What can you do in the jungle? How to survive in the jungle? Amazonian jungle
Euro- the official currency of nineteen countries that are members of the European Union, and the national currency of six more European countries(see below for a list of countries where the euro is used). The symbol for the euro is a round letter "E" with one or two lines crossing it horizontally: €.
1 euro consists of 100 cents, or euro cents. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 euros. Coins in circulation: 1 and 2 euros, as well as 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents.
The roots of the euro are in economic crisis 1970s. Because of this crisis, the first plans arose to create a single currency, which was later replaced by the euro. There were various reasons for the creation of the euro currency: concerns about the stability of the dollar, especially against the background of the deteriorating US economy; strengthening integration European countries; increased price competition in the Eurozone; and others. Read more about the history of the euro in the appropriate section below.
Today, the euro is not only a world currency, but also one of the global reserve currencies (the second largest). Central banks in many countries around the world are diversifying their reserves and holding them in US dollars, Japanese yen, and also euros. The euro is today the second most exchanged currency in the world, after the US dollar. As of 2014, almost a trillion euros were in circulation.
Euro exchange rate
In the currency converter you can see the exchange rate of the euro to the ruble and to the dollar today.
History of the euro, history of the euro currency
For the first time the euro was introduced as an accounting currency January 1, 1999. The history of the euro is closely connected with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty (“Treaty of European Union”).
The history of the euro currency dates back to the member countries European Union began to accept the euro as the national currency. At the beginning of its history, the euro was used only as electronic currency, as a cash currency, the euro was accepted only January 1, 2002. At the time of the introduction of the euro as a cash currency, it began to be used in 12 European countries at once. Subsequently, many other European countries switched to the euro (see the list of countries using the euro below).
Former currencies of European countries in the history of the euro
Many European currencies (German mark, French franc, Italian lira, and others) ceased to exist by July 1, 2002. This date is important in the history of the euro, it is considered the beginning of centralized monetary policy. With the introduction of the euro, the European Central Bank began to implement monetary policy in countries using the single euro currency.
Attempts to create a single currency have been made for a long time. Back in 1979, the European Monetary System was introduced, which was in effect until December 31, 1998, until the creation of the euro. This system used the unit European currency(ECU, from English. ECU - European Currency Unit).
The purpose of the euro
The euro currency was introduced with the aim of creating a more stable European economy, what can be said to have been achieved - economic growth throughout Europe has increased since the adoption of the euro, and different financial markets Europe has become more integrated with each other. In addition, the euro currency has strengthened the European presence in global economy due to the fact that it is a reserve currency. Also, the introduction of the euro made it possible to mitigate exchange rate volatility between different European countries.
Problems and difficulties in the history of the euro
Since the adoption of the euro, some difficulties have sometimes arisen. Although the euro has improved stability throughout the region, all states have to maintain roughly the same interest rate to avoid interest arbitrage. This circumstance has led to difficulties in some economies of the European Union countries, in particular in Germany. Due to the introduction of the euro, it is no longer possible to use the interest rate as an instrument of fiscal policy. If the growth of a country's economy slows down, the government of that country will not be able to lower the interest rate to stimulate growth.
Euro in different countries, in which countries is the euro
Today, the euro is one of the most powerful currencies in the world. The currency is used by almost 340 million Europeans in twenty-four European countries (nineteen of which are members of the European Union). The euro is also used in some non-European countries.
In which countries is the euro
Listed below are the countries that use the Euro currency. The euro is also used in some overseas territories and possessions of European countries not listed below. In addition, over 200 million more people in the world use currencies pegged to the euro.
Countries that are highlighted in the list in bold, are part of the European Union.
A country | Year of adoption of the euro | Currency previously used |
Austria | 1999 | Austrian schilling |
Andorra | 2012 | Did not have an official currency; French franc and peseta were used |
Belgium | 1999 | Belgian franc |
Vatican | 2002 | Vatican lyre |
Germany | 1999 | German mark |
Greece | 2001 | Greek drachma |
Ireland | 1999 | Irish pound |
Spain | 1999 | Peseta |
Italy | 1999 | Italian lira |
Cyprus | 2008 | Cypriot pound |
Kosovo | 2002 | Yugoslav dinar, German mark, US dollar, Swiss franc |
Latvia | 2014 | Latvian lats |
Lithuania | 2015 | Lithuanian litas |
Luxembourg | 1999 | Luxembourg franc |
Malta | 2008 | Maltese lira |
Monaco | 2002 | Monegasque franc |
Netherlands | 1999 | Dutch guilder |
Portugal | 1999 | Portuguese escudo |
San Marino | 2002 | Sanmarine lira |
Slovakia | 2009 | Slovak koruna |
Slovenia | 2007 | Slovenian tolar |
Finland | 1999 | Finnish brand |
France | 1999 | French franc |
Montenegro | 2002 | Did not have an official currency; German mark was used |
Estonia | 2011 | Estonian kroon |
Euro banknotes with photos, euro banknotes, euro bills with photos
Listed below are all possible euro banknotes with photos. Both facial and reverse sides banknotes
Number of euros | Front side | Reverse side |
5 euros | ![]() |
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10 euros | ![]() |
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20 euros | ![]() |
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50 euros | ![]() |
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100 euro | ![]() |
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200 euros | ![]() |
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500 Euro | ![]() |
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Euro coins, euro coins with photos, euro coins
Listed below are all issued euro coins with photos. IN different countries different euro coins are issued, below are photos of euro coins from all countries where they are issued (part of the European Union).
Austria. Coins of Austria
Andorra. Coins of Andorra
Belgium. Coins of Belgium
Vatican. Vatican coins
Germany. Coins of Germany
Greece. Coins of Greece
Ireland. Coins of Ireland
Spain. Coins of Spain
Italy. Coins of Italy
Cyprus. Coins of Cyprus
Latvia. Coins of Latvia
Lithuania. Coins of Lithuania
Luxembourg. Coins of Luxembourg
Malta. Coins of Malta
Monaco. Monaco coins
Netherlands. Coins of the Netherlands
Portugal. Coins of Portugal
San Marino. Coins of San Marino
Slovakia. Coins of Slovakia
Slovenia. Coins of Slovenia
Finland. Coins of Finland
France. Coins of France
There is a lot of danger lurking in the dense depths of the jungle, which has more than once surpassed human capabilities and attempts. survive.
But by taking into account all of the guidelines listed below, you can not only resist wild conditions jungle, but also to return home safe and sound.
No matter how sad it may sound, but, alas, you are lost in the jungle. As they say, tears won’t help matters, it’s time to move on to decisive action to survive:
2. Find food.
3. Find/Build a shelter.
4. Move in one direction.
5. Ensure safety.
Let's talk about each of the points in more detail.
1. Find a source of drinking water.
Unlike the dry climate of the desert, jungle forests have high humidity, so finding water will not be difficult. So, sources drinking water will be:
Rain is not uncommon in the jungle. From large plant leaves you can make a funnel to collect rainwater. But before drinking it, it is better to boil the water to kill all the bacteria it contains. A tin/aluminum can works well for this.
Bamboo stems:
When it rains, bamboo accumulates some water. Tilt the bamboo stalk so that the water falls into the designated container.
Solar water collector:
Step 1: Dig a hole in the ground.
Step 2: Place a container to collect water in the center of the hole.
Step 3: Fill the space around the container with something raw, such as wet leaves.
Step 4: Cover the hole with a plastic sheet and place rocks around the edges.
Step 5: Place a small stone in the center of the leaf directly above the water collection container.
Step 6: Condensed water will accumulate on inside sheet and move to its center, filling the container with distilled drinking water.
2. Find food:
As you know, it grows in the jungle great amount plants and an equally large number of animals live, so anything can become a source of food for survival. The only thing you need to decide is how to get it. Here are some practical tips:
Hunting/Traps:
Don't waste your energy on hunting if you haven't done it before. It's better to set traps and save energy for other moments survival. To increase your chances of having something edible on the table for dinner, let's set a few traps in different places Thus:
Step 1: Find three branches and a heavy stone.
Step 2: Make some notches on the sticks like in the picture below.
Step 3: Hold the stone with your hand while installing sticks “A” and “C”.
Step 4: When the stone has been supported with sticks “A” and “C”, install the trigger stick “B”.
Step 5: Carefully release the structure.
Step 6: When the bird or small animal will try to take the bait, the trigger stick will fall, and the stone will cover the victim with a fatal blow.
Fishing:
If you find a river or stream in the jungle, consider that this is another food source that is full of fish. And in order to catch her, it will be more convenient to use a spear with four prongs, which we will try to make now:
Step 2: Place the smaller branches at a 45-degree angle along the entire length of the larger branch on both sides.
Step 3: Cover the structure with foliage.
4. Movement/Rest:
If you are not sure that they will soon be looking for you, start your own rescue operation yourself. To do this, move in the jungle only during the daytime and sleep at night. With the aim of survival try to go only in one direction and remember some objects along the way to avoid wandering in circles.
Also pay attention to whether any animal left traces. If you notice any, look where they lead. They can often lead you to a water source or open area where you will be easier for the rescue team to locate.
By the way, to move through the dense jungle it would be good to stock up on a cane made from an ordinary tree branch. It will be useful not only for clearing your path from the plants you encounter, but will also become a lifesaver and help you get out of the quicksand.
5. Security
In the jungle, regardless of its location, there are beasts of prey, so it's wise to always be on guard. It is best to move through the jungle slowly, without sudden movements or creating unnecessary noise. Don't forget to watch your step so you don't accidentally step on a snake. If you don’t have any weapons, you can use a self-made spear for self-defense.
The danger in survival in the jungle also comes from mosquitoes and other poisonous insects. For example, mosquitoes transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever.
If you don't have insect repellent, you can use the following methods to protect yourself from bites:
- Wear clothes with long sleeves and pants;
- Apply dirt to unprotected areas;
- Make a headdress from a shirt;
- Before putting on your shirt or shoes, check them thoroughly for spiders and insects.
You can easily get into the jungle, into the wild tropical forest even in the most cultural country. Why is the island of Singapore a civilized and cleaned-up state, and even there there is a piece of real jungle (in botanical garden). So any country located in tropical zone, sooner or later will confront you with harsh reality natural nature. Or maybe you yourself would like to try yourself in the role of Mowgli. A two-day excursion through a real rainforest - and you will remember it for the rest of your life.
The jungle is not a picnic in the Moscow region. British, American and some other troops developed detailed guidelines on how to survive in the most difficult conditions and with a minimum of resources. However, most of us cannot even imagine such a thing. If you're lucky, you won't get caught guerrilla warfare in the tropics. Or, even worse, end up in the jungle as a result of a plane crash. On the other hand, you shouldn’t be afraid of the jungle until your knees tremble. You just need to know the rules of behavior and the laws of survival. That's what we'll talk about.
If you find yourself in the jungle against your will, there is no need to panic. As you know, this is the first condition for overcoming any extreme situation. Think about the multitude intrepid travelers, wandering across vast expanses and living for days and even months in places much worse than the rainforest. There you are definitely not in danger of frostbite, dehydration or fainting from hunger. In the end, remember your ancestors - they once lived in similar conditions (not referring to monkeys at all). And you will have confidence in your abilities. Later, calmly assessing the circumstances in which you find yourself, you will understand that nothing particularly terrible happened.
Actually, the jungle cannot be called an unpleasant place (it’s much more unpleasant to get into garbage dump near big city). But you will definitely have to face some inconveniences. For starters, it's usually warm there as long as you're wearing dry clothes. Get wet and you can freeze very quickly (especially at night). Therefore, you will have to keep a sleeping bag and a change of dry clothes ready at all times. The best way keeping things dry means packing them in plastic bags. Moreover, in the jungle, surprises often await you: either your backpack fell into the river, or a tropical downpour poured in (the effect is approximately the same). It is most convenient to stuff your equipment into at least three such bags: one with dry clothes, another with a camera, notebooks, and a third with food.
But be prepared for the fact that you will still have to wear wet clothes. No big deal: it's unpleasant for the first 10 minutes in the morning. In hot weather, it will dry quickly right on you, after which you will still sweat. Or you'll get caught in the rain. Be sure to save a change of dry clothes for sleep.
Since you will often sweat in the jungle, it is not a sin to do laundry every now and then. The conditions here are quite suitable for this. There are many bodies of water, so choose one where you won’t see crocodiles nearby, and wash it. It is better to do this on a sunny day - then things can be dried on hot coastal stones for half an hour. Of course, your camp toilet can be dried over a fire in the evening. But then in the morning you will have to put on something dry that stinks disgustingly of smoke.
Always wear loose clothing in the tropics. It may not suit you very well, but the process of constant getting wet and drying leads to the fact that your suit instantly shrinks. Cotton is best for walking in the tropics, but good quality so that it does not start to rot and tear too quickly.
For feet, baseball cleats or lightweight canvas shoes with rubber soles are usually recommended. However, over long distances, good leather shoes will protect your feet from bruises and blisters much better. In places where leeches live, you have to take footwear a little more seriously: first they put on special cotton stockings, and tie them under the knee with a string so that they don’t slip, and only then socks and boots. On top are long trousers. Then your feet are completely safe. Despite their external unattractiveness, such stockings are an ideal remedy for leeches.
To move around in the jungle, two things are especially necessary: big knife or machete and compass. In addition to what has already been listed, the backpack must contain a map, a waterproof raincoat, tools for starting a fire (a lighter is better than matches), a camp pot, tea or coffee, sugar, and powdered milk.
Spend the night in the forests South America accepted in hammocks. Otherwise tropical world for some reason they prefer tents. What is much less convenient: the ground is literally teeming with insects and small animals. If there is no hammock, then making this universal bed from any waterproof cloth is a matter of technique. And take care of hygiene. Small scratches in tropical forest They begin to fester quickly and sometimes do not heal for a very long time. The best prevention- washing and treating wounds at least once a day.
Try to pack food for your trip that is light, compact, and filling. There will be no problems with water, but metal containers with a supply of water will not hurt: puddles, rivers, streams and lakes in the jungle are teeming with bacteria. It is better to replenish supplies from plant viaducts, which are formed by vines and rattans (palm). In their leaves, as in water lily flowers, can accumulate rainwater, which is not very safe, but still better than regular river water. It is quite convenient to drink from such plants, although it is better to filter the liquid through fabric or parts of clothing so as not to swallow sediment.
The jungle is home to a huge amount of living creatures, which swarm around the traveler. In streams - often directly with your hands - you can catch shrimp, turtles, frogs and even fish. Moreover, they are all edible and even tasty. The same cannot be said about plant fruits. It is better not to touch fruits - even ripe ones, even those that animals eat before your eyes. Some edible-looking plants and mushrooms can be very poisonous. Never try to taste the honey of wild bees unless you know how to handle bees. Not only can you get stung, hornet stings can even be fatal. It is difficult to maintain hygienic standards when preparing food in the tropics. So be prepared for at least mild indigestion.
As for the dangers, there are no more of them in the jungle than on the streets of Moscow at night. Predators prefer slightly smaller living creatures as prey than Homo sapiens, and venomous snakes do not bite very often. One American expedition spent 15 months in Borneo, and, imagine, not one of its participants was bitten. On the contrary, it was the pundits who reduced the number of snakes in the area, as they sometimes included fried reptiles in their menu. True, they knew well the difference between a poisonous snake and a non-poisonous one, how to behave in the presence of a distinguished guest, and how to catch it without much damage to their own skin.
However, an ampoule with an antidote never hurts. What to hide, there are, of course, places where poisonous snakes too much, the hour will come. And no boots will save you. For example, in Costa Rica. Most of the other small nasties (thorns, ants, insects) are more annoying than actually causing pain.
The jungle only seems like a scary place when you're not used to it. Loud strange screams, a gigantic number of unfamiliar reptiles, flying, biting and stinging midges and oppressive heat - they all seemed to conspire to make the traveler lose heart. In fact, the jungle is a paradise. If you are irritated, upset, have lost the meaning of life and are close to suicide, go there immediately. The world you will find yourself in will be so unusual and amazing that there will simply be no time left for self-criticism. And dangers, even imaginary ones, will strengthen your spirit. Many problems that seemed insoluble will cease to exist. In addition, in most parts of the world where jungles remain, aborigines still live. By following their advice and traveling under their careful guidance, you will enrich yourself with the experience of life in natural world and, in turn, help them regain the self-respect suppressed by modern civilization.
Many people imagine the tropics as huge and impenetrable jungle, in which you have to constantly swing a machete. But this is far from true. Survive in the uninhabited tropical zone not as difficult as it seems. With the help of a compass and common sense, you can try to overcome the jungle.
Many areas of the primary jungle are interspersed large clearings and cleaned for Agriculture platforms. However, when such areas are abandoned, dense thickets of bushes appear here. This is a secondary jungle, much more difficult to cross than the primary one.
Usually animals and reptiles in the jungle do not pose such a danger as insects. It is the latter that are real threat, many of them carry deadly diseases, one of the deadliest being malaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. For example, very big mosquitoes found in the jungles of Costa Rica. Of course, if you are bitten by a mosquito, you will not necessarily get sick.
After an emergency landing of the plane and providing first aid to the victims, you need to decide whether you will stay near the plane or get out on your own. If you find yourself in an area where your plane and your signals are not visible, and you have no wounded, then it would be wise to go yourself.
But first, you should treat any wounds immediately. In the tropics, the smallest scratch can turn into an ugly wound within a few hours.
When leaving the scene of an accident, leave visible markings on the trees so that you can return back if something happens, as well as indicate the direction to possible rescue teams.
Night comes quickly in the jungle, so be prepared to go to bed early. In the jungle you need to rest more and sleep more to maintain your strength and be more resistant to illness. Try camping on a hill or elevated place as far as possible from the swamp.
Then you will suffer less from mosquitoes and other insects, and the soil will be dry. You can make a kind of bed by placing wide leaves on the branches. You can build a waterproof dome using a thick layer of leaves, bark and turf.
If you spend the night near an airplane, use it as shelter. Most likely, it will be dry inside even in a humid jungle. Try stopping mosquitoes by covering your door with a parachute or other fabric.
Do not camp near a river or swamp, especially during the rainy season, as you may be flooded. Don't sleep under a dead tree or coconut tree. The coconut may fall and kill you.
Try to ensure that your clothing protects as many areas of your body as possible. Pull down your sleeves and fasten your buttons. This will protect you to some extent from insects and scratches. Even small scratch may become a source of infection.
When you undress, inspect your skin for insects. Also check your clothing regularly. Keep your clothes clean, dry and in good condition. Dirty clothes wear out faster and can cause skin diseases. Helpful tip: You can wear a second shirt on a stick, which dries while you walk, and change it during rest to avoid malaria.
In the jungle, fire will warm you, help you cook food, and drive away mosquitoes and curious animals. Fuel is usually plentiful, but dry wood can be difficult to find during the rainy season. However, it is possible to find an old tree with an empty trunk from which the dead parts can be cut out. After lighting the fire, you can add wet wood to it.