What refers to raw materials in production. Requirements for raw materials
Among the main resources manufacturing enterprises- raw materials and supplies. What are their specifics?
What should be understood by raw materials in production?
Under raw materials(as one of the main resources industrial enterprises) is most often understood as:
- substances of natural origin (for example, minerals) or synthetic, which undergo sufficiently deep processing and become an integral element of fundamentally different substances - in the process of chemical or physical interaction with other types of raw materials;
- fruits and other types of raw materials of natural origin, which are subsequently processed in order to produce some product that differs from the original raw material in consumer properties, but at the same time retains its basic chemical and, in many respects, physical properties.
An example of the first type of raw material is wood. It can be processed into paper, cellulose, and chipboard through deep processing of the feedstock and mixing it with other substances.
An example of the second type of raw material - fresh apples. They can be canned, turned into puree, dried: on their basis, a certain product is prepared that differs from the original raw material, but in general retains its characteristic properties - primarily taste.
What should we understand by materials in production?
Under materials(again, in context industrial production) most often refers to ready-to-use products that have a specific functional purpose, but at the same time can be used as a structural element of other products with minimal chemical treatment or changes in physical properties.
Materials are most often not processed with changes in basic physical and chemical properties, but processed - for example, in order to reduce them to a certain size or paint them a different color.
Examples of materials are brick, timber, fittings (in construction), nuts, bolts, fastenings (in mechanical engineering).
Comparison
The main difference between raw materials and materials is that the first term corresponds to a production resource, which in general does not have commercial value(from the point of view of the formation of added value), since it requires further processing.
Of course, you can sell clean wood and raw apples and make good business, but in this case they will not be raw materials in the context of production activities. A client of an industrial company will obviously not buy clean wood instead of pulp or fresh apples instead of canned ones if he needs the products of processing of raw materials.
Materials are, as we noted above, finished products that are fundamentally adapted for use in certain useful purposes and have independent commercial value. But due to their unique properties, they can also be used as an element of other, more complex products.
Note that materials in most cases are made from some raw material. Construction beams are made of wood, fittings are made of metal ores. But it happens that raw materials, due to their unique properties, can be used as a material without any processing. For example, bamboo stems can be used immediately, without processing, to make certain products - for example, decorative elements. In this case, they will be both raw materials and materials.
Having determined what the difference is between raw materials and materials, we will record the conclusions in the table.
Table
Raw materials | Materials |
What do they have in common? | |
Most materials are made from some raw material | |
Some types of raw materials can be used as materials immediately after receiving | |
What is the difference between them? | |
From the point of view of use in production, it is an unfinished product that has no commercial value for the consumer. | From the point of view of use in production, they are finished products, fundamentally adapted for independent use. |
Typically subject to processing or processing that may significantly alter its physical and chemical properties | As a rule, they are only processed or used as a structural element of more complex products |
Definition
Classification
Minerals
Signs of minerals
Distribution area
Groups of solid mineral reserves by their economic importance
Combustible minerals
Nonmetallic materials
Water resources
Renewable resources
Raw materials:
Objects of labor that have previously been exposed to labor and are intended for further processing. There are:
Primary raw materials: mined ore, raw cotton, etc.; And
Secondary raw materials- ready-made trade items that have become unusable: scrap metal, waste paper, etc.
Natural resources - natural resources - bodies and forces of nature that are this level the development of productive forces and knowledge can be used to meet the needs of human society.
Natural resources are a set of objects and systems of living and inanimate nature, Components natural environment, surrounding a person and which are used in the process of social production to satisfy the material and cultural needs of man and society.
Classification
By origin:
Resources natural ingredients(mineral, climatic, water, plant, land, soil, animal world)
Resources of natural territorial complexes (mining, industrial, water, residential, forestry)
By type of economic use:
Industrial production index resources
Energy resources (Combustible minerals, hydropower resources, nuclear raw materials)
Non-energy resources (mineral, water, land, forest, fish resources)
Agricultural production resources (agroclimatic, land and soil, plant resources - food supply, irrigation water, watering and maintenance).
By type of exhaustibility:
Exhaustible
Non-renewable (mineral, land resources)
Renewable (resources of flora and fauna)
Not completely renewable - the recovery rate is below the level of economic consumption (arable soils, mature forests, regional water resources)
Inexhaustible resources (water, climate)
By degree of replaceability:
Irreplaceable
Replaceable
By use criterion:
Manufacturing (industrial, agricultural)
Potentially promising
Recreational (natural complexes and their components, cultural and historical attractions, economic potential territory).
Minerals
Minerals are mineral formations of the earth’s crust, the chemical composition and physical properties of which allow them to be effectively used in the field of material production.
The following types of minerals are distinguished by purpose:
Combustible minerals (oil shale, peat, coal)
Non-metallic minerals - building materials (limestone, clay, etc.), building stones (granite), etc.
Ores (ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals)
Stone-colored raw materials (jasper, rhodonite, agate, onyx, chalcedony, charoite, jade, etc.) and gems(diamond, emerald, ruby, sapphire).
Hydromineral (underground mineral and fresh waters)
Mining chemical raw materials (apatite and phosphates, mineral salts, barite, borates, etc.)
Accumulations of minerals form deposits, and when large areas distribution - regions, provinces and basins. There are solid, liquid and gaseous minerals.
Minerals are found in the earth's crust in the form of accumulations of various types (veins, stocks, layers, nests, placers, etc.).
The extraction of minerals is carried out by Mining.
Signs of minerals
satellites ore deposits(for gold - quartz, for platinum - chromium iron ore, etc.)
debris, boulders, etc., found in river hollows, etc.
mountain outcrops
mineral springs
vegetation
When exploring a found deposit, pits (wells) are laid, ditches and cuts are made, wells are drilled, etc.
Distribution area
Among the areas of distribution of mineral resources there are:
Mineral provinces are a large section of the earth's crust belonging to a platform, fold belt or ocean floor, with deposits located within its boundaries and characteristic of it. For example, they distinguish the Caucasian province, the Ural province, etc. Sometimes metallogenetic, coal-bearing, and oil-and-gas-bearing provinces are distinguished.
An area (belt, basin) of mineral resources occupies part of a province and is characterized by a set of mineral deposits defined in composition and origin, confined to the same group of first-order tectonic elements (anticlinoria, synclinorium, etc.). Mineral belts can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in the composition of minerals, their sizes vary widely. Mineral basins are areas of continuous or nearly continuous occurrence of strata minerals.
A mineral district forms part of an area and is usually characterized by a local concentration of deposits, and is therefore often called a mineral cluster.
An ore field is a group of deposits united by a common origin and a unified geological structure. Mineral fields consist of deposits, and the latter are made up of bodies of minerals.
A body, or mineral deposit, is a local accumulation of natural mineral raw materials, confined to a specific structural and lithological element or combination of such elements.
Regions, regions, fields of deposits can be completely exposed on the surface of the earth and qualify as open, be partially covered by overlying rocks and belong to semi-closed, or be completely buried and qualify as closed.
Groups of solid mineral reserves according to their economic significance
Reserves of solid minerals and the useful components they contain, according to their economic significance, are divided into two main groups that are subject to separate calculation and accounting: balance sheet (economic); off-balance sheet (potentially economic).
Balance (economic) reserves. They are divided into:
a) reserves, the extraction of which at the time of assessment, according to technical and economic calculations, is cost-effective in a competitive market when using equipment and technology for the extraction and processing of raw materials, ensuring compliance with the requirements for rational use subsoil and environmental protection;
b) reserves, the extraction of which at the time of assessment according to technical and economic calculations does not provide economically acceptable efficiency of their development in a competitive environment market due to low technical and economic indicators, but the development of which becomes economically possible when the state provides special support to the subsoil user in the form of tax breaks, subsidies, etc. (marginal economic or border reserves).
Off-balance sheet (potentially economic) reserves. These include:
a) reserves that meet the requirements for balance reserves, but the use of which at the time of assessment is impossible due to mining, technical, legal, environmental and other circumstances;
b) reserves, the extraction of which at the time of assessment is not economically feasible due to the low content of the useful component, low power mineral bodies or particularly difficult conditions for their development or processing, but the use of which in the near future may become economically efficient as a result of increased prices for mineral resources, or when technical progress, ensuring a reduction in production costs.
Off-balance reserves are calculated and taken into account if technical and economic calculations have established the possibility of their preservation in subsoil for subsequent extraction or the feasibility of incidental extraction, storage and storage for future use.
When calculating off-balance reserves, they are subdivided depending on the reasons for classifying them as off-balance (economic, technological, mining, environmental, etc.).
The assessment of the balance sheet ownership of mineral reserves is carried out on the basis of special feasibility studies confirmed by state expertise. These justifications should provide for the most effective methods of developing deposits, give their cost estimates and propose parameters of conditions that ensure the most complete and comprehensive use of reserves, taking into account the requirements of environmental legislation.
Classification of deposit reserves and predicted resources of solid minerals.
Combustible minerals
Fossil fuel is oil coal, oil shale, Natural gas and its hydrates, peat and other combustible minerals and substances mined underground or open method. Coal and peat are fuels formed as animals and plants accumulate and decompose. Regarding the origin of black gold and Natural gas there are several conflicting hypotheses. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable natural resource, having accumulated over millions of years.
Enterprises of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation account for half of the emissions of harmful substances into the air, more than a third of polluted wastewater, and a third of solid waste from the entire national economy. Planning is of particular relevance environmental activities in areas of pioneer resource development black gold and gas.
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO2), the greenhouse gas that is the largest contributor to global warming. , the main part of which is methane, is also a greenhouse gas. The greenhouse effect of one molecule of methane is approximately 20 times stronger than that of a molecule of CO2, therefore, from a climate point of view, burning Natural gas is preferable to releasing it into the atmosphere.
Nonmetallic materials
Non-metallic materials are sedimentary rocks, the extraction of which is carried out in quarries, open pit. These include: sand, concrete, soil, crushed stone, building stone (granite, etc.), limestone, clay and others minerals and substances.
The classification of non-metallic materials is carried out according to several indicators, divided into:
dense and porous materials;
natural ( sand, crushed stone, gravel) and artificial (concrete, expanded clay);
large (with a grain size of 5 mm) and small (no more than 5 mm).
Ore
Ore is a type of mineral, a natural mineral formation containing compounds of useful components ( minerals, metals) in concentrations that make the extraction of these minerals economically feasible. Economic feasibility is determined by ore conditions. Along with native metals there are metal ores (iron, tin, cuprum, zinc, nickel, etc.). - the main forms of natural occurrence of these minerals, suitable for industrial and economic use. There are metallic and non-metallic ore minerals; the latter include, for example, piezoquartz, fluorite, etc. The possibility of ore processing is determined by its reserves. The concept of ore changes as a result of technological progress; Over time, the range of ores and minerals used expands. There are different types of ores.
Types of ores:
Poor ore is ore in which the content of a useful component (metal, mineral) is on the verge of standard; such ore requires beneficiation.
Rich ore is ore with a high, 2-3 times higher than the standard content of useful components (metal, mineral).
Swamp ore - formed by deposition brown iron ore(limonite) at the bottom of swamps in the form of concretions (beans), hard crusts and layers, see Legume ore.
Legume ore is an ore that has a legume structure, indicating the participation of colloidal, sometimes biochemical, in its formation processes; It can be of iron, manganese, aluminum (bauxite), sedimentary and eluvial origin. Most often this term is used in one of the varieties of brown iron ore (limonite) ores of sedimentary origin, usually deposited at the bottom of lakes (lake ores) and swamps (swamp ores); they consist of small round or bean-shaped formations, often concentrically shell-like in composition, loose or cemented by brown iron ore or clayey matter. Depending on the texture, bean ore, pea ore, and powdered ore are distinguished. Legume ores of sedimentary origin usually occur in the form of layers, interlayers and lenses. Legume ores of eluvial origin have an irregular, often pocket-like occurrence.
Breccia ore - with a brecciated texture; ore can consist of either cement or breccia fragments.
Chipmunk ore is a local, Siberian name for banded lead-zinc ore from polymetallic deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. Characterized by frequent alternation of thin stripes of sulfide minerals and carbonates. It is formed by selective replacement of crystalline limestones and banded dolomites with sphalerite and galena.
Boulder ore - consisting of boulders or fragments of a useful component (for example, brown iron ore, bauxite, phosphorite) and loose barren host rock.
Disseminated ore - consisting of predominant, empty (host) rock, in which ore minerals are more or less evenly distributed (disseminated) in the form of individual grains, clusters of grains and veinlets. Often such inclusions accompany large bodies of continuous ores along the edges, forming halos around them, and also form independent, often very large deposits, for example, deposits of porphyry copper (Cu) ores. synonym: Scattered ore.
Galmein ore - secondary zinc ore, consisting mainly of calamine and smithsonite. Characteristic of the oxidation zone of zinc deposits in carbonate rocks.
Pea ore is a type of bean ore.
Sod ore - loose, sometimes cemented, partly porous formations, consisting of clay formations of limonite with an admixture of other oxide hydrates gland(Fe) and variable number of compounds gland with phosphoric, humic and silicic acids. The composition of turf ore also includes clay. It is formed by subsoil waters rising to the surface with the participation of microorganisms in swamps and wet meadows and represents the second horizon of swamp and meadow soils. Synonym: meadow ore.
Nodule ore - represented by ore nodules. It is found among sedimentary iron (limonite), phosphorite and some other deposits.
Cockade ore (ringed) - with a cockade texture.
Complex ore is an ore with a complex composition from which several metals or useful components are extracted or can be economically extracted, for example, copper-nickel ore, from which can be extracted, except nickel And cupruma, cobalt, platinum group metals, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, .
Meadow ore is a synonym for the term turf ore.
Massive ore is a synonym for the term solid ore.
Metal ore is ore in which any useful component is used by industry. Contrasts with non-metallic ores, such as phosphorus, barite, etc.
Mylonitized ore is crushed and finely ground ore, sometimes with a parallel texture. It is formed in crushing zones and along thrust and fault planes.
Coin ore is an accumulation of small cake-shaped concretions of iron oxides or iron and manganese oxides at the bottom of lakes; used as . Coin ores are confined to lakes of the taiga zone in areas of ancient eroded (destroyed) igneous rocks and widespread flat-undulating terrain with many swamps.
Lake ore is iron (limonite) ore deposited at the bottom of lakes. Similar to swamp ores. Distributed in lakes of the northern part Russian Federation. See legume ore.
Oxidized ore is the ore of the near-surface part (oxidation zone) of sulfide deposits, resulting from the oxidation of primary ores.
Oolitic ore - consisting of small round concentric shell-like or radial-radiant formations, the so-called. oolites. A common structural type of iron ores, in which the ore minerals are silicates from the chlorite group (chamoisite, thuringite) or siderite, hematite, limonite, sometimes magnetite, often present together, sometimes with a predominance of one of these minerals. The oolitic composition is also characteristic of the ores of many bauxite deposits.
Sedimentary ferruginous ore - Sedimentary ferruginous rock
Smallpox ore is a type of disseminated magnetite ore in syenite rocks in the Urals. Local term.
Primary ore - not subject to later changes.
Recrystallized ore - which has undergone processes metamorphism is the transformation of mineral composition, textures and structures without changing the chemical composition.
Polymetallic ore - containing , and usually , and silver as permanent impurities, gold and often cadmium, indium, gallium and some other rare metals.
Banded ore - consisting of thin layers (bands) that differ significantly in composition, grain size or quantitative ratio of minerals.
Porphyry copper ore (or porphyry copper) is a formation of sulfide disseminated and veinlet-disseminated copper and molybdenum-copper ores in highly silicified hypabyssal moderately acidic granitoid and subvolcanic porphyry intrusions and their host effusive, tuffaceous and metasomatic rocks. The ores are represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, less commonly bornite, fahlores, and molybdenite. Content cupruma usually low, on average 0.5-1%. In the absence or very low molybdenum content, they are developed only in zones of secondary sulfide enrichment, with a content of 0.8-1.5% cuprum. High molybdenum contents make it possible to develop copper ores primary zone. In view of large sizes Porphyry ore deposits are one of the main industrial types of copper and molybdenum ores.
Naturally alloyed ore - laterite iron ore with more significant content than usual, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium, etc. Metals that impart increased quality - alloying - to the cast iron smelted from such ores and its processing products (iron, steel).
Radioactive ore - contains metals of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, thorium)
Collapsible ore - from which, by manual disassembly or elementary enrichment (screening, washing, winnowing, etc.), a useful component can be isolated in a pure or highly concentrated form.
Scattered ore is a synonym for the term disseminated ore.
Ordinary ore - 1. The usual average ore of a given deposit, 2. The ore in the form in which it comes from the mine workings before ore removal or beneficiation. 3. Ordinary ore as opposed to the concept of collapsible ore.
Sooty ore is a finely dispersed loose mass of black color, consisting of secondary oxides (tenorite) and cuprum sulfides - covellite and chalcocite, formed in the zone of secondary sulfide enrichment, and representing rich copper ore.
Sulfuric ore - containing native or chemically bound sulfur and suitable as a raw material for the sulfur industry. The main sources of sulfur ore are native deposits sulfur(see Sulfur rock). Sulfur ore is divided into 3 groups: poor - usually non-industrial, containing sulfur 8-9% or less; medium - with a sulfur content of 10-25%, requires preliminary enrichment; rich - with a sulfur content of more than 25%, does not require enrichment. Among other sources of sulfur, sulfide ores and industrial gases rank first.
The ore is solid - almost all of it (or most of) from ore minerals as opposed to disseminated ore. Syn. massive ore.
The ore is medium - with an average content of useful components. It should include ore, the content of the useful component in which is equal to or 10-50% higher than the standard content (standard).
Secondary ore - syn. term supergene ore.
Supergene ore - syn. term supergene ore.
Hypogene ore (minerals) - formed by endogenous geological processes. It is contrasted with supergenic minerals and ores of exogenous origin. Syn. ore (minerals) endogenous.
Supergene ore (minerals) - formed as a result of surface (exogenous) geological processes; is contrasted with hypogene ore, which has an endogenous deep origin. Syn: supergene ore, secondary ore.
The ore is poor - with a very low metal content, usually non-industrial (off-balance) under modern development conditions.
Uranium resin ore is a mineral, an unnecessary synonym for uraninite.
Ore ore - pieces (ores) of ordinary rich ore that does not require beneficiation.
Endogenous ore - endogenous minerals (ores).
Water resources
Water resources are water suitable for use. In a broader sense - water in liquid, solid and gaseous states and their distribution on Earth.
Water resources are all the waters of the hydrosphere, that is, the waters of rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, seas and oceans, groundwater, soil moisture, water (ice) of mountain and polar glaciers, atmospheric water vapor.
The total volume (one-time reserve) of water resources is 1390 million cubic km, of which about 1340 million cubic km is the water of the World Ocean. Less than 3% is fresh water, of which only 0.3% is technically available for use.
Renewable resources
Renewable resources - Natural resources, whose reserves are either restored faster than they are used, or do not depend on whether they are used or not. This is a rather vague definition, and often the concept of “renewable resources” does not include exactly what this phrase means. The term was introduced into circulation as a contrast to the concept of “non-renewable resources” (resources whose reserves can be exhausted in the near future at the current rate of use).
Many resources that are considered renewable are actually not renewable and will someday be depleted. An example is solar energy. On the other hand, with sufficient development of technology, many resources that are traditionally considered non-renewable can be restored. For example, metals can be reused. Recycling research is underway trade items made of plastic.
Renewable energy sources (RES) - in modern world practice, RES include: hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, hydraulic energy, energy of sea currents, waves, tides, temperature gradient sea water, temperature differences between air mass and the ocean, the heat of the Earth, biomass of animal, plant and household origin.
There are different opinions about what type of resource nuclear fuel should be classified as. The reserves of nuclear fuel, taking into account the possibility of its reproduction in breeder reactors, are enormous; they can last for thousands of years. Despite this, it is usually classified as a non-renewable resource. The main argument for this is the high environmental impact associated with the use of nuclear energy.
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Drinking water
Fuel obtained from plant processing: alcohol, biogas, biodiesel
Wood
Sources
ru.wikipedia.org - Free encyclopedia Wikipedia
glossary.ru - Glossary.ru
Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .
Synonyms:- Accounts Chamber
See what “Raw materials” are in other dictionaries:
RAW MATERIALS- 1. Plywood raw materials Timber for peeling or planing of specified species and sizes in the form of logs or blocks of appropriate quality for use in the production of laminated laminated wood
The industry composition of the complex is quite wide, it includes: basic chemistry (production of salts, acids and alkalis), organic synthesis and processing of polymers based on the raw materials of the mining chemical industry (apatites, phosphorites, sulfur, etc.), as well as petroleum products. The starting material for production can be either synthetic or natural origin, and is classified precisely according to this parameter:
- Mineral. Includes inorganic compounds: ores of heavy and non-ferrous metals, non-metallic and combustible minerals, as well as water and air.
- Vegetable. All types of wood, cotton, oilseeds and sugar crops, rubber and medicinal plants.
- Animal. Adipose tissue and processed bone.
- Synthetic. Hydrocarbon products of the coal and oil and gas processing industries.
Separately, the raw materials used in the chemical industry include several irreplaceable reagents, these include: formate and sodium nitrite, which significantly increase the performance characteristics of building materials and prevent corrosion, as well as saltpeter, a metallurgical raw material.
Organic synthesis for obtaining raw materials in the chemical industry
Despite the fact that the types of raw materials of the chemical industry are quite diverse, the basis of most popular products in this industry are primary hydrocarbons contained in oil. The processing of this mineral before it can be used in the production of products and materials consists of at least three stages:
- field preparation - degassing, dehydration, desalting and stabilization;
- direct race - separation of fuel fractions: gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil from oils and lubricants for various purposes;
- thermal and catalytic processing of petroleum distillates.
The main raw materials for the chemical industry are cracking products (alkanes and olefins). Such organic substances make it possible to obtain paraffin, ammonia fertilizers and jet fuel. Ethylene is the basis for a variety of materials from alcohol and aqueous compounds to a variety of plastics. Its compounds with other substances are used almost everywhere:
- Ethyl alcohol is the most famous solvent and base for the production of cellophane and acetate fiber.
- Dichloroethane makes it possible to create soft polyvinyl chloride plastics, from which linoleum, tiles and artificial leather are made, as well as latex, fiber packaging materials and coatings.
- Isopropyl alcohol is made from propylene and is used to create acetone, phenol and plexiglass. Also, without this unsaturated carbon, it is impossible to synthesize allyl chloride, which acts as the main component of glycerol.
- Butylene gas is converted into alcohols of the same name and is indispensable in the production of high-quality rubber.
Separately, it is worth noting ethylene-propylene rubbers with increased stability and resistance, which are indispensable for insulation needs in all industries.
Aromatic and gas hydrocarbons as raw materials for the chemical industry
Suppliers of raw materials for the chemical industry, the majority of whom work specifically with petroleum products, most often use the processing of gasoline fractions, catalytic reforming and pyrolysis of residual materials from the production of ethylene and propylene to produce organic compounds:
- Benzene is the basis for the addition of additional substances that change its characteristics. The most commonly produced plastic polymers are styrene and phenol, as well as aniline, a versatile aromatic amine, to create a wide range of products. Dyes, vulcanizing agents, polyurethanes, pesticides and even medicines are made from phenylamine. In addition, it is benzene that increases the octane number in fuel and is present in extracted form in most varnishes, paints and detergents.
- Toluene - known as the basis for TNT, can also be present in paints and solvents, and is included in the list of necessary carbohydrates for the creation of saccharin.
- Xylene (O; M; P) takes part in the polymerization of plastics, plasticizers, and coatings, and is also the basis of film mylar capacitors and nylon.
Gas, as a raw material for the chemical industry, is a much more profitable material. The selling price, manufacturability and purity of the product for such hydrocarbons are much higher than for petroleum products, and the cost, on the contrary, is lower. In addition, gas processing and transportation schemes are easily automated and are often carried out in a continuous cycle.
Methanol is a multifunctional alcohol, the basis of antifreeze, formaldehyde, resins and plastics, as well as a disinfectant, antiseptic and deodorizing agent. Raw materials for the chemical industry in Russia are mined, synthesized and processed by several hundred industries of various sizes, and this industry is today considered one of the most promising and profitable.
Examples of raw materials for the chemical industry at the exhibition
Expocentre Fairgrounds is the largest domestic organizer of exhibition events and the creator of its own successful projects aimed at stimulating development various industries industry. The “Chemistry” exposition this year will bring together domestic and foreign representatives interested in promoting and improving business in the chemical industry sector.
Expocentre is pleased to offer its guests a new, completely renovated level, designed specifically for the comfortable installation of demonstration pavilions of any complexity. The exhibition traditionally brings together representatives of the most influential companies, research institutes, government sectoral departments and a lot of journalists. One of the topics of discussion at this event is raw materials for the chemical industry and the possibilities for modernizing production and its preparation.
Raw materials are the most important initial element of any technological process. Its quality, compliance with technological requirements and level of processing, cost and availability largely determine the main qualitative, quantitative and cost indicators of manufactured products.
Raw materials are substances of natural and synthetic origin used as raw material in the production of industrial products and energy. Raw materials are mainly classified according to state of aggregation, composition and origin.
According to their state of aggregation, raw materials are divided into solid (coal, peat, ores, shale, wood), liquid (water, salt brines, oil) and gaseous (air, natural and industrial gases).
Based on their composition, raw materials are divided into organic and mineral. Organic, in turn, is divided by origin into plant and animal. TO mineral raw materials(from Latin minera - ore) are minerals mined from the depths of the earth. Their feature is their non-renewability as they are mined and used. Uneven distribution raw materials on the surface of the earth and its subsoil, concentration useful substances and chemical composition determine the cost of extraction and processing of raw materials.
Mineral raw materials. Mineral raw materials are the most important raw materials for industry. It includes about 2500 different minerals, differing from each other in chemical composition, physical properties, crystalline form, application and other characteristics. Earth's crust consists mainly of 14 chemical elements (99.5%): oxygen - 49.13%, silicon - 26.00, aluminum - 7.45, iron - 4.20, calcium - 3.25, sodium - 2 .40, magnesium - 2.35, potassium - 2.35, hydrogen - 1.00%, etc.
Mineral raw materials are divided into ore, non-ore and fuel.
Ore raw materials are minerals (industrial metal ores) containing one or more metals in quantity and form that allow their economically viable extraction. Based on the amount of metals contained, ores are divided into monometallic - contain one metal, bimetallic - two metals and poly-metallic - contain more than two metals extracted during processing. Examples of monometallic ores are iron, chromium, gold and other ores, bimetallic
- lead-zinc, copper-molybdenum, etc. Polymetallic ores may contain zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold and other metals. For example, 50% of the world's silver production, and in Russia - 70% of all mined silver, is extracted from polymetallic ores.
Metals in ores can be in the form of oxides (iron ores), sulfides (copper ores) or more complex chemical compounds. Some metals are found in pure form or in alloys with other metals - in so-called native ores, for example, gold and platinum.
Metal ores rarely consist only of metal-containing minerals. They usually contain other minerals that do not contain metals and are called gangue.
Ore deposits are divided into bedrock - in the form of monolithic rocks, ore massifs, and loose deposits - products of decay and destruction of bedrock. The latter are of worse quality, more friable, small, dusty and require greater costs for extraction and processing.
Non-metallic raw materials are used in the production of non-metals (sulfur, phosphorus, etc.), various salts (potassium, soda, table salt, etc.), mineral fertilizers and building materials. The most important types of non-metallic raw materials are: native sulfur, apatites, phosphorites, natural salts, sand, clay, etc. Non-metallic raw materials also include rare minerals of industrial importance - diamonds, graphite, asbestos, etc.
For the production of building materials they use rocks of various origins and composition: clay, sand, gravel, sandstone, gypsum, limestone, chalk, granite, pumice, tuff, etc. Many types of raw materials for the production of building materials are mined in open pits.
Although most non-metallic raw materials contain metals, they are in volumes and forms that are not economically feasible for their extraction, for example, phosphorites, apatites, aluminosilicates, etc.
Combustible mineral raw materials include organic fossils: oil, coal, peat and shale, which are mainly used as fuel or as raw materials for the chemical industry.
Fuel - flammable substances, main integral part which is carbon, used to obtain thermal energy when burned. Fuels are divided according to their state of aggregation and origin,
According to their state of aggregation, all fuels are divided into solid (fossil coals, peat, wood, shale), liquid (oil, petroleum products), and gaseous (natural and associated gases).
Based on their origin, fuel is divided into natural and artificial, i.e., obtained as a result of processing natural fuel or as waste from various technological processes (for example, blast furnace gas).
To evaluate fuel, the main indicator is its specific heat combustion, i.e. the amount of heat that is released during complete combustion of a unit of mass or volume of fuel (J/kg and J/m3). The technical characteristics of the fuel are determined by its composition. The composition of all types of fuel includes a combustible mass (organic mass + combustible inorganic substances, for example, sulfur) and a non-combustible mass (ash, moisture) - ballast. The organic mass of fuel consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen, as well as nitrogen and oxygen. The more ash and moisture in the fuel, the lower its calorific value; the higher the content of carbon and hydrogen and the less oxygen and nitrogen, the greater its calorific value.
To compare thermal value various types For organic fuel, the unit of standard fuel is adopted. The heat of combustion of 1 kg of solid equivalent fuel (or 1 m3 of gaseous fuel) is 29.3 mJ or 7000 kcal. Accordingly, 1 ton of brown coal is taken as 0.4 tons, coal- for 1.0 tons, and oil - for 1.4 tons of standard fuel. To compare the economic value of fuel materials, the price of oil on the world market is taken.
The pre-revolutionary Russian chemical industry was almost entirely dependent on the import of raw materials. Potassium salts, for example, were imported from Germany, phosphorites from North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), and saltpeter from South America (Chile). Currently, the industry is practically independent of imports, and huge reserves of apatites, phosphorites, table salt, limestone, sulfur and many other types of minerals have been explored in Russia.
The country's most efficient mineral, forestry, water, fuel and energy resources are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. Here there are the most favorable prerequisites for the development of the chemical industry. Enterprises created in the region can use the richest deposits of table and potassium salts, chemically pure limestones, apatites and phosphorites, mineral paints, various coals and even local resources of oil and natural gas, the reserves of which have been explored within the Siberian platform.
Currently, the complex's enterprises use West Siberian oil and Cheremkhovo coal (), table salt from the Usolskoye and Ziminskoye deposits (Usolskoye and Sayanskoye chlorine production), limestone from the Bilyutinskoye deposit of the Republic of Buryatia (Usolskoye "Khimprom"), logging and wood processing waste (hydrolytic factories). In the future, it is possible to use potassium salt and natural gas, the production of which is planned in the Irkutsk region.
It is very important that the main types of raw materials and fuel and energy resources are located in close proximity to existing chemical production: coal and limestone are hundreds of kilometers away, table salt is literally on the territory of the enterprises. At the same time, the efficiency of production of chemical products based on table salt and chemically pure limestone is determined by the very favorable technical and economic conditions of their extraction and the availability of cheap fuel, energy and water resources in the area.
Processing of coal raw materials
As is known, coal can be used not only as an energy fuel, but also as a valuable raw material for the chemical industry.
With relatively low heating (up to 500-600 °C) - semi-coking- gaseous (primary gas) and light liquid (primary tar) hydrocarbons are released from coal. This mixture, when cooled, resembles oil in color and viscosity. It contains a lot of phenol - a valuable raw material for the production of plastics, dyes and medicinal substances. The primary gas contains natural gas gasoline.
At higher heating temperatures (up to 900-1000 °C, without air access) - coking- coke oven gas is released from coal, containing vapors of coal tar and a number of other substances valuable for the chemical industry (ethylene, methane, carbon monoxide, etc.). From coal tar, in turn, light, medium and heavy oils are isolated, from which valuable chemical products are also obtained (benzene, phenol, naphthalene, etc.).
The coking process is carried out in coke ovens, usually combined into so-called coke batteries (50-80 ovens each).
Until the mid-1950s. coal from the Cheremkhovo deposit served as the main type of raw material in the production of liquid motor fuel at the Angarsk plant. During the semi-coking process, ammonia was produced from it, which is used in the production of nitrogen fertilizers - ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonia water. The Angarsk coke and gas plant was the main source of hydrocarbon raw materials and fuel gas for the production of organic synthesis products. With the beginning of oil supplies, refinery gases began to be used for these purposes, from which they began to produce ethylene, ammonia and methanol.
In addition, coal was used as a raw material at the Cheremkhovo semi-coking plant, built in 1942-1945. Later, in 1965, the Lakokraska plant was transferred here, which also used semi-coking products as raw materials for the production of dyes.
In the future, when increasing the volume of coal production, it is advisable to develop technologies for its chemical processing. For example, based on modern technologies, it is possible to obtain from coal quite efficient and transportable, very environmentally friendly, high-calorie solid fuel, as well as artificial liquid fuel and combustible gas.
Oil refining
Oil is a complex mixture of liquid hydrocarbons. Like coal, it is an excellent raw material for the chemical industry. Thousands of different products and semi-finished products are obtained from oil.
On processing plant The oil is first separated into fractions by heating (this process is called distillation). Each fraction contains hydrocarbons that are close in boiling point. For example, the first fraction is gasoline and light hydrocarbons. Then come naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, diesel fuel, and lubricating oils. The last fraction is fuel oil and tar.
Distillation is carried out in distillation columns (the height of a 10-story building), where oil heated to 300-325 °C is separated into individual products. In this case, lighter vapors (gases and gasoline) rise to the very top; below are condensed bunks of hydrocarbons boiling at 200-250 °C (kerosene); The heaviest fractions (fuel oil) with a boiling point above 300 °C remain at the bottom.
The distillation unit operates continuously. The petroleum products obtained with its help are removed through pipelines and sent to further processing. For example, various lubricating oils and bitumens are obtained from fuel oil through additional distillation.
To increase the yield of light petroleum products by 2-3 times, use chemical methods oil refining: cracking- split organic matter when exposed to high pressure and temperature, and pyrolysis- decomposition only at high temperatures. In practice, it looks like this: oil (or one of its fractions) is distilled at elevated (up to 5 MPa) pressure and high (450-550 ° C) temperature, due to which the splitting (decomposition) of heavy and complex hydrocarbon molecules included in the composition occurs. fuel oil, into lighter and less complex ones.
The gases obtained during pyrolysis and cracking (propylene, ethylene and acetylene) are used as raw materials in the processes of organic and organochlorine synthesis.
The efficiency of cracking and pyrolysis increases significantly in the presence of catalysts - aluminosilicates. For example, catalytic cracking makes it possible to obtain up to 0.8 tons of high-quality gasoline and kerosene from 1 ton of diesel oil at lower pressure and lower temperatures.
The yield of high-quality gasoline can be increased by using the so-called catalytic reforming- refining of petroleum products, as a result of which molecules of heavy hydrocarbons are converted into lighter ones, passing through a special chamber (with a temperature of 500 °C) before being fed into the distillation column high blood pressure and catalyst).
In the petrochemical complex of the Irkutsk region, oil is the main type of raw material. In terms of its cost and supply volumes (measured in tens of millions of tons), it ranks first among other types of chemical raw materials. At the Angarsk oil refinery, light grades of motor fuel and heating oil are obtained from it. Petroleum refining intermediates serve as raw materials for other chemical production of organochlorine synthesis, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, alcohols, etc.
The Angarsk oil refinery is the second largest refining enterprise in Russia (after Omsk). It is capable of annually processing up to 25 million tons of crude oil (about the same as in the USSR as a whole before the war). Initially, oil was imported via railway in tanks from Bashkiria. Since 1964, it began to be supplied via the Tuymazy - Omsk - oil pipeline, through which Tyumen oil also began to flow in 1966.
The use of “toll” oil was justified due to the orientation of the location of oil refineries in areas of consumption of petroleum products, due to the possibility of effective processing of the resulting waste and by-products by creating appropriate capacities, as well as due to the presence in the region of significant highly efficient fuel, energy and water resources.
From 1990 to 1995, the volume of oil supplies to Angarsk decreased by 25% (Table 18.3). This was due to a number of reasons: a decrease in oil production in Western Siberia, a decrease in flow rates and watering of wells, a reduction in effective demand for oil, a crisis of non-payments within the country and more favorable conditions for the supply of crude oil abroad. Disruptions in oil supplies to the Angarsk Petroleum Chemical Complex affect the rhythm of work of the entire Angarsk-Usolsko-Sayan chemical complex and create problems in providing oil products to the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Table 18.3.Dynamics of oil refining by the Angarsk Petrochemical Company, million tons
The decrease in the volume of oil refining led to a decrease in the efficiency of using refining capacities. Thus, if in 1985 the yield of light oil products at the Angarsk oil refinery was 75%, then in 1995 it decreased to 65% while the yield of heating oil increased (Table 18.4).
In this regard, there is a need to involve local oil resources in circulation. The most promising is the Verkhnechonskoye oil and gas condensate field. In the future, it is possible to develop the oil reserves of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). At the same time, it is advisable to lay a single oil pipeline, which will reduce the cost of petroleum products and shorten the time required for field development. Total oil production in Eastern Siberia can reach 15-20 million tons per year, which is comparable to the demand of the entire Angarsk oil refining complex.
Table 18.4.Production of petroleum products by the Angarsk Petrochemical Company, 1994.
When developing local oil resources, two development scenarios are feasible. The first involves the supply of oil for processing via a pipeline to Angarsk, the second the construction of a new oil refinery within the Verkhnelensky TPK.
When implementing the first scenario, it should be taken into account that East Siberian oil differs in a number of indicators from the West Siberian oil currently supplied to the ANKhK - the yield of light oil products from it is 15% lower. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the capacities of the Angarsk oil refinery, which is currently not ready to process Verkhnechonsk and Yakut oil.
If the second scenario is implemented, conditions will appear for the creation of our own oil refining production in the region, capable of supplying the territories of the Near North and the BAM zone with light oil products. On the base similar production and potassium salt reserves of the Nepa basin, in the future it is possible to develop electrochemistry and organize the production of polyvinyl chloride resin and plastics.
Production and use of gas feedstock
The enterprises of the complex produce and use a variety of gas raw materials. Particularly noteworthy are acetylene, ethylene, and propylene. In the future, it is advisable to use local natural gas resources as a raw material.
Acetylene (HC=CH). It is used at Usolsky Khimprom as a raw material for the needs of organic synthesis, mainly for the production of vinyl chloride (H 2 C=CHCl) and the production of polyvinyl chloride and other copolymers based on it. Acetylene is produced at Usolsky Khimprom from calcium carbide. With the beginning of the industrial development of local hydrocarbon resources, it will be possible to obtain acetylene from natural gas or replace it with other gas raw materials.
Ethylene (H 2 C=CH 2). The main type of raw material for the production of polyvinyl chloride (at Sayan Khimprom) and polyethylene (at ANKhK). It can also be used to generate ethyl alcohol(consumed in the manufacture of rubber) and some other products. Ethylene is a colorless gas, one of the main products of oil refining. It is also part of coke oven gases.
Ethylene is produced at ANKhK, where it is large quantities(up to 20%) is formed during the decomposition of light gaseous hydrocarbons during the distillation of oil (octane breaks down into butane and butylene, and butane, in turn, into ethane and ethylene).
Ethylene is supplied to Sayan "Khimprom" via an ethylene pipeline and is used for the synthesis of vinyl chloride - the raw material for the production of polyvinyl chloride.
Propylene (CH 3 CH=CH 2). Obtained as a result of pyrolysis of petroleum products at the Angarsk oil refinery. The share of propylene in the total volume of gases formed during the distillation of oil reaches 20%. Propylene is used as a raw material in the synthesis of certain chemicals (at ANKhK and Usolsky Khimprom). A very important product for industry is produced from it - acetone, which is used in the production of certain types of plastics, artificial fibers, glycerin, smokeless powder, medical preparations, etc.
Natural gas. This type raw materials are not yet used by enterprises of the Angarsk-Usolsko-Sayan petrochemical and organochlorine complex. However, the large-scale use of natural gas in the energy and chemical industries of the region is a task of great economic importance.
Gas production is planned in the Irkutsk region in the near future. The annual need for it for the technological and energy needs of the Angara region is estimated at approximately 5-9 billion m 3.
Local natural gas reserves can become a reliable base of hydrocarbon raw materials for enterprises, Usolye-Sibirsky and. Using them instead of gases obtained during primary and secondary oil refining will significantly reduce the cost of production, reduce the complex’s dependence on interruptions in oil supplies from Western Siberia and weaken the impact of the ever-increasing cost of petroleum pyrolysis feedstock, as well as acetylene produced from calcium carbide.
The enterprises of the complex can produce a wide variety of products from local natural gas - ammonia, methanol, ethylene and ethane fractions, butyl alcohols, etc. Natural gas can replace paraffins in the production of protein and vitamin concentrates. It can be used in calcining limestone (producing calcium carbide) and drying PVC paste instead of steam.
The use of natural gas will make it possible to displace less technological processes from production and thereby significantly increase its efficiency and environmental friendliness. In particular, it is possible to eliminate such technological processes like gasification solid fuel and pyrolysis of straight-run gasoline to produce ammonia, methanol and ethylene.
Of particular interest are large gas reserves concentrated near industrialized areas. First of all, this applies to the Kovyktinskoye gas condensate field, gas from which it is advisable to supply gas to Angarsk via a gas pipeline. In the future, through the already operating gas pipeline, it is possible to supply raw materials from more distant northern fields.
It is very important that the gas from the fields of the Siberian platform contains large amounts of ethane, propane, butane and helium. This makes it a very valuable raw material for the chemical industry. These fractions can be isolated at gas processing plants. In particular, it is advisable to use ethane to produce ethylene - a raw material for some chemical industries in Angarsk and Sayansk, and in the future -. Calculations show that the potential ethane resources of the Kovykta field alone will be sufficient to organize large-scale ethylene production. This production can not only provide existing capacities for the production of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, but also become the basis for the creation of other ethylene-consuming enterprises.
Gasification of the petrochemical complex will significantly affect its development. Firstly, a number of large-scale industries will be able to switch to more economical (and environmentally friendly) raw material base, which will inevitably reduce the need for crude oil. Secondly, many technological processes will be intensified, which will increase the competitiveness of manufactured products, reduce harmful emissions and improve the environmental situation in the Angara region.
One of the stages of gasification is associated with the transfer of large-scale methanol production at the ANKhK to natural gas. This will require the construction of new enterprises using modern energy-saving technologies. Based on methanol, it is planned to produce a non-toxic additive for gasoline, which will make it possible to switch to the production of unleaded fuels.
Gasification will significantly change the structure of fuel consumption. At the same time, gas will compete in the fuel balance not only with coal, but also with fuel oil. There are estimates that by 2010 the share of gas in the region’s fuel consumption may be equal to the share of coal and amount to approximately 30%.
Finally, the use of natural gas will make it possible to successfully solve the problem of providing ethylene to the second stage of the Sayan Khimprom, the construction of which is planned in the medium term.
According to preliminary estimates, the commissioning of a natural gas field with production and chemical processing in a volume of 5 billion m 3 will be equivalent in the conditions of the Irkutsk region to the processing of 5 million tons of oil.
Use of mineral raw materials
The Irkutsk region has highly efficient mineral resources. Some of them are already used as raw materials for the chemical industry - table salt (halite) and carbonate rocks (chemically pure limestone). In the future, it is possible to use potassium salts, apatites and phosphorites, natural mineral dyes, etc.
Table salt (halite). Contains elements valuable for the chemical industry. Serves as the main raw material for the production of caustic soda, chlorine and sodium. Its reserves in the Angara region are huge and can meet the needs of electrochemical production for many decades.
The Usolskoye, Ziminskoye and Bratskoye salt deposits are being developed for industrial purposes. Extraction is carried out by underground leaching, directly in the deposit area, close to the processing site. The brine from these deposits is of high quality, contains almost no technical impurities, and does not require complex and expensive purification.
The salt brine is supplied through a pipeline directly to the chlorine production plant, where chlorine and caustic soda are produced by electrolysis. The process is carried out in two types of electrolysis baths: with a moving mercury cathode, as well as with a solid cathode and a porous diaphragm (diaphragm method). Producing caustic soda and chlorine by electrolysis requires a significant amount of electricity. Therefore, such enterprises are located mainly in areas where there are reserves of this type of raw material and cheap electricity.
The production of chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid and other chlorine-containing compounds has been established in Usolye-Sibirsky and Sayansk. Production of liquid chlorine for needs pulp and paper industry available at the chlorine plant, which is part of the Bratsk timber processing complex.
Carbonate rocks (chemically pure limestones). They are raw materials for the production of calcium carbide at Usolsky Khimprom, where for this purpose in the mid-1960s. the largest in the country were created production capacity. Limestone is supplied from the Republic of Buryatia, from the Bilyutinskoye deposit, located 600 km from the chemical plant. Plants for processing carbonate rocks require very high energy costs, so they are located near the places of its production.
The Irkutsk region also has enormous fuel and energy resources and reserves of high-quality carbonate raw materials. Each of the deposits explored within its boundaries (Ust-Anginskoye, Tsagan-Khodinskoye, Malobystrinskoye, etc.) is not inferior to Bilyutinsky in terms of quality and reserves of limestone. However, the Irkutsk fields are still less accessible in terms of transport (although they are closer to Usolye-Sibirskoye) and they lack the necessary infrastructure. However, in the future it is possible to extract raw materials used in the chemical industry in the production of calcium carbide and acetylene. In addition, local natural gas resources can be used to burn limestone.
Apatites and phosphorites. They can be used in the production of phosphate fertilizers, in particular superphosphate. The largest reserves of this raw material in Russia, discovered in the Irkutsk region, create favorable preconditions for the successful development of the superphosphate industry in the region. Producing 1 ton of superphosphate requires the same amount of phosphorites and approximately 0.4 tons of sulfuric acid. Considering that sulfuric acid is poorly transportable, superphosphate plants, as a rule, design workshops for its production.
Potassium salt. It is a raw material for the development of the potash fertilizer industry. Pre-revolutionary Russia met the need for potash fertilizers exclusively through imports. To date, huge reserves of potassium salts have been discovered in Russia, including in the Irkutsk region. For the development of the potash industry it is not necessary large quantity energy, it is advisable to locate its enterprises near sources of raw materials.
Other. Other types of raw materials include sulfur, mineral paints, asbestos, talc, zeolites, etc.
Sulfur is used at ANKhK in the production of sulfuric acid, which is necessary for the production of a whole range of chemical products- mineral fertilizers, explosives, artificial fibers, paints, etc. Deposits of native sulfur are known in the Irkutsk region. However, it is more expedient to import it from other regions of Russia or use sulfur compounds formed during the combustion of coal at powerful thermal power plants as raw materials.
Mineral paint reserves have been explored in the region. These reserves are a kind of base for the development of the paint and varnish industry. This industry is currently represented by a small assortment of thickly grated and dry paints and drying oils obtained from imported raw materials.
In addition to those considered, the Irkutsk region has reserves of asbestos, talc, zeolites and other mineral resources, the use of which is possible in the development of the chemical industry.
A variety of raw materials are used at such enterprises as the Angarsk Chemical Reactants Plant, the Usolsky Chemical Pharmaceutical Plant and the Cheremkhovo Chemical Plant. It is supplied to the Irkutsk region from various parts of Russia and the CIS.