What is Indian summer and why. Why is Indian summer called that and when does it begin? Song creativity and literary works
Billionaire Alisher Usmanov summed up the first results of a weekly competition to create memes on the topic. The authors of the best works, as the oligarch previously announced, will receive an iPhone 7 Plus and autographed T-shirts from him.
Here are the four works that Usmanov selected this week:
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04. The author of this cartoon is famous designer Egor Zhgun, working in the Artemy Lebedev Studio. The image was created by him even before Usmanov announced the competition, but despite this, he will still receive an iPhone. assured representatives of the billionaire.
"The competition evoked the most lively response. this moment you have already submitted more than 10,000 works, and this number is constantly growing. It's gratifying that in our country there are so many creative people– you send pictures, paintings, graffiti, stickers, videos, poems, drawings and even create games!It wasn't easy to choose better job, so my assistants from the competition support team announced an additional popular vote. But it hasn’t gotten any easier – there are still plenty of funny and interesting works. So I couldn't pick a winner this week.
Or rather, I couldn’t choose one winner. I decided to reward three participants with iPhones at once<...>The winner of the popular vote also gets an iPhone. My assistants will contact the authors soon."
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928 At the Rostov Bank "Center-Invest" on January 31 law enforcement agencies conducted searches and seized documents. This information to Notepad Rostov was confirmed by several sources in law enforcement agencies. An investigation into fraud could lead to the resignation of top administration officials Rostov region and initiation of criminal cases against them.
815 A top manager of Center-Invest Bank was detained in Rostov; the head of the board of directors left Russia Bank Center-Invest in Rostov found itself at the center of a major scandal. Deputy director of the additional office of Voenved Bank Andrei Romensky was detained as part of a fraud case in large size, and the chairman of the board of directors and owner of the largest block of shares (24.43%) Vasily Vysokov left Rostov with his wife Tatyana on February 14 and flew to London in transit through Istanbul.
738 The Raffaello candy production workshop was covered near Rostov The famous Raffaello sweets were produced near Chaltyr (Rostov region). The underground workshop was raided by members of the police unit for combating economic crimes.
541 Detained high-ranking officials of the administration of Rostov and the Rostov region will remain in the cell for at least 48 hours Roman Ilyugin, Alexey Polyansky and Alexander Korchiga will be kept in a temporary detention center until the court makes a decision on choosing a preventive measure.
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445 Pechatniki massacre ended in execution A Rosbalt correspondent learned the details of the massacre at the capital’s Neolit cafe and the murder that followed. According to the agency's source, natives of Chechnya took revenge on immigrants from Azerbaijan who had offended their fellow countryman, who was suffering from a serious illness. The outcome of the conflict turned out to be terrible - everyone involved in the bullying was beaten, and their leader, the “authority” Garib Orujov, was shot.
405 New assistant to the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: 8 of the most striking images of Irina Volk She evokes admiration not only for her beauty, but also for her success in work - a 41-year-old police colonel was appointed to the post of assistant to the head of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. For life spectacular woman Russians have been watching for a long time, because her every appearance brightened up any press conference. Therefore, Life decided to remember the most vivid images The wolf who won the hearts of millions.
They can still bask in the autumn sun.” The emergence of the expression is associated with the period when peasants finished working in the fields, and women were already busy with household chores: soaking and weaving flax, weaving, preparing firewood for the winter, etc. At the beginning of summer, they began to pickle, and it was also the custom to reconcile and resolve all conflicts and disagreements. In Rus', in many settlements such days were celebrated as. Every evening there were gatherings and singing.
In modern meteorology, “summer” is a period of stable anticyclone, which is often observed at the beginning of autumn, when the soil and air do not cool too much at night, while warming up slightly during the day. In addition, a volumetric amount of heat is released when leaves wilt. Heated air rises, dispersing clouds and increasing Atmosphere pressure. That is why the anticyclone always stands during golden autumn.
The fine days of Indian summer differ each year in their start time, as well as in their duration. Most often they last for one to two weeks (two to three synoptic periods), starting from mid-September and ending in early October. Indian summer in Central Russia starts around September 14th. IN North America this period occurs a little later, towards the end of September or already in October. In the Far East warm time occurs in the first two weeks of October. At the same time it may be observed sudden warming in the south of Siberia. In mid-October, in Central Russia, as well as in northern Ukraine and Belarus, an anticyclone often occurs, during which the air warms up to +20°C for several days. This period is often mistakenly confused with Indian summer.
Video on the topic
Indian summer is a period of dry and warm weather in September - early October. This period lasts from several days to 3 weeks. Indian summer comes after a noticeable cold snap. It may be accompanied by secondary flowering of various plants, which usually bloom only once a year.
Indian summer: timing and duration
The start time of Indian summer and its duration vary. It usually occurs in mid-September and lasts 1-2 weeks, until the beginning of October. In Central Russia, such fine days begin around September 14th. In North America and Europe, this period begins somewhat later, at the end of September or in the first half of October.
On South Far East The beginning of Indian summer usually occurs in the first weeks of October, and in the south of Siberia - in late September - early October.
What does the dictionary say about Indian summer?
The Brockhaus and Efron dictionary says that the common expression “Indian summer” means a clear, dry autumn, when there is cobwebs in the air.
According to Explanatory dictionary Dahl, this period begins on September 14, on the day of Simeon the Summer Conductor, and ends on September 21 (on Aspos Day) or September 28 (on the Day of the Exaltation). Dahl also mentions the young Indian summer, which takes place from the Feast of the Assumption (August 28) to September 11.
What is the name of Indian summer among different peoples?
In Macedonia and Bulgaria this period is called the gypsy summer, in Serbia - Michaelmas/Martin summer, in North America - Indian summer, in Sweden - in the summer of Brigid, in Switzerland - in the widow's summer, in Italy - in the summer of St. Martin, in France - in the summer of St. Denis.
This period is Indian summer in Western countries, Eastern Slavs and y (Altweibersommer). However, in the latter case, this expression can also be translated as the summer of old women, and literally as the summer of old women.
In this regard, we can mention one interesting story that happened in 1989. A 77-year-old woman from the city of Darmstadt in Germany appealed to the land court. She complained that the word Altweibersommer insulted her honor and dignity, not only as a woman, but also as an elderly person.
In her lawsuit, the plaintiff demanded a ban on this word. However, the court rejected her complaint. After all, the first part of this word - alte Weiber, used to mean simply “old”, in contrast to the current combination altes Weib, which today is translated as “old woman, old woman, old witch, old hag.”
However, in Russia, the attitude towards this common name is ambiguous, depending on how the word “baba” is perceived - as disparaging or as native Russian.
Where does the name “Indian summer” come from?
According to the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, the phrase “Indian summer” means the time when old women can bask in the autumn sun. This expression is also associated with a period in the life of peasants when their field work ended, and women took on household chores: they processed and wove flax, and did handicrafts. The peasants called this kind of work woman's work.
Interestingly, in Germany the name “Indian summer” was also associated with yarn. In warm weather autumn days leaf spiders work while sitting on plants: they weave the finest web, which in ancient times was attributed Magic power. By word“to weave” - weben, in the old days weaving was called weiben. This word is very consonant with Weib - woman, woman. And since this web is very thin and translucent, it looked like the gray hair of elderly women.
According to another version, the expression “Indian summer” had a meaning that is based on the belief that women have the mystical power to return the seasons back and influence the weather. In addition, many associate this name with Russian popular saying: “45 - Baba Berry again.” That is, at the age of 40-50 years, a woman “blooms” again. And nature during the Indian summer, showing its feminine.
Indian summer: why was it called that? This has long been the name given to the period of dry and warm weather before autumn. And it begins thanks to a stable anticyclone. This piece of summer usually occurs at the end of August or during September - after a noticeable cold snap. Often during this period, plants that usually do this only once a year begin to bloom again. It's amazing beautiful time, when it seems like it’s still summer, but autumn has already spread its magnificent carpet. Colorful leaves, bright petals, like burning gems. All this creates positive emotions, improves mood, people become softer, since nature itself seems to calm, incite kindness and peace.
Other names
Indian summer early period Western or Eastern Slavs call it autumn. In the south it is called Gypsy, in Serbia - Mikhailov. In Croatia there is a third name - Martin's Summer. In German-speaking - old woman's, in Holland - after-life, in North America - Indian, in Italy - St. Martin, in France - St. Denis. In Portuguese-speaking - Veraniku (Letochko), in Spanish-speaking - several names that depend on the month. For example, in August-September - St. Miguel, and in October or November - St. Juan.
Indian Summer History
Why is Indian summer so called: the very first mentions were associated with the time when elderly women faced cold weather in last time this year they could bask in the sun. It was then that all work in the field ended, and the village peasant women took up other tasks: they soaked, ruffled and weaved flax.
Why is Indian summer so called: in the old days, cucumbers were often pickled during this period, and old conflicts were also settled and peace was made. This period of time was considered rural holiday. Indian summer, why was it called that: on these days, women often held gatherings, sang, spun, and when the cold came, they began to do needlework and tinker with canvases. The name of this period of time was often associated with a popular expression: “when almost everything is lost, only a woman can warm it up greatly.”
Duration
Sometimes, after the onset of cold weather, people think about the question of whether there will be an Indian summer this year? Of course, yes, it happens every year. It is impossible to determine the exact number, since it may “come” in different time and its duration may vary. Most often it lasts one or two weeks, which occurs in mid-September, and sometimes it can extend to the beginning of October. In Russia, the approximate beginning of Indian summer is September 14. In other countries, months and dates may vary. Everything depends on the climate.
If we consider modern scientific explanation, then to the question “why is Indian summer called that”, you can get the following answer: this is the time when a persistent anticyclone is established, affecting the warming of the weather. During this period, the soil and air do not cool much at night, but warm up well during the day. But still, the heat is already a thing of the past. Why does an anticyclone form? With the onset of cold weather, the foliage begins to fade sharply, and in the process a large number of heat. It rises, completely contributing to the increase in atmospheric pressure. This is how an anticyclone appears.
Customs and signs
The people have also developed their own signs that relate to this period of time. When Indian summer comes, peasants use it to determine the weather that will happen in autumn and winter. Some folk signs and beliefs:
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What is the natural essence of this period?
When Indian summer arrives, at this time all of nature is preparing for the coming winter. The process of destruction of green chlorophyll occurs in the leaves, and orange and yellow, red and purple colors- carotene, xanthophyll and anthocyanin. It is these changes that influence wilting and are the cause autumn leaves fall. They contribute to the release of a large amount of heat.
With one leaf or several blades of grass, this effect would not have occurred. It is millions of tons of vegetation that cause a significant increase in temperature - by several degrees at once. This is the reason for such a sudden warming after the onset of cooling. Why does Indian summer happen at different times? It always depends on the weather last summer and on the condition of the bushes, grasses and trees.
The southern and north winds, and weather conditions. But the heat that is released disperses all the clouds, and, consequently, very little precipitation falls. And here it turns out that it is not the anticyclone that causes “ golden age", but vice versa. Therefore, the period when the leaves have not yet begun to fall, and at the same time they are green, cannot be called Indian summer.
Folk calendar
According to this calendar in Rus', the “golden age” has long been divided into several names. The young Indian summer “stood” between August 28 and September 11. And the old one - from September 14 to 24. Initially, this period was used to simply determine what autumn would be like. There were some signs. But then Indian summer began to be associated with a warm and dry period, when nature provides the opportunity to enjoy the last sunny, fine days before the cold weather.
Can Indian summer happen twice a year?
It's pretty controversial issue, since in general it is believed that it can occur only once. But if August was warm and no cold weather was observed, then sometimes people think that Indian summer has already passed. And when it begins in September, they believe that this is already the second time. However, no, this means that Indian summer is “old” this year. It usually starts around September 14th. This is the day of remembrance of the Summer Guide - Simeon the Stylite.
Periodically, two periods of his arrival are distinguished. Starting from August and ending in September. According to Orthodox calendar, it begins on the day of the Assumption Holy Mother of God and lasts exactly until the day of John the Baptist (the day of the Beheading). The second period is considered more mature, and it falls entirely in September, starting from the day of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and ending with the Exaltation.
But in modern world Meteorologists still insist that Indian summer can only happen once a year and cannot happen again. It’s just that the boundaries of its onset and end are blurred, which leads people to confusion and controversial issues.
What happens during Indian summer
At this time, it is no longer worth swimming, since the water does not have time to warm up during the day and cools down greatly at night. But here is the general mood of peace, clear warm sunny days set people up for positive emotions. Previously, this was a period of the end of field and agricultural work, reconciliation, forgiveness. No wonder it coincides with church holidays.
Why is Indian summer so called: it is primarily associated with women, especially elderly ones, who in the villages during this period loved to sit on the rubble and “warm their bones.” By folk tradition It is at this time that a lot of wedding celebrations and various holidays are held. Nature is conducive to reflection, comprehension and even the beginning of a new period in life. It was during Indian summer that in the old days they tried to make plans for the future, believing that they would definitely come true.
Mushroom period
People, especially villagers, always looked at the weather and gave great importance signs associated with her. If it rained on September 14, it meant that there would be quite a lot of mushrooms. When the trees begin to shed their leaves, thick fogs appear, and this precedes a wave of honey mushrooms. The period is short - only about ten days. It just precedes Indian Summer. Then install warm weather, which makes mushroom pickers so happy, and they enthusiastically begin their “ quiet hunt", looking for white caps under fallen colorful leaves. You can find them not only directly in the forest, but also on the edges. In general, Indian summer is a great time to collect boletus and other mushrooms for pickling. Moreover, during this period, thanks to the heat that comes from fallen leaves, there are quite a lot of them.
For those who just can’t say goodbye to summer and get enough of its warmth, autumn is ready to bring a pleasant surprise. And give a piece of summer for a few days, warm memories of bright days, give “Indian summer”. But how does she manage to return warm, sunny weather to people after a cold snap? And why is it common to call this time “Indian summer”?
Meteorologists explain these weather conditions the action of a stable anticyclone: at night the ground does not freeze sufficiently, and during the day it does not heat up to a high limit. There is an opinion that wilted leaves are capable of releasing a large amount of heat, which, rising upward, increases atmospheric pressure and disperses clouds. Therefore, we can enjoy warm and dry weather at the beginning of autumn, and also witness the wonderful flights of the web of the side-walking spider. And sometimes even witness the re-blooming of some plants.
But autumn cannot delight us with such warm days for long: from several days to 2-3 weeks.
How did the expression “Indian summer” come about?
There are several versions:
With the end of hard field work, peasant women could finally find time for household chores. Most often they processed and wove flax and made pickles. It was customary at this time to improve relationships with loved ones and make peace with enemies. In Rus', these warm autumn days were considered a holiday, so the people had fun: they organized gatherings, sang songs.
-Women in the old days were credited with the ability to influence natural phenomena. As if the fair sex knows how to return the seasons, send the right weather.
-This name was explained by the fact that this is the time that allows old women to relax and bask in the sun. Or only a woman is able to provide warmth when warmth is out of the question.
-A light, thin web, flowing in the air and foreshadowing warm days, was associated with strands gray hair for women, and fine weather - with wonderful mature age, the heyday of women.
-Nature during this period shows its feminine principle: it bears fruit. And this is her time - “Indian summer”.
It is interesting that such a wonderful time is called “Indian summer” among the Western and Eastern Slavs. Bulgarians and Macedonians call it “Gypsy summer”, Serbs call it “Mikhail’s summer”, “Martin’s summer”, the Germans call it “old woman’s summer”, the Dutch call it “post-summer”, Americans call it “Indian summer”, Italians call it “summer of St. Martin”, The French mean “the summer of St. Denis.”
Whatever this time is called, this is a great opportunity to bask in the sun, enjoy the warmth of its rays on the eve of rains and cold weather, and admire the wonderful colorful autumn landscapes...