What is an organization as a system? Organization theory
In the course of studying organizations within the framework of a systems approach, it turned out that a social organization as a system has a number of specific properties, which distinguish it from other systems (biological, technical, etc.). But system-theoretical studies of organizations and management processes from the perspective general theory systems turned out to be ineffective due to the abstract nature of system-wide concepts Volkova V.N., Denisov A.A. Fundamentals of systems theory and system analysis: Textbook for university students. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State Technical University, 2007. - 510 p..
Considering the organization as a whole using a systems approach, we can indeed say that it, like any system, represents an order determined by a planned, correct location parts as a whole, determined by the interrelations of the parts. However, the organization has specific properties inherent only to it. In this regard, there was a need to develop a special systems theory as applied to organizations. The American scientist J. Miller identified the following main elements of the system model of the organization:
organization is represented as “the ordering of subsystems and components in three-dimensional space in this moment time";
An organization can be considered as difficult process, the basis of which are all changes in material objects and information;
· in organizations there are subsystems that are components systems (managerial, economic, technological, etc.);
· organizational relationships arise in organizations (regarding goals, interpersonal, power, information, etc.);
· in organizations there are systemic subprocesses (power, material and energy, etc.) Kuzyakin V.I. Information Technology in economics: textbook. allowance / V.I. Kuzyakin. - Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the State Educational Institution USTU UPI, 2002.
Miller considers the main differences between an organization and other systems (for example, biological) to be the presence of independent goals of the system and a complex management subsystem, which is presented as multi-level and organized according to a hierarchical principle.
Miller describes the main, managerial subsystem as some kind of decisive device, which consists of individuals who are at top level authorities and decision makers responsible for the organization.
Thus, any organization consists of subsystems, each of which can be considered as a system of more low level. At the same time, the organization itself, having a certain number of levels of subsystems, in turn can be considered as a subsystem in a system of a higher order (for example, an enterprise, acting as an independent system, is divided into a number of workshops-subsystems and at the same time, as a subsystem, is part of a production association) . The property of an object to be both a subsystem and complex system with the presence of elements of subsystems is defined as the property of recursivity.
So, when studying an organization from the perspective of a systems approach, the following come to the fore: a) dividing the organization into subsystems; b) vertical and horizontal connections of the organization. A comparison of diagrams built on the basis of simple analysis and a systems approach shows that with a systems approach the main attention is paid to the subsystems of the organization and the connections between individual system units.
The application of a systems approach to the study of organizations is possible in two different versions, when the organization is considered as a closed or as an open system.
Typically, researchers consider the organization to be a closed system, although they declare the need to study the organization in close cooperation with the external environment. As a rule, researchers and practitioners, considering individual structural units organizations, dealing with problems of management and the use of power from managers and subordinates, etc., only partially take into account the influence of the external environment, without thinking about the fact that the organization is an integral part external environment. But in the case of an approach to the organization as a closed, self-sufficient system, the influence of the external environment is taken into account in the form of the action of individual factors that disturb and even change internal structure organizations Sokolov V.G. Control systems research industrial organization/ V.G. Sokolov // Scientific works V International scientific-practical conference“Fundamental and applied problems of instrument engineering, computer science, economics and law” / MGAPI. - M., 2002.
If an organization is viewed as an open system, it fits organically into the external environment and is considered its subsystem. In this case, the boundaries of the system are a closed curve passing along the perimeter of the objects under study (along the perimeter of the organization) so that it delimits the area with lower intensity of interactions outside this curve from the area with high intensity inside it. Here, the organization's environment is not passive and can be defined as a set of objects external to the organization that are associated with one or more system units of the organization so that a change in one or more properties external objects changes the behavior of the system, which in turn leads to a change in one (or more) properties of external objects Frolov S.S. Sociology of organizations. M., 2007..
Management, consulting and entrepreneurship
Organization is a management function whose goal is to achieve the mission; the task is to form organizational structures from many elements; provide all necessary materials and equipment for its normal operation. in cash knowledge by personnel, etc. In any organization, three key processes are implemented: obtaining resources from the external environment, producing a product and transferring it to the external environment. The main flows of the organization: at the input, the receipt of materials of labor capital; the output is a finished product...
ORGANIZATION AS A SYSTEM: DEFINITION, SIGNS, PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS.
Organization this is a management function, the purpose of which is to achieve the mission, the task of forming the structures of an organization from many elements, providing everything necessary for its normal operation - materials, equipment, funds, knowledge, personnel, etc.
Organization (as a system)- a set of interconnected elements that form an integrity. Any organization is an open system, as it interacts with the external environment.
There are three key processes implemented in any organization:obtaining resources from the external environment, producing a product and transferring it to the external environment.Main streams of the organization:at the input receipt of materials, labor, capital; the output is a finished product (goods, services). In order for an organization to effectively perform its functions to achieve goals, they use motivation, incentives, power, leadership, organizational culture, etc. All organizations, regardless of goals, type and final result, have characteristics common to all complex organizations.
Key ResourcesThe assets used by an organization are people, capital, materials, technology and information.
The goals of any organizationinclude resource conversion. One of the most significant characteristics of an organization is its relationship with the external environment. No organization can be a closed system. The organization depends on the external environment both in relation to its resources and consumers, users of the results of its work.
The external environment includes all the forces and institutions that the organization encounters in its activities: economic conditions, legislation, value system in society, level of technology. Any complex organization consists of units that perform specific tasks and achieve specific specific goals. Such units are often called departments or services.The divisions aregroups of people whose activities are consciously coordinated to achieve a common goal.
Purpose of the organizationis considered as a guide to the directions of flows of connections, powers and responsibilities. In order for an organization to achieve its goal, tasks must be coordinated through vertical division, hierarchy of authority and responsibility. Therefore, management is an essential activity for any organization.
Organization structure- this is a logical relationship between management levels and functional areas, built in such a form that allows you to most effectively achieve the goals of the organization. The structure is based on delegation of authority, that is, work is assigned to those employees who can best perform this work from the point of view of the organization as a whole. Determining the structure of an organization gives it stability and the ability to withstand and develop in a changing internal and external environment.
Classification of organizationscarried out according to a variety of criteria: by size, by type of ownership, by sources of financing, in relation to profit, by organizational and legal form, etc.
Main features of organization classification:
In relation to power: governmental and non-governmental.
Towards main goal public and economic.
In relation to profit commercial and non-commercial.
In relation to the budget budgetary and extra-budgetary.
By type of ownership: state, municipal, public, private, and organizations with mixed forms of ownership.
By level of formalization: formal and informal.
By industry industrial, transport, trade, etc.
By independence of decision-making parent, subsidiary, dependent.
By size and number of members of the organization: large, medium, small.
Internal elements inherent to the organization:mission, goals, people and qualifications, systems, strategy, culture, etc.
External environment of the organization:legislation, economics, consumers, suppliers, competitors, market trends, technologies, etc.
The external environment has characteristics:
The complexity of the environment as it is characterized a large number factors to which the organization must respond;
Mobility of a medium is the rate at which a change occurs in surrounding the organization environment;
Uncertainty in the external environment suggests that if there is little information or there is doubt about its accuracy, then the environment becomes more uncertain, which makes it difficult for the organization to operate.
Signs:
1. Isolation means closedness internal processes
2. The presence of an internal center that coordinates the activities of members of the organization and also ensures the unity of people’s actions.
3. Self-regulation of activities, which means that the organization makes independent decisions and also reacts in its own way to external events.
4. Having goals. Purpose unites organizational members and also gives meaning to joint activities.
5. Organizational culture a set of norms and traditions that determine the behavior of people in an organization.
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A system is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity. Among all the main features one should name: the multiplicity of elements, integrity and unity between them, the presence a certain structure. At the same time, the system has properties that differ from the properties of its elements. Every system has an input influence, a structure for processing the input influence, final results and feedback.
Systems are distinguished between material and abstract, static and dynamic, organic and inorganic, open and closed, etc., depending on the basis for the classification of systems.
An organization in management is an association of people who jointly implement a certain program or achieve a certain goal and act on the basis of certain procedures and rules. IN in a general sense By organization we mean ways of ordering and regulating the actions of individuals and social groups. In a narrow sense, an organization is understood as a relatively autonomous group of people focused on achieving some predetermined goal, the implementation of which requires joint coordinated action.
Organization as a management system is one of key concepts organization theory, which is associated with:
- goals;
- functions;
- management process;
- qualifications of managers;
- distribution of powers to achieve certain goals.
Within the framework of this system, the entire management process takes place, in which managers of all levels, categories and professional specializations participate. The organization is built to ensure that all processes occurring in it are carried out in a timely and high-quality manner. Hence the attention paid to it by organizational leaders and specialists who strive for continuous improvement and development of both the system as a whole and its individual components.
Control is the process of influencing a system in order to maintain a given position or transfer it to a new state. Any control system must have four main elements:
- main system input;
- main system output;
- channel feedback(a sensing device that measures and transmits information about the output state);
- a control unit that compares the actual and set output and, if necessary, generates a control action.
Currently, the organization as a management system includes the following subsystems:
- managment structure;
- control technology;
- management functions;
- management methodology.
It should be noted that the management system can be considered both from a static position, i.e., as a certain mechanism (organization), and from a dynamic position, as a management activity.
Approaches (methodology) to management include goals, laws, principles, methods and functions, management technologies and management practices. The main task of the organization's management system is the formation of professional management activities.
The management process, as an element of management activity, includes: a communication system, development and implementation of management decisions, information support.
The control structure and technique are elements of the control mechanism and include, respectively:
- the management structure of an organization, which is largely determined in relation to other elements. The structure of management bodies and positions, the distribution of powers and responsibilities between them often predetermines management techniques, process, methods, functions and the scheme of organizational relations, taking into account the professionalism of personnel;
- computer and office equipment, furniture, information transmission channels (communication networks), document flow system. The structure and effectiveness of the management system largely depends on the document flow system of the enterprise. The number of accounting and planning errors and the speed of response to a certain impact directly depend on it. In practice, there is a growing understanding of the truth that the functionality of the organization of the workplace increases the productivity of the employee and manager not only technically, but also as a result of their receiving a positive emotional mood.
The essence of management can be traced through the evolution of the idea of the organization as the main object of management. There are five stages listed below.
- The organization is represented as the sum of labor operations. To manage means to organize correctly production processes and increase labor productivity. An organization is designed and controlled by managers.
- An organization is an administrative pyramid as the most stable structure (administrative mechanism). It is inherent clear structure, unity of command, division of labor, balance of powers and responsibilities, corporate morality.
- The organization is a bureaucracy, where a person is a cog in a huge machine, material for building the whole, not having the right to individual characteristics. The individuality of the individual is suppressed by the development and prescription of strict adherence to instructions for almost “all occasions.”
- An organization is a group of like-minded people, a family. With this concept, interpersonal and intergroup relations come to the fore (E. Mayo's principle). Management must fit into the psychological structure of the group and be aware of the possibility of spontaneous, uncontrolled, self-organization.
- An organization is a sociotechnical system, i.e. the interaction of a group of people with certain technique. The technical system and the interpersonal system may overlap. From technical system depend social relations, and from the latter - production system. Hence, the organization is characterized as a complex, heterogeneous probabilistic system.
D. Yampolskaya, M. Zonis
The concept and essence of the organization
Organization -(Latin – organizo – to do together, slender appearance, arrange) - this is
1. internal order, interaction, consistency of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of the whole, determined by its structure;
2. a set of processes or actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole;
3. an association of people jointly implementing a certain program or goal and acting on the basis of certain procedures and rules (social organization).
IN in a general sense under organization ( social organization) mean ways of ordering and regulating the actions of individuals and social groups.
IN in the narrow sense An organization is understood as a relatively autonomous group of people focused on achieving some predetermined goal, the implementation of which requires joint coordinated action.
One of the difficulties in defining this concept is that the organization (the process of organization) does not represent a specific, material entity, but at the same time it can have a number of properties, both material and intangible. Thus, any company has many material objects, property, assets, etc., but it also has many social aspects that cannot be seen or touched, for example, human relationships.
Additional difficulties in defining this concept are caused by the fact that there are many types of organizations, ranging from organization in the family to organization in informal work groups and in formal systems. However, all organizations have some common elements.
Organizations are:
1) social systems, i.e. people grouped together;
2) their activities are integrated (people work together, together)
3) their actions are purposeful (people have a goal, intention).
Organization is being considered as a process And as a phenomenon. How is the process it is a set of actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole, for example, the process of creating an efficient team. Organization as a process is regulated by labor laws, procedural and criminal codes. As a phenomenon it is the combination of elements to accomplish a program or goal, operating on the basis of certain rules and procedures. In Russia, organizations as a phenomenon are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The word “organization” has many derivatives, for example: organization of production, organized person, organizer, trade union organization, United Nations, organism, disorganization, etc.
Any organization (company) is characterized by a vertical (by levels of management) and horizontal (by functions performed) division of labor.
Organization in legal terms considered in four forms:
· legal entity is registered in government agency, has a seal and a bank account;
· non-legal entity not registered with a government agency, for example, subdivisions legal entity, simple partnership, a number of associations;
· a non-legal entity registered with a government agency, but without a separate registered office or official seal, for example, an individual entrepreneur;
· informal organization of citizens, for example, activists of a residential building, an association of beach volleyball fans.
General features for them are availability, by at least, one person, at least one goal aimed at meeting the needs or interests of a person or society; joint activity to obtain surplus product in various forms (material, spiritual, informational).
The system and its main properties. Organization as a system.
The term "organization" in one of its lexical meanings also means "system" but not any system, but to a certain extent ordered, organized.
System is a whole created from parts and elements for purposeful activity. Sometimes a system is defined as a set of interconnected operating elements.
Features of the system are:
ü many of its constituent elements,
ü unity of the main goal for all elements,
ü the presence of connections between them,
ü integrity and unity of elements,
ü presence of structure and hierarchy,
ü relative independence,
ü availability of control over these elements.
Each organization must have the characteristics of a system. The loss of at least one of them inevitably leads the organization to liquidation (Table 1).
Table 1
System properties:
* property of connectivity. Elements of the set can only act together with each other, otherwise the effectiveness of their activities is sharply reduced;
* emergence property: the potential of the system can be greater than, equal to, or less than the sum of the potentials of its constituent elements;
* property of self-preservation. The system strives to maintain its structure unchanged in the presence of disturbing influences and uses all its capabilities to do this;
* property of organizational integrity. The system has a need for organization and management.
The system may include a large list of elements and it is advisable to divide it into a number of subsystems. Subsystem- this is a set of elements representing an autonomous area within the system, for example, a technological, economic, organizational, legal subsystem.
There are the following types of subsystems:
Technical subsystem includes machines, equipment, computers and other operable products that have instructions for and are used by the user. The range of decisions in the technical subsystem is limited and their consequences are usually predetermined. For example, the procedure for turning on and working with a computer, the procedure for driving a car, the method for calculating mast supports for power lines. These decisions are formalized and are carried out strictly in a certain order. The professionalism of the decision-maker determines the quality of the decisions made and implemented.
Biological subsystem has a greater variety of functioning than the technical one. Solutions options in biological system, as well as in technical ones, there are few, but the consequences of decisions in biological subsystems sometimes turn out to be unpredictable. For example, a manager’s decision to install air conditioners on company premises. In some cases, air conditioners provoke an increase in colds. Solutions in such subsystems involve the development of several alternative solutions and the selection of the best one based on some criteria. The professionalism of a specialist is determined by his ability to find the best solution.
Social (public) subsystem characterized by the presence of a person as an object of control. Typical examples of social subsystems include the family, production team, informal organization and even one person (by himself). These subsystems are significantly ahead of biological ones in terms of diversity of functioning. The set of decisions in the social subsystem is characterized by great dynamism. This is explained by the fairly high rates of change in a person’s consciousness, as well as the nuances in his reactions to identical and similar situations. The social subsystem may include biological and technical subsystems, and the biological subsystem may include a technical subsystem.
System classification
Abstract systems – systems, all elements of which are concepts.
Specific systems – systems whose elements are physical objects. They are divided into artificial and natural.
Artificial systems are created at the request of a person or any society to implement intended programs or goals. For example, a family, a design bureau, a student union, an election association.
Natural systems created by nature or society. For example, the system of the universe, the cyclical system of land use, strategy sustainable development world economy.
Open systems characterized by a wide range of connections with the external environment and strong dependence on it. For example, commercial firms, funds mass media, local authorities.
Closed systems characterized mainly by internal connections and created by people or companies to satisfy the needs and interests primarily of their personnel, company or founders. For example, trade unions, political parties, Masonic societies.
Fully predictable systems operate according to predetermined rules with a predetermined result. For example, the system of training students at the institute, the system of registration of partnerships and societies.
Partially predictable (probabilistic) systems are characterized by the fact that output impacts may differ from those expected, and the results of activities do not always coincide with those planned. This may be due to the fact that some events in the organization occur against our will (force majeure), others due to a lack of professionalism of the staff, and others due to the complexity of the task or the novelty of the information. For example, research and development units, venture capital companies, roulette games.
Hard systems based on the high professionalism of a small group of managers and well-established management and production technology. They are highly resistant to external and internal disturbing influences and respond slowly to weak influences.
Soft systems have a high sensitivity to external and internal influences and in this regard - weak stability. For example, a quotation system valuable papers, a team of creative workers, new organizations, a child in the family.
Dynamic systems represent a structured object that has inputs and outputs, an object into which certain moments time, you can enter and from which you can remove matter, energy, information. In some dynamic systems processes occur continuously over time, while in others they occur only at discrete moments in time.
Adaptive systems– systems operating under conditions of initial uncertainty and changing external conditions.
In addition, systems can be simple And complex, active And passive.
Thus, the systemic nature of an organization is a necessary condition for its activities.
The concept of a system is associated with the breadth of approach in the analysis and synthesis of various organizational entities. It's about about systemic, integrated and aspect-based approaches. Systematic approach requires taking into account all key elements (internal and external) influencing decision making. A complex approach requires prioritizing key elements and taking into account the most important ones. Aspect approach limited to taking into account individual elements in the analysis or synthesis of organizational entities. Systems approach requires the greatest expenditure of resources and time. If they are justified, then using this approach is advisable. Complex and aspect approaches are cheaper, but also less accurate.
General concepts of systems, features, characteristics and properties of the system, components of organizational systems
Basic classification of systems
Stages of existence and development of an organization
3.1. Concept life cycle organizations.
3.2. Characteristics of life cycle stages by degree of maturity.
3.3. Time stages of development.
External and internal environment organizations.
Interaction and adaptation to changes in the external environment.
4.1. The concept of the external environment, its indirect and direct influence.
4.2. "PEST - factors" of the external environment.
4.3. Internal factors of existence.
General concepts of systems, features, characteristics and properties of a system Organizations represent the most old social formations
on the ground. In what aspects can an organization be considered?. The organization may be considered as an object, process or as a phenomenon.
Organization as an object – social education has characteristic features.
Are common features of organizations :
presence of at least one person;
the presence of at least one goal aimed at satisfying the needs or interests of a person or society;
obtaining surplus product in various forms (material, spiritual, informational).
The basis of organization theory is systems theory .
Signs of the system:
many elements,
unity of the main goal for all elements,
the presence of connections between them,
integrity and unity of elements,
structure and hierarchy,
relative independence,
clearly defined control.
Every organization should have signs of the system . The loss of at least one of them inevitably leads the organization to liquidation.
Missing feature organizations |
Possible consequences |
Lots of elements |
Lack of resources, lack of components technological process |
Unity of the main goal for all elements |
Lack of a single cohesive team |
Connections between system elements |
Separation of each element of the organization from the common cause, there is no possibility of synergy |
Relative independence of system elements (personnel) |
Lack of opportunity to be creative, no opportunities for self-expression |
Clearly expressed control |
The presence of chaos and anarchy |
Subsystem is a set of elements representing an autonomous area within the system.
An organization as a system consists of individual elements– subsystems.
Basic properties of the system:
the need for management (there is a set of needs for a person, an animal, a society, a herd of animals, a large society);
the presence of a complex dependence of the properties of its constituent elements and subsystems (a system may have properties that are not inherent in its elements, and may not have the properties of these elements).
Each system has:
input influence,
its processing technology,
final results and
feedback.
As a process, organization is a set of actions leading to the formation and improvement of relationships between parts of the whole.
As a phenomenon, an organization is a combination of elements for the implementation of a program or goal and acting on the basis of certain rules and procedures, taking into account current laws and regulations.
Organization theory studies principles, laws and patterns for the creation, operation, development and liquidation of organizations. Respectively organizational relations In the organisation - is the interaction or opposition between elements of the organizationinside Andoutside of it during the creation, functioning, development and destruction of an organization.
They come in three levels:
common sense
mutual destruction,
pre-designed interaction.
Summary:
System- is a set of interconnected operating elements for purposeful activity .
Signs of the system - many elements, unity of the main goal for all elements, relative independence of elements, the presence of connections between elements, integrity and unity of structure elements, clearly defined control.
Properties of the system - connectivity (elements of a set can only act together with each other, otherwise the effectiveness of their activities is sharply reduced); emergence (the potential of a system can be greater, equal or less than the sum of the potentials of its constituent elements); self-preservation (the system strives to maintain its structure unchanged in the presence of disturbing influences and uses all its capabilities to do this); organizational integrity (the system has a need for organization and management).
Generalized characteristics of an organization as an open system.
1. The components or components of an organization that are necessary to achieve the overall goal of the system.
2. Connections, i.e. The components of the system are interconnected, which ensures the continuity of processes occurring in the system.
3. Structure. The form of communication is organizationally fixed in the structure, which ensures stability and gives stability to the system. For a system, structure is more important than function.
4. Interaction, i.e. the nature and direction of the influence of some components on others, resulting in the formation of an effect.
5. Processes. A number of processes are simultaneously carried out in the system, each of which is associated with some changes. Processes change the resources entering the system and turning them into products or services.
6. Holism, emergence. Holism means integrity, unity, and emergence is the appearance of properties that arise only as a result of the interaction of its components.
7. Concept. A system is a concept, its special form, that reflects the goals and values of people who are integral parts and implement their own ideas about what the system should be.
Basic components of organizational systems.
As components of the system:
1. Elements, which are understood as the simplest indivisible parts of the system. In general, there is an unlimited number of such parts, the method of identifying which depends on the definition of goals, analysis and construction of the system. Selected elements of the system may be in certain relationships and mutual influences. These (relationships can be defined both at the physical level and at the abstract level..
2. Subsystem. The system can be divided (divided) into a certain number of subsystems, each of them being a system. And this is where we can determine the difference between a subsystem and components and elements.
3. Structure. The system can be represented by listing elements or specifying the property of belonging to a certain set, as well as by sequential division into a subsystem, components and elements with a set of relationships between them. In the latter case, the concept of structure is introduced, which reflects the most significant relationships between elements and their groups. The specified relationships ensure the existence of the system and its basic properties. Structural properties are relatively independent and can act as an invariant during the transition from one system to another, transferring patterns from one system to another.
4. Function. Function m.b. presented as a process or activity, an external manifestation of the properties of an object in a given system of relations.
5. Properties - this is the quality of the parameters of objects on the basis of which knowledge about the object is obtained. Properties are expressed in system indicators (quantitative and qualitative).
6. Connections Connections are characterized by direction, strength and character and ensure the emergence and preservation of the structure and integral properties of the system and characterize its structure and functioning. It is assumed that connections exist between all elements of the system.
7. State. A state is defined as an instantaneous characteristic of a system that provides a definition of knowledge of the properties of the system at a specific point in time. The state is determined either through input influences and output results, or through system-wide properties. A static system is a system of one state. A dynamic system is a system with many states in which a transition from one state to another occurs over time.