burminov V.V. Rus' of the Rurikovichs. Illustrated Historical Dictionary.
Battle of the Kalka River
Process feudal fragmentation from the middle of the 11th century Kyiv State and the resumption of new raids by nomads became the historical background against which Russian military art developed. These factors, along with the development of the feudal way of life in society and the improvement of military equipment, determined the nature of Russian military art and its features in Rus'.
As for the recruitment of troops, its composition was different, everything depended on the nature and goals of the war. In each case, the boyars took part in these wars with their troops and, of course, the prince’s personal squad, as well as volunteers - the so-called “hunters” from among the population of the cities. It should be said that these forces were often supplemented by urban militia and rarely by rural militia.
The squad and militia were assembled by the prince himself and the commanders - the thousandths - after making a specific decision, for example, about a campaign or an attack on the enemy. The collection process lasted approximately one week. And in large principalities, such as Vladimir-Suzdal or Novgorod, a little more than a week. For example: the army to confront the Mongols on the Kalka River in 1223 took more than one month to gather. There were no big changes in the organization of the squad: as before, it was divided into senior and junior. But some changes were caused by the ongoing internecine struggle. Each of the princes sought, as a counterbalance to the boyar opposition, to strengthen the junior squad through numbers. As part of the junior squad, over time, such a category of warriors as “merciful people” appeared. They received armor, including a horse, from the prince. Over time, the service acquired a hereditary character. It should be noted that from the middle of the 12th century, another category of warriors appeared in Ancient Rus' - “saddlers”. Most likely, these people belonged to the settlers who were dependent on the prince. They fought as part of the light cavalry. Residents of the steppe borderlands of Rus' who inhabited fortresses southern borders, were part of the princely squad. But over time, especially with the aggravation of internecine contradictions, they became independent and combined ordinary life with a guard service.
In terms of organization, the army of Rus' at that time consisted of infantry and cavalry. The infantry consisted of militias from the poor part of the population. Over time the role of this kind troops gradually underwent changes. Infantry could be used independently as landing troops or during siege, assault and defense of fortresses. But the importance of cavalry in the army of Ancient Rus' increased more and more. The cavalry was divided into heavy and light. It should be said that at that time only “armourers,” that is, heavy cavalry, were considered full-fledged warriors. They had complete both protective and offensive weapons. A long pike and a sword served as their weapons.
Rooks
Clan groups of nomads (Torks, Berendeis, Kovuis), as well as warriors from the junior squad and militia, served in the light cavalry and formed its basis. It should be noted that the allocation of light cavalry in Rus' occurred earlier than in Western countries. This suggests that a great step forward has been made in the development of military art.
As for military navigation in Rus', it developed only in Novgorod. This can be confirmed by the campaign of the Novgorodians together with the Korelians in 1188 against the capital of Sweden, the city of Sigtuna. At the same time, in each principality of Ancient Rus' there was a flotilla of river (ship's army) warships - nasads.
Military technology did not lag behind the development. In the middle of the 12th century there appeared throwing machines, as well as hand crossbows (crossbows). They became widespread primarily in Western Russian lands.
The Russian army during this period was divided into regiments, they were formed at the expense of the militia major cities. The order of battle was regimental row. The regiments were divided into banners - detachments of large feudal lords, city militias. The banners, in turn, were divided into tactical units- “spears”. The number of copies was approximately 15–20 people. But the number of banners in the regiment, as well as copies in the banner, respectively, often changed. Signals in Russian army served in the infantry with the help of a tambourine, and in the cavalry - with a trumpet.
Traditional character in Kievan Rus were issues of training and education of soldiers. The basis of military training was daily exercise in horse riding, fencing, archery, etc. There are known cases (from Western sources) of Russian soldiers participating in knightly tournaments at European courts. Big role Animal hunting continued to play a role in military training; it developed individual skills in handling weapons and riding, but was mainly psychological training.
Changes public relations contributed to the formation of appropriate moral values of soldiers. Unlike other countries, already in the 13th century in Rus', love for the homeland was closely connected with the honor and valor of a warrior brought up on the ideals Orthodox faith. Special role Folk epic was played to form the moral and psychological qualities of Russian soldiers. All this influenced the education of warriors and the development of military traditions.
Here is an example of the level of morality of Russian soldiers of that period: “ best men“The troops of Igor Novgorod-Seversky considered it a sin to abandon their “simple” fellow soldiers and break out of the encirclement themselves, so they preferred death or captivity to life obtained at the cost of betrayal. Gabriel Tsobekhia
Military affairs in Rus'
Battle of the Kalka River
The process of feudal fragmentation from the middle of the 11th century of the Kyiv state and the resumption of new raids by nomads became the historical background against which Russian military art developed. These factors, along with the development of the feudal way of life in society and the improvement of military equipment, determined the nature of Russian military art and its features in Rus'.
As for the recruitment of troops, its composition was different, everything depended on the nature and goals of the war. In each case, the boyars took part in these wars with their troops and, of course, the prince’s personal squad, as well as volunteers - the so-called “hunters” from among the population of the cities. It should be said that these forces were often supplemented by urban militia and rarely by rural militia.
The squad and militia were assembled by the prince himself and the commanders - the thousandths - after making a specific decision, for example, about a campaign or an attack on the enemy. The collection process lasted approximately one week. And in large principalities, such as Vladimir-Suzdal or Novgorod, a little more than a week. For example: the army to confront the Mongols on the Kalka River in 1223 took more than one month to gather. There were no big changes in the organization of the squad: as before, it was divided into senior and junior. But some changes were caused by the ongoing internecine struggle. Each of the princes sought, as a counterbalance to the boyar opposition, to strengthen the junior squad through numbers. As part of the junior squad, over time, such a category of warriors as “merciful people” appeared. They received armor, including a horse, from the prince. Over time, the service acquired a hereditary character. It should be noted that from the middle of the 12th century, another category of warriors appeared in Ancient Rus' - “saddlers”. Most likely, these people belonged to the settlers who were dependent on the prince. They fought as part of the light cavalry. Residents of the steppe borderlands of Rus', who inhabited the fortresses of the southern borders, were part of the princely squad. But over time, especially with the aggravation of internecine contradictions, they became independent and combined ordinary life with guard duty.
In terms of organization, the army of Rus' at that time consisted of infantry and cavalry. The infantry consisted of militias from the poor part of the population. Over time, the role of this type of troops gradually underwent changes. Infantry could be used independently as landing troops or during siege, assault and defense of fortresses. But the importance of cavalry in the army of Ancient Rus' increased more and more. The cavalry was divided into heavy and light. It should be said that at that time only “armourers,” that is, heavy cavalry, were considered full-fledged warriors. They had full defensive and offensive weapons. A long pike and a sword served as their weapons.
Rooks
Clan groups of nomads (Torks, Berendeis, Kovuis), as well as warriors from the junior squad and militia, served in the light cavalry and formed its basis. It should be noted that the allocation of light cavalry to the cavalry in Rus' occurred earlier than in Western countries. This suggests that a great step forward has been made in the development of military art.
As for military navigation in Rus', it developed only in Novgorod. This can be confirmed by the campaign of the Novgorodians together with the Korelians in 1188 against the capital of Sweden, the city of Sigtuna. At the same time, in each principality of Ancient Rus' there was a flotilla of river (ship's army) warships - nasads.
Military technology did not lag behind the development. In the middle of the 12th century, throwing machines appeared, as well as hand crossbows (crossbows). They became widespread primarily in Western Russian lands.
During this period, the Russian army was divided into regiments; they were formed by the militia of large cities. The order of battle was regimental row. The regiments were divided into banners - detachments of large feudal lords, city militias. The banners, in turn, were divided into tactical units - “spears”. The number of copies was approximately 15–20 people. But the number of banners in the regiment, as well as copies in the banner, respectively, often changed. Signals to the Russian army were given to the infantry using a tambourine, and to the cavalry using a trumpet.
The issues of training and education of soldiers were of a traditional nature in Kievan Rus. The basis of military training was daily exercises in horse riding, fencing, archery, etc. There are known cases (from Western sources) of Russian soldiers participating in knightly tournaments at European courts. Animal hunting continued to play a major role in military training; it developed individual skills in handling weapons and riding, but mainly served as psychological training.
Changes in social relations contributed to the formation of appropriate moral values of soldiers. Unlike other countries, already in the 13th century in Rus', love for the homeland was closely connected with the honor and valor of a warrior brought up on the ideals of the Orthodox faith. Folk epic played a special role in the formation of the moral and psychological qualities of Russian soldiers. All this influenced the education of warriors and the development of military traditions.
Here is an example of the level of morality of Russian soldiers of that period: the “best men” of the troops of Igor Novgorod-Seversky considered it a sin to abandon their “simple” fellow soldiers and break out of encirclement themselves, so they preferred death or captivity to life obtained at the cost of betrayal.
Gabriel Tsobekhia