What is waste management in municipal utilities? Standards for the accumulation of municipal solid waste
At the beginning of 2016, a new clause on the removal of solid municipal waste appeared in receipts for payment of housing maintenance.
What does this concept mean?
Solid municipal or, as they are also called, household waste includes a fairly wide list: waste from residential and industrial, commercial and public premises, fallen leaves, remnants of repair materials, waste from yard areas, spoiled food.
In other words, they include everything that ends up in garbage containers near high-rise buildings.
Municipal solid waste also differs in the method of processing and handling, source of origin, level of hazard, composition and other characteristics.
However, not everything can be thrown into bins in the yard. The law specifies the rules for handling and clear separation of municipal waste.
Can be thrown into trash containers:
- wood and plant waste;
- small debris collected by wipers (dust, cigarette butts, etc.);
- food waste and spoiled food;
- textile items
- materials used for packaging (cardboard), waste paper and newspapers.
The following should not be thrown into trash containers:
- bulky waste after renovation;
- liquid and oil products;
- pet feces;
- expired medications and other pharmaceutical waste;
- toxic substances.
All this garbage must be removed individually with the help of special services. This is especially important for municipal waste hazardous to health, such as broken light bulbs and used energy-saving lamps.
You need to know the basic rules for handling them.
Such things contain mercury, which even in small quantities has a detrimental effect on human health.
Most of us do not think about the consequences that are possible due to violations of the rules for handling municipal waste. Garbage can sit in containers for several days and cause unpleasant consequences: contamination (in the case of organic waste), poisoning (mercury) and possible fire.
It is important to follow the handling rules and teach this to your children. After all, the health of those around you and your family directly, as well as the environmental situation as a whole, depends on how seriously you take them.
The minor inconvenience of calling special services cannot be compared with the danger to which innocent people are exposed.
Amendments to the law on municipal waste accumulation
Recently, several significant amendments have been made to the legal act for the accumulation of municipal solid waste.
- The distinction between waste from industrial and residential areas has been abolished.
- The organization of a unified control system for the disposal of all waste is prescribed.
- A new calculation of payment for the removal of household waste has been determined.
- Standards have been introduced for the accumulation of waste per inhabitant of an apartment or entirely from a retail space per area.
- To resolve all organizational issues in the regions, a MSW operator is appointed. His appointment is carried out by the administration bodies (a competitive selection is carried out). The main requirements: availability of serviceable transport for waste removal and permission for this activity from Rospotrebnadzor.
Over the past year, various tests have been carried out, as a result of which standards for solid waste accumulation were developed and calculated. This is exactly what the new column in the payment receipt for housing maintenance reflects.
Determination of standards for the accumulation of municipal waste
The new instructions clearly define the standards for each category of persons who are subject to the rules of treatment.
These include:
- owners of residential premises;
- owners of adjacent territories;
- individual entrepreneurs renting production premises.
The standards are determined using special measurements once a season carried out by the MSW operator. To do this, choose a residential area in which at least 2% of the total population is concentrated for small cities, 1% for large cities and 0.5% for cities with a population of over a million.
To carry out such measurements, special equipment is used - special containers and large plastic bags. The separation of solid waste from all three categories is clearly monitored and the possibility of mixing is eliminated. After such work has been carried out, a waste report must be compiled for each day.
The next step is to calculate additional coefficients using specially derived formulas:
- average daily standard;
- average quantitative standard for each season;
- annual standard (daily rate multiplied by the number of days in a year);
- average monthly standard.
After the experimental containers are filled, the mass and volume of waste is measured.
To do this, a number of steps are performed.
- Leveling all waste.
- Using a special ruler, the volume of collected waste is measured. The measurement takes place from top to bottom, and the length of the ruler is one and a half meters.
- A dynamometer is used to measure the mass, and then the mass of the empty tank is subtracted from the obtained value.
- If the weight of the waste is less than 10 kg, it can be weighed using a loading vehicle.
All obtained results are entered into a special table, after which the average value is displayed for all types of solid waste separately (residential, household, industrial).
The MSW operator is an entrepreneur who is legally responsible for all payments made and carries out further work with them.
What do the norms depend on?
Ordinary residents of apartment buildings are probably wondering what the standards given in the receipts depend on, why are they not the same for everyone?
They are influenced by the following factors:
- level of amenities of the living space (presence of a central heating system, sewage system, etc.);
- availability of containers for separate collection of various types of waste (plastic, paper, etc.). (in this case, the mass of solid waste is significantly less);
- weather conditions (for example, in the northern regions of our country the heating season has been significantly extended);
- presence of green plantings in the local area.
To accurately compile standards, data from developed and undeveloped areas is used. The method of heating your home is of great importance.
After a complete study, a sanitary passport is drawn up for each type of premises, which, without fail, indicates the number of people living in the high-rise building (for entrepreneurs - places in a cafe or restaurant); level of improvement and grooming of the surrounding area (presence of landscaping work and sidewalk paths).
If separate waste collection takes place, data on its measurement shall be indicated.
MSW standards for each person
For uniform calculations within the whole country, a special instruction has been created, which specifies approximate savings rates for each consumer.
They are:
- average daily for the year;
- average daily for the season;
- average annual
They are calculated taking into account population density.
- comfortable housing (there is central heating, gas and water supply, waste collection is carried out separately);
- poor housing (stove heating, lack of constant water supply and sewerage, waste collection is not carried out, private houses are allocated separately);
- liquid waste (a separate line includes waste accumulating in basements and cesspools).
The final decision on the amount of standards for the accumulation of municipal solid waste is made by local governments. They are adjusted every 5 years.
Temporary standards
Such standards are valid for individual entrepreneurs while the MSW operator takes measurements and calculates constant indicators.
The calculation of temporary standards is based on the occupation of each specific organization. Usually the average value of the amount of garbage is used. According to the instructions, temporary standards should be adjusted once a year.
Each type of activity has its own coefficient. To calculate the number of waste accumulations, it is multiplied by the existing standards and the number of working days.
Nowadays, many areas of individual business use average temporary standards: stores (hardware, grocery, manufactured goods), trays and sales tents, transport offices, various service enterprises.
The calculation of temporary standards does not include bulky waste. If such waste appears, it is included in the calculations and multiplied by a factor of 1.5. For large cities, the rate of accumulation of solid waste from production is at least 2 times less than from residential areas.
New standards. Are they necessary?
The adopted law on municipal waste management is aimed, first of all, at maintaining a favorable environmental situation in places where large numbers of people live. In addition, real indicators of solid waste accumulation in production are being calculated.
The measures taken will help:
- increase the number of enterprises involved in solid waste disposal;
- establish safe disposal of hazardous waste and proper handling of it;
- build new plants to process certain types of waste;
- destroy illegal landfills and bring to justice those responsible for their creation.
The instructions for the solid waste management law clearly define disposal measures for manufacturing enterprises. Now special organizations responsible for waste disposal will not be able to refuse to accept waste. Accordingly, the need for unauthorized landfills will disappear.
New rules for handling municipal waste in a difficult environmental situation couldn’t come at a better time. Their compliance, both by ordinary owners of residential premises and by production companies, will ensure cleanliness and order in every city.
Recently, the environmental community has been literally in a fever due to the simultaneous adoption of several serious regulatory legal acts that are restructuring the entire system of environmental control and supervision in Russia. So, on the eve of the New Year, we received an unexpected legislative “gift” - Federal Law No. 458-FZ dated December 29, 2014 “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition of certain legislative acts as invalid (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 458-FZ). This document radically changes the waste management system, affecting the fundamental concepts and principles of environmental law.
We will not dwell in detail on all the changes provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Let us only note that they touched upon almost all aspects of waste management: issues of ownership of waste, the procedure for licensing waste management activities, professional training of persons authorized to handle waste, and much more were raised. In addition, the terminology used in the field of waste management has also undergone changes.
The innovations also affected the most frequently generated waste—solid household waste. So, in Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ) a new term has appeared for this category of waste:
Extraction
Article 1. Basic concepts
[…]
municipal solid waste- waste generated in residential premises during consumption by individuals, as well as goods that have lost their consumer properties during their use by individuals in residential premises to satisfy personal and household needs. Municipal solid waste also includes waste generated during the activities of legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and similar in composition to waste generated in residential premises during consumption by individuals;
[…]
In addition, new terms relating to the management of MSW were introduced into this article:
Extraction
from Federal Law No. 89-FZ
Article 1. Basic concepts
[…]
standard for accumulation of municipal solid waste— average amount of municipal solid waste generated per unit of time;
[…]
municipal solid waste operator- an individual entrepreneur or legal entity engaged in the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and burial of solid municipal waste;
regional operator for municipal solid waste management[…] - municipal solid waste management operator - a legal entity that is obliged to enter into an agreement for the provision of treatment services with municipal solid waste with the owner solid municipal waste that is generated and collection sites for which are located in the area of activity of the regional operator;
[…]
balance of quantitative characteristics of the formation, recycling, neutralization, burial of solid municipal waste on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - the ratio of the amount of generated solid municipal waste and the quantitative characteristics of their disposal, neutralization, burial, transfer to other constituent entities of the Russian Federation (receipts from other constituent entities of the Russian Federation) for subsequent disposal, neutralization, burial;
[…]
Thus, the term familiar to us "municipal solid waste (MSW)" was replaced by "municipal solid waste (MSW)". In our opinion, the new term is more consistent with established environmental practice. In addition, completely new concepts have been introduced into the field of waste management MSW management operator And regional operator for MSW management, by which we mean organizations of the public utility complex.
In accordance with Federal Law No. 458-FZ, from January 1, 2016, Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be supplemented with Art. 13.2, which contains requirements for development and implementation regional programs in the field of waste management, incl. with MSW. Such a program will have to include the values of target indicators in the field of waste management (including MSW), the achievement of which is ensured as a result of the implementation of the program, a list of activities for waste management (including MSW) indicating the expected results , as well as information on the financing of these activities. These measures should be aimed at stimulating the construction of waste treatment, recycling, neutralization, and disposal facilities (including MSW); co-financing the construction of facilities for the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste from the use of goods; stimulating waste recycling, identifying places of unauthorized waste disposal, etc. The list of activities will be taken into account when developing the activities of the relevant state programs and will be subject to agreement with the territorial bodies of the authorized federal executive body (i.e. with Rosprironadzor). The regional program will be required to be published on the Internet.
From January 1, 2016, Federal Law No. 89-FZ will also be supplemented by Art. 13.3, according to which, for the purpose of organizing and carrying out activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste, the authorized executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation will approve territorial scheme in the field of waste management, incl. with MSW. This scheme will have to be developed in accordance with territorial planning documents and include data on the location of sources of waste generation, on the amount of waste generated, on targets for the neutralization, recycling and disposal of waste, on the location of waste collection and accumulation sites, on the location of treatment facilities , recycling, neutralization, disposal of waste (including MSW) on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, etc. The scheme will also be subject to approval by Rosprirodnadzor and will be publicly available on the Internet.
From January 1, 2016, Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be supplemented with an entire chapter - Ch.V.1 “Regulation of activities in the field of municipal solid waste management”(vv. 24.6-24.13).
In accordance with Art. 24.6 collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of MSW on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation will be carried out regional operator in accordance with the regional program in the field of waste management and the territorial waste management scheme, while the rules for handling MSW approved by the Government of the Russian Federation will have to be observed. The management of MSW, which is waste from the use of goods, will be carried out taking into account the features established in Art. 24.2 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ. The status of a regional operator will be assigned to a legal entity on the basis of a competitive selection conducted by authorized executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for a period of at least 10 years. The grounds for depriving a legal entity of the status of a regional operator will be determined in the rules for handling MSW.
According to Art. 24.7 The owner of MSW will enter into a contract with the regional operator public contract in accordance with a standard agreement approved by the Government of the Russian Federation (the agreement can be supplemented by agreement of the parties with other provisions that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation). The regional operator will not have the right to refuse the owner to enter into an agreement if the owner’s waste is generated and the places of their collection are located in the operator’s area of activity (by the way, the regional operator will have the right to carry out activities on the territory of another constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with the rules for handling MSW and taking into account the agreement , concluded between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation). This situation cannot but rejoice, because it turns out that the owners of solid waste disposal facilities - regional operators - will have not only rights, but also responsibilities.
For example, The author of the article, having worked at one time as an ecologist at a large enterprise, was knocked off her feet in search of companies willing to accept some specific types of waste. Moreover, this waste was indicated in the company’s licenses, but for various reasons (most often it was the lack of profit and the desire to “tinker” with such waste) we were refused.
Based on Art. 24.8 k regulated activities in the field of MSW management will include:
MSW treatment;
MSW neutralization;
MSW disposal;
Provision of services for handling MSW by a regional operator.
All listed activities will be carried out at prices determined by agreement of the parties and not exceeding marginal tariffs, which will be established by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation authorized in the field of tariff regulation, for each organization carrying out the specified types of activities, and for each of the listed types of activities. A single tariff for the service of a regional operator for the management of MSW, as well as tariffs for the processing, neutralization and disposal of MSW, will be subject to regulation.
FOR YOUR INFORMATION
When establishing a single tariff for the service of a regional operator, its costs for processing and disposal of MSW will not be taken into account.
According to Art. 24.9 tariff regulation will be carried out by executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local government bodies. A unified tariff for MSW management services will be established in relation to regional operators, and other tariffs subject to regulation will be established in relation to MSW management operators. Tariffs will be calculated based on the pricing framework established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Methods for regulating tariffs and criteria for their application will be determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. In the event of a change in tariffs at the initiative of the state (for example, due to changes in legislation), a procedure will be provided for compensation of lost benefits for MSW operators. The federal executive body authorized in the field of state regulation of tariffs in the field of MSW management will monitor tariffs.
In accordance with Art. 24.10 to calculate the volume and (or) mass of MSW when concluding contracts with MSW operators, it will be necessary to follow rules for commercial accounting of volume and (or) mass of MSW, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. In cases determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, the volume and (or) mass of MSW is planned to be determined based on MSW accumulation standards, established by executive authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or local government bodies. The procedure for determining standards for the accumulation of MSW will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
According to Art. 24.11 all information relating to regulated types of MSW management activities (including information on tariffs and tariff regulation parameters) will be publicly available and will have to be published on the Internet.
Based on Art. 24.12 the legality and validity of establishing and changing tariffs will be checked at the federal and regional levels, and scheduled and unscheduled inspections are expected to be carried out (for example, based on citizens’ requests).
In addition, according to Art. 24.13 now for the construction, reconstruction and (or) modernization of facilities used for the management of MSW, it will be necessary to draw up on the basis of a territorial scheme in the field of waste management investment program, which will have to contain planned and actual values of performance indicators of MSW management facilities, a list of measures for construction, reconstruction and (or) modernization, the volume of financial needs, a program implementation schedule and a preliminary calculation of tariffs in the field of MSW management. The procedure for development, coordination, approval and adjustment of investment programs will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Thus, by the end of 2015, the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation will have a lot of “paper” work to do, because they must develop and approve a lot of by-laws in the field of MSW management before Chapter comes into force. V.1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, i.e. until January 1, 2016
NOTE
WITH January 1, 2016 Art. 23 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be supplemented with paragraphs. 4 and 5, according to which payment for negative impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as NEP) when disposing of waste ( excluding MSW) will be carried out by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, during the implementation of which economic and (or) other activities generate waste, while payers of fees for the NWOS when placing MSW will be MSW management operators, regional operators, carrying out activities for their placement.
In addition, according to clause 9, which will also be supplemented from January 1, 2016, Art. 23 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, the costs of paying for the NVOS when placing MSW will be taken into account when setting tariffs for the operator for the management of MSW, the regional operator in the manner established by the principles of pricing in the field of MSW management.
Let us note one more important point: with January 1, 2019 Art. 23 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be supplemented with paragraphs. 6 and 7, on the basis of which, when placing waste at waste disposal sites that do not provide an environmentally friendly environment, no payment for environmental impact will be charged, however, it should be noted that the exclusion of environmental pollution (due to the implementation of environmental protection measures, the availability of technical solutions and structures that ensure environmental protection ) will need to be confirmed by environmental monitoring results.
As we see, the changes provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ significantly limit the rights of local governments in the field of waste management. If now they can organize the collection, removal, disposal, and recycling of waste themselves, then starting from January 1, 2016, they will only be able to take part in all waste management operations, and village self-government bodies will only be able to participate in the collection and transportation of MSW, district - in the processing, disposal, neutralization and disposal of solid waste, and urban - in all of the above operations within urban districts.
In our opinion, all this is only for the better. During her career, the author has repeatedly worked with village administrations on the issue of concluding contracts with licensed landfills and can confidently state that there is chaos and a complete lack of understanding of the system of environmental control and supervision in general and safe waste management in particular.
For example, Once, the developer of the draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal, who demanded that a rural school sign an agreement with a landfill, was instead presented with a certificate with the seal of the local administration stating that this school was allowed to export solid waste to the nearest ravine outside the village!
Significant progress towards achieving safe waste management can occur if natural resource users comply with the following norm of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, which will come into force on January 1, 2017:
Extraction
from Federal Law No. 89-FZ
Article 12. Requirements for waste disposal facilities
(as amended, which will come into force on 01/01/2017)
[…]
8. Burying waste that contains useful components that are subject to disposal is prohibited. The list of types of waste that contain useful components, the disposal of which is prohibited, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
[…]
Thanks to the changes provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ, another gap in the legislation, which has already been mentioned more than once, has been closed. So, from January 1, 2016 Art. 12 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be supplemented with clause 10 as follows: “The use of municipal solid waste for land and quarry reclamation is prohibited.” One of the author’s articles, previously published in the Ecologist’s Handbook, was devoted to this issue. The fact is that many unscrupulous users of natural resources are currently trying to “dispose” of their household and construction waste, filling voids from mining or trenches, pits, quarries, passing off this process as land reclamation. Moreover, there are cases of approval (!) of projects for such reclamation. Over the past couple of years, several explanatory letters from Rosprirodnadzor have been issued to explain this situation. And now, fortunately, the norm in question will be enshrined in law, which will eliminate any discrepancies.
We briefly reviewed the innovations in the field of solid waste (now MSW) management that await us in connection with the adoption of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. We advise our readers to study this document in more detail, especially the timing of the entry into force of its individual provisions. Time will tell how it will work in practice. Let's hope that the adoption of this legal act will not cause another round of bureaucratization of the environmental control system, but will lead to a real improvement in the environmental situation in our country.
The removal and disposal of MSW at the Spetstrans Group of Companies is organized according to the following scheme:
- Accepting applications by phone or through a special form on the website.
- Processing the client's request, drawing up a financial estimate and coordinating the frequency of flights.
- Installation of a 0.8-18 m3 bunker on a specially designated container site for the customer.
- As the container fills, we will organize the supply of special transport to the site. We transport the filled bin for emptying to the waste processing and disposal site, and install a similar empty one in its place.
- Providing the necessary reporting documentation.
Our municipal waste containers
To effectively collect and transport MSW, we use storage bins of the following volume:
- 0.8 cubic meters – a household container for collecting solid waste, equipped with a hinged lid. Convenient for installation in courtyards of residential areas, in the private sector, organizations and office premises. Capacity size 1200*750*1150.
- 1.1 m3 - a compact closed Euro container, widely used for placement in public places and housing and communal services facilities. Rotating wheels with a locking mechanism and gripping devices ensure mobility of the container and ease of movement to the unloading site. Tank dimensions 1335*1430*1010.
- Press compactor 18 m3 - equipment for assembling and compacting transported waste, which allows reducing the cost of transporting solid waste by reducing the number of trips. The container is installed primarily at facilities whose activities generate significant amounts of waste (hypermarkets, wholesale markets, warehouses, large production facilities, etc.).
MSW waste is an acronym that arose relatively recently. Somewhat earlier in the conversation, as well as in documents, this type of waste was referred to as MSW (solid biological waste).
In addition to changing the abbreviation and list of MSW waste, the Federal Law introduced changes to the methods of waste disposal. We will tell you more about everything in the article.
What it is?
Municipal solid waste - interpretation of MSW waste. The concept was officially established by Federation Law No. 458-FZ of December 29, 2014.
Based on the content of this Federal Law, MSW is all waste that is generated and accumulated in residential premises as a result of human activity, as well as consumer goods that have expired. Also, the legislation classifies municipal solid waste as garbage that is generated as a result of the activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion that MSW is the waste that is generated as a result of human activities, enterprises and organizations.
Types of MSW
Waste related to MSW is divided into 2 categories:
- biological - those that are also called waste;
- non-biological - ordinary household waste.
Consequently, municipal solid waste includes most of the city's garbage. Biological MSW is food and plant waste, bones, etc. Non-biological waste is synthetic waste (glass, plastic, cellulose, textiles, polyethylene, etc.)
Differences between MSW and MSW
MSW - solid municipal waste. MSW - solid biological waste. The first concept officially, according to established law, replaced the second. Therefore, solid waste remains only in colloquial speech; it no longer appears in documentation.
MSW waste is a more expanded concept than household waste. The thing is that MSW includes not only waste that is regularly removed from residential buildings and apartments, but also garbage that accumulates in offices and enterprises during the working day.
MSW and MSW have the same meaning, so there is nothing terrible for an ordinary person to confuse these 2 concepts. These abbreviations are important for enterprises and organizations involved in the collection and disposal of waste near residential buildings and industrial buildings. After all, these enterprises work with documentation that exclusively refers to the reduction of MSW.
Before Federal Law No. 438, payment for garbage removal was based on the status of the premises - residential or non-residential, as well as on the number of square meters. After this law comes into force, payment for garbage collection services depends on the status of the consumer - an individual or a legal entity.
The fact is that ordinary residents of apartments and houses accumulate and take out much less garbage than what is collected from enterprises and offices. Of course, the payment for the former will be much less than for the latter.
Thus, MSW and MSW are practically equivalent concepts. Only the first remains spoken, and the second appears in documents and reports.
What waste is classified as MSW according to FKKO?
In the Federal Classification Catalog, a whole section is devoted to MSW waste. In block No. 7 you can find the categories to which this or that type of garbage belongs.
7 (30 000 00 00 0) - catalog number dedicated to municipal solid waste. Below is an “extract” from the FKKO, which reflects the lists of the main types of waste:
7 31 110 01 72 4 | unsorted waste from apartments |
7 31 110 02 21 5 | bulky waste from apartments |
7 31 200 01 72 4 | garbage and swept dirt collected from the streets |
7 31 200 02 72 5 | garbage collected after cleaning park areas |
7 31 200 03 72 5 | rubbish and waste collected from public flower beds and cemeteries |
7 31 205 11 72 4 | estimates collected near curbs near traffic roads |
7 31 211 01 72 4 | waste from snow retention grates |
7 31 211 11 39 4 | residue from snow melting equipment with a higher proportion of SiO 2 content |
7 31 300 01 20 5 | plant remains from lawns and flower beds |
7 31 300 02 20 5 | remnants of plant nature after sawdust of trees, cutting of bushes |
7 33 100 01 72 4 | rubbish from office premises, small-sized |
7 22 100 02 72 5 | rubbish from office and household premises, which is practically harmless |
7 33 151 01 72 4 | garbage from floating vehicles not intended to carry people |
This is not a complete list of MSW waste from FKKO. But having already looked through a small excerpt from the catalog, you can see many repetitions with minor clarifications. There is no significant difference in this, except for differences in the categories of danger.
Some types of MSW also belong to some other sections of the classification catalogue: section No. 4 “Industrial and non-industrial consumer waste”.
Collection rules
MSW waste is garbage that is subject to certain handling rules. All these rules are spelled out in the official document “On the management of solid waste” dated November 12, 2016 No. 1156.
MSW waste management: collection, removal, disposal is carried out by a specially designated regional organization, which is fully responsible for the actions taken.
Places for collecting waste from residential premises are stated in the agreement concluded with such a regional organization. Most often, waste collection is carried out:
- in containers or single-use packages provided by this regional organization;
- in containers, trash cans or other large containers placed on a specially designated area on the street;
- into waste collection chambers located in residential buildings.
This applies to small waste. Large ones are collected in the following places:
- in special bunkers located on the sites;
- in a specially designated area.
The main thing when following handling rules is to separate waste of hazard classes 1 and 2 from safe ones.
Disposal methods
There are several ways to dispose of municipal solid waste:
- burial;
- burning;
- composting;
- recycling.
Burial
Disposal of solid waste is the most financially profitable way to dispose of waste. It is financially beneficial, but harmful to the environment, since many types of MSW do not decompose at all or it will take several tens, and possibly hundreds of years. In addition, burial requires the use of vast areas of land. A special burial site is allocated for this purpose.
Landfills must be located behind residential areas, as well as away from water protection, recreational, medical and preventive areas, and park areas.
Some processed and landfilled waste can release dangerous gases that can harm the environment. This landfill gas also needs to be collected and disposed of.
Thus, we can come to the conclusion that burial has only one advantage over other methods of MSW disposal - low cost.
Burning
Incineration of MSW waste is the most common method of disposal. After burning garbage, all that remains is ash, which is easier to dispose of than the original form of solid household waste.
The disadvantage of combustion is that during the combustion process a large amount of harmful and even dangerous substances are released into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is prohibited to carry out the process of recycling huge amounts of waste using this method in the open air. For this purpose, special ovens are used that have the function of neutralizing the released gases.
The advantages of this method of MSW disposal include low financial costs, as well as the fact that after burning the garbage there is nothing left except ash, which is easy to dispose of. If you approach the waste incineration process rationally, the generated heat can be used to generate heating and/or electricity.
One of the methods for safe burning of waste has been developed - pyrolysis. Its essence lies in the thermal elimination of waste, but without the presence of air. In this way, no harmful gases or fumes are generated during the process.
Composting
Composting is only applicable for vegetable or food waste, since composting is nothing more than decomposition. Organic waste collected together is exposed to microorganisms, which, through their activity, transform the waste into compost.
Compost is considered the best type of fertilizer because it consists exclusively of organic raw materials. This type of fertilizer is widely used in agriculture.
For composting MSW, a plot of land is allocated far from residential areas, where there is a lot of moisture and shade, and there is also the possibility of removing excess moisture.
If we judge the advantages of this method, there are several of them:
- environmental safety;
- cheapness;
- obtaining fertilizer useful for agriculture;
- improving the condition of the land on which the composting process is carried out.
There are few disadvantages:
- allocation of a large area of land;
- an unpleasant odor released during the decay process.
With the help of composting, it is possible to safely dispose of 35% of the total amount of MSW. But in order for this recycling process to proceed smoothly, it is necessary to sort organic waste from synthetic waste. To do this, in some yards, separate containers are installed for plastic, glass, etc. In European countries, this has been practiced for a long time.
In Russia, there is an active collection system for used batteries, old light bulbs, and used mercury thermometers.
Recycling
Some MSW waste can find a “second life”. For this purpose, a disposal method such as recycling of recyclable materials is used. This method allows not only to reduce the amount of waste several times, but also to significantly save natural resources.
The following types of waste can be recycled:
- ferrous and non-ferrous metals, which are sent under the press and then remelted;
- timber, which helps reduce tree felling;
- plastic, but recycling this material is much more expensive than its primary production;
- glass, which is used as a recyclable material in construction;
- petroleum products (oils, asphalt);
- waste paper, which is used to make new paper;
- used electronics.
Hazard Class
The overwhelming majority of waste related to MSW have hazard classes 4 and 5. Class 5 includes the most environmentally friendly waste, and Class 4 includes low-hazard waste.
When disposing of class 5 waste, no official confirmation or preparation of a waste passport is required. This type of MSW waste includes saw cuts and fellings of trees, bush branches, leaves, and garbage collected from parks and alley areas. All this can be exported and liquidated without licenses or other documents.
A new service since 2017 is the management of municipal solid waste. What is the difference with MSW and MSW, what changes does this entail and what is the management company obliged to do?
The term “municipal solid waste” was introduced on January 1, 2016. This was first reflected in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, in Art. 154 states that MSW is a public service. Then a legal framework began to be developed, which at the time of 2017 consists of:
- Rules for handling MSW,
- changes in the Rules for the provision of utility services<...> №354,
- Environmental laws also have a great influence on reforms in the MSW sector.
Responsibility for handling MSW
This utility service is provided by the regional operator together with the management company. Responsibilities are divided as follows:
- The management company is obliged to maintain container sites, monitor the cleanliness and correct placement;
- The operator himself transports the waste to landfills or other designated waste collection sites.
- If the apartment building does not have a centralized drainage system, then the removal of liquid waste remains the responsibility of the organization managing the house.
MSW in the receipt is listed in a separate column; now they are not included in the maintenance of common property.
What does the operator do other than take out the trash? It bears full responsibility for the full recycling cycle: waste reception (removal from sites), transportation (transportation to a landfill, etc.), processing and neutralization, as well as disposal (there are separate regulations for this).
Time to transition to new orders
The question is when the regional MSW management operator will be able to begin its work. To conclude an agreement, you need:
- so that a unified tariff for the management of MSW is formed in the region - then payment for MSW will be more transparent;
- conclude an agreement for the removal of MSW between the operator and the administration.
- The house, through the management company, enters into a standard agreement for the management of solid waste.
The method of concluding a contract varies:
- if the house is managed by a management company, then a management agreement for the apartment building is drawn up.
- if the house is managed by an HOA, etc., then an agreement on the provision of utility services is drawn up.
- private homes can also enter into an agreement with the operator directly themselves.
But this will always be an agreement directly with the owners of residential premises and other things.
Norms and requirements
The management of MSW is regulated by rules, violation of which entails termination of the contract and fines. The main thing in MSW waste removal is how often it is removed. Agree that having container bins littered in your yard is a pleasure.
The frequency of removal depends on the ambient temperature and is divided into cold and warm seasons (the average daily temperature should be below or above 5°C, respectively):
- at least once every 3 days in winter;
- daily in summer.
Deviations from the deadlines should not exceed 72 hours for the entire month (in total of all times), and once it is permissible to delay garbage collection by 24 hours in warm weather and 2 days in cold weather. There are penalties for violating deadlines - a reduction in the amount of payment. Every 24 hours in one billing period is minus 3.3%.
MSW on the receipt
- goes on a separate line; payment for solid waste should be excluded from the receipt.
- the fee is distributed according to the number of people registered in the house or the size of the living space (depending on the method adopted in your region).
- the price also depends on whether separate collection of MSW is organized for this house.
The difference between MSW and MSW
What is the fundamental difference between MSW and MSW that the authorities introduced a new service and canceled the old one from January 1, 2019?
- municipal solid waste
- municipal solid waste
In general, there is no fundamental difference between them. This is the same garbage that we take to container sites. Previously, the definition stated that it was only residential waste, which differed for residential premises. And now the standard takes into account the rate of accumulation and is set not according to the residential/non-residential principle, but for different consumers in different ways. That is, the average family and the cafe on the ground floor of the house will accumulate garbage, obviously at different rates. Therefore, the former will pay less, and the cafe owner will pay more.