What is characteristic of the nature of Kamchatka. Kamchatka: nature of the region, flora and fauna, interesting facts
Kamchatka is an amazing corner of Russia that has preserved a pristine habitat for wild animals. The cleanliness of the air and rivers is simply amazing, because there are not many places left on Earth that can “boast” of ideal ecology.
Information about Kamchatka
Kamchatka is the pride of Russia. The size of the peninsula puts it on a “pedestal” among the large peninsulas of the world.
It is surrounded by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, Bering and Okhotsk Seas. The bowels of Kamchatka land are rich in various minerals. In addition, the peninsula is called the territory of volcanoes, geysers and hot springs.
29 volcanoes are active.
Masters of Kamchatka
Most of the territory of Kamchatka is under state protection and is a nature reserve. This is one of the reasons that wildlife has retained its original appearance.
As for the animal world, 37 species of mammals live and coexist on the peninsula.
The owners of Kamchatka are bears. They have a brown coat color, but they cannot be called large at all. The majority of representatives weigh 300 kg, no more. There are individuals weighing 600 kg, but this is an extremely rare occurrence. As soon as summer comes, many bears - adults and very young ones - fill the river banks and green meadows, content with the gifts of nature.
Kamchatka bears annually become subjects of photography by photographers - both Russian and foreign.
In addition to these predators, other representatives of the fauna live on the peninsula.
There are a lot of foxes in the vastness of Kamchatka - approximately 6,000 species. Such a huge number is subject to seasonal extermination, since they cause considerable harm to farmers and reindeer herders.
In addition to them, you can often meet martens, sables, lynx, minks, arctic foxes - all representatives that “wear” valuable fur.
Wolves are rare. This is not surprising, because there are only 150 of them on the peninsula.
Deer, elk and bighorn sheep graze on the southern slopes. In the fields there is a variety of rodents.
Kamchatka is also rich in representatives of birds. There are 240 species of them.
The water bodies of the peninsula contain a variety of fish, including representatives of expensive species: sturgeon, salmon, pink salmon, chum salmon, etc. This fact makes it even more attractive for tourists, because fishing is one of the types of local entertainment.
Vegetation
The flora and fauna of Kamchatka are truly amazing in their diversity. The flora is represented by different species.
There is evidence that 10,000 years ago the peninsula was filled with coniferous forests. However, frequent volcanic eruptions destroyed the bulk of them. Some representatives can also be found in present-day nature, for example, larch, spruce and fir trees grow on mountain peaks or at river mouths.
The “queen” among tree species in the nature of Kamchatka is birch. It is often found on the peninsula. Its favorite places are sea coasts, river valleys and lowlands. But the closer to the mountains and the higher, the shorter and crooked the birches.
Cedar alder, arctic willow, golden rhododendron and dwarf cedar grow on the mountain slopes.
Green mountain meadows are covered with lush grassy vegetation. The nature of Kamchatka is rich in medicinal herbs: poppies, dandelions, astrogals, viviparous buntings, volcanic saxifrage. But in places where there is groundwater, the grass reaches a height exceeding human height.
A natural landmark of Kamchatka is a plant called tucha. Its fruits have a sweet juice, but if it gets on the skin it leaves burns.
Conclusion
The nature of Kamchatka will not leave even an avid urbanist indifferent. It pleases the eye, its air gives strength, its flora and fauna amaze with their diversity.
A tourist holiday will not be cheap, but it guarantees a lot of impressions.
Kamchatka is an amazing peninsula, one of the few places on our planet where nature is preserved in its original form, where there are many places untouched by civilization.
The peninsula itself is one of the largest in the world. Its shores are washed by the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The natural resources of this region are unique. Kamchatka is also often called the kingdom of geysers, volcanoes and hot mineral springs. Judge for yourself - on an area of about 270 thousand square kilometers there are 329 volcanoes (29 of them active), about 14 thousand rivers and streams, over 100 thousand lakes, dozens of swamps, 160 hot springs.
Flora of Kamchatka
The uniqueness of Kamchatka flora can be explained by five factors:
- Geographical location of the peninsula
- Exposure to humid ocean climate
- Prevalence of mountainous terrain
- The uniqueness of the historical development of the landscape
- Strong impact of volcanic activity.
More than 10 thousand years ago, coniferous forests dominated Kamchatka. But under the influence of volcanoes this vegetation was greatly damaged. Nowadays, only on the tops of mountains or at the mouths of rivers on the east coast can one see larches, Ayan spruces and Sakhalin firs.
The main tree of the peninsula is considered to be stone birch, or Erman's birch. Birch trees grow mainly on the coast, in valleys, and along river banks. The closer to the tops of the mountains, the lower and gnarlier these trees become.
But the floodplain forests of Kamchatka delight with an abundance of greenery. Here you can find alder, choicenia, and fragrant poplars. A lot of Siberian juniper, rose hips, blue honeysuckle, willows, meadowsweet, mountain ash, dwarf alder.
On the mountain slopes, where the subalpine belt begins, cedar alder, arctic willow, golden rhododendron and dwarf cedar grow. Thickets of dwarf cedar carefully envelop the ridges and from a bird's eye view seem like a fluffy and soft carpet. But in fact, these are the most difficult thickets to pass through. Elf branches always grow down the slope. But dwarf dwarf burns like gunpowder, and the infusion of its needles has healing properties.
Alpine meadows with tall grass and fragrant shrubs spread even higher. Many medicinal herbs grow here: poppies, dandelions, astrogals, viviparous buntings, volcanic saxifrage. But the tallest grasses, reaching three meters in height, grow in river valleys and on mountain slopes - where groundwater flows close to the surface. These are herbs such as Kamchatka meadowsweet, ribwort, hogweed, and forest carrot.
One of the most amazing and insidious plants of Kamchatka is the bunch. Its juice is very sweet, but if it gets on the skin it leaves blisters and ulcers. The ancient inhabitants extracted sugar from bunches, and the Cossacks distilled wine.
The berry world is very richly represented. In Kamchatka, blueberries, raspberries, cranberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, princelings, currants and rowan have been collected since ancient times.
In total, botanists count about 1,300 plant species in Kamchatka, and there is a small group of endemics. Some Kamchatka plants are listed in the Red Book: for example, loose sedge, pearl mire, rough mint.
Fauna of Kamchatka
Most of the Kamchatka Peninsula is a protected area, and therefore the fauna has been preserved in almost its original form.
Kamchatka is home to 37 species of mammals, of which 30 are local “natives”. The main feature of the local fauna is that tundra, forest and mountain species of animals are simultaneously found on the peninsula. On the other hand, the peninsula does not contain animals typical of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The fact is that the Parapolsky valley separates the Kamchatka forests from the mainland and serves as a kind of barrier.
The peninsula itself is home to sables, martens, wolverines, otters, minks, weasels, arctic foxes, and lynxes. There are a lot of foxes - almost 6 thousand individuals. But there are few wolves - there are no more than 150 individuals in total. But they are also subject to capture, as they cause significant damage to domestic reindeer herding, which is very common on the peninsula.
The largest predator in Kamchatka is the brown bear. But they are small, weighing up to 300 kg. Giants weighing almost 600 kg are very rare. There are a lot of bears. Often in the summer you can see an idyllic picture: brown bears grazing in berry thickets, eager to enjoy the gifts of summer.
The southern part of the peninsula is home to reindeer, bighorn sheep and moose. Among the rodents there are many squirrels, marmots, and Beringian ground squirrels. And local reservoirs are favored by Canadian beavers and muskrats.
The avifauna of Kamchatka is richly represented. More than 240 species of birds live here, most of which belong to wetland species. These are numerous gulls, loons, grebes, slender-billed petrels, fulmars, cormorants, and geese. The shores of Kamchatka are often chosen for wintering by mallards, teals, geese, swans, killer whales, and shovelers. The mountains are home to ospreys, eagles, hawks, golden eagles, gyrfalcons, peregrine falcons, partridges and wood grouse.
On the coast of Kamchatka there are 7 species of pinnipeds: bearded seals, northern fur seals, walruses, ringed seals, sea lions, anthurs and spotted seals. The waters washing the shores of the peninsula are rich in mollusks and crustaceans. The most valuable marine fish are cod, flounder, herring, and smelt.
Freshwater reservoirs are poorer: carp, carp, Dolly Varden, coho salmon, grayling, pike and burbot are found.
But what there are a lot of in Kamchatka are insects. Of all the known Kamchatka fauna representatives, insects make up 80% of the species.
Climate in Kamchatka
The climate on the Kamchatka Peninsula is oceanic, very mild, with a slight temperature difference. So, in July the air warms up to +13°C, and in January it rarely gets colder than -16°C. But closer to the center of the peninsula, the climate becomes more and more continental. And in the eastern part the weather is very unstable. So, within one day, the hot sun can hide behind rolling clouds, the heat can be replaced by drizzling rain and gusts of wind, and then the sun can easily come out again.
Cyclones have a great influence on the changing seasons. Summer on the peninsula is very cool. It often rains, and the shores themselves are often hidden in curtains of fog. Winter is mild, with frequent thaws. The coldest place in Kamchatka is located in the Central Kamchatka Lowland. Here the air temperature often drops to -22°C. There are no severe frosts in coastal areas.
There is a lot of precipitation on the Kamchatka Peninsula - more than in other areas of our country. There is especially a lot of precipitation on the east coast - up to 2600 mm per year. For comparison, in the north-west of Kamchatka precipitation falls only 350-400 mm per year.
The nature of Kamchatka is one of the most unique and interesting in the world. The location of the peninsula on the faults of tectonic plates, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, has provided the peninsula with truly unique features. The dominant feature of Kamchatka's nature is volcanoes, of which there are more than a hundred. 29 of them are active, so constant eruptions serve as a backdrop for all life. Every time a volcano erupts, it changes the landscape in one way or another. Vegetation is buried under a layer of lava and ash, rivers change their courses, lakes disappear and appear.
For example, the Krasheninnikov volcano was once huge, but after a powerful eruption its peak collapsed, and two new cones appeared over time in the caldera (that is, in the depression formed after the eruption). However, changes continued, and another small volcano grew in one of the cones. And at its top, in turn, there is another cone. Such a “four-story” volcano has been recorded only in Kamchatka. One of the most active volcanoes is Avachinskaya Sopka. It also has a stepped structure, although “only” double. Since the height of the new cone depends on eruptions, given the activity of Avachinskaya Sopka, the volcano will continue to grow. It is also interesting because its magma chamber approaches almost the very surface.
UNESCO has included Kamchatka volcanoes on the list of specially protected natural monuments. Now in the region there are several natural parks created to ensure that the ecosystem associated with the natural volcanism of the peninsula is not subject to harmful anthropogenic influence.
In the mountains, due to low temperatures, snow constantly accumulates, which then turns into ice. This is how another natural element characteristic of the nature of Kamchatka is formed - glaciers. There are more than 400 glaciers of different types located here. The most powerful ones are located in Kronotsky Park, and the largest is called Tyushevsky. The influence of glaciers on the natural system of the peninsula is great. By melting, they supply rivers and lakes with water, participate in regulating the moisture content in the atmosphere, and influence the weather. At the boundaries of glaciers, their own specific animal and plant world is formed.
It's not just glaciers that come down from the mountains. There are also waterfalls in Kamchatka, one of the most beautiful is Vilyuchinsky. It originates in the glacier of the volcano of the same name and at its foot falls from a height of 40 m.
The nature of Kamchatka is rich in cold and hot springs, which either calmly flow from the bowels of the earth or gush out very powerfully. UNESCO has recognized the Valley of Geysers as a World Heritage Site. More than forty geysers are concentrated here, as well as mud pots, hot lakes and thermal springs. This impressive place is a gorge 8 km long and 4 km wide, through which the Geysernaya River flows. Each geyser operates with its own periodicity, and it has been noticed that the time between emissions increases over the years. The landscape of the famous valley recently changed due to two powerful mudflows that covered large areas and buried more than a dozen geysers.
Its forests have a significant impact on the nature of Kamchatka. Once upon a time, the entire peninsula was covered with coniferous forests, but with climate change, and in the twentieth century due to human intervention, they greatly thinned out and gave way to the stone-birch forests. Now ecologists are concerned about the rapid disappearance of spruce forests, since spruce has proven to be most suitable for economic purposes. There are very few larch forests left. Research has shown that the larch taiga used to grow very densely. Now the main tree of Kamchatka is stone birch, which grows both on the plains and in the mountains, and attracts attention with its curved shape. In addition to coniferous and birch species, there are other tree species, such as poplar. The vegetation cover of the peninsula is rich in elfin trees and a variety of herbs.
The fauna of Kamchatka cannot be called very diverse in terms of species. The isthmus connecting the peninsula with the mainland, which is a tundra with many lakes, probably became a natural obstacle to the migration of animals. Therefore, the Kamchatka fauna can safely be called island. This means that some species common in the same latitudes on the mainland are not here. In addition, forest, mountain and tundra species coexist in Kamchatka, forming a unique system. And finally, the somewhat isolated existence of the animal community led to the emergence of new subspecies. For example, the Kamchatka brown bear is distinguished by its large size when compared with its mainland counterparts, and forms a subspecies.
The water spaces of Kamchatka are represented by rivers, lakes and coastal sea waters. The abundance of salmon-like fish there is amazing. The most common are Pacific salmon, noble salmon and char. Some of the salmon live only in the sea (chum salmon and pink salmon), but spawn in the fresh water of rivers and lakes, dying after that. The remaining species have their own freshwater forms that do not go to sea.
There is a wide variety of crabs in the sea area of Kamchatka. Snow crab is very common and is hunted for. There are varieties of hairy crabs, there are crabs such as spiny crab, equal-spined crab, etc.
The originality and beauty of nature attract many tourists to Kamchatka. Preserving the pristine nature of the amazing nature of the region and at the same time making it open to people is an urgent task that requires a delicate solution.
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Kamchatka is a unique mountain region. It is distinguished by its unique landscape, harsh climate, and richness of flora and fauna.
Geography of the region
Kamchatka, whose nature constantly presents surprises to researchers, is a peninsula in northeastern Eurasia. It is washed by the Okhotsk and Pacific Oceans. It has an elongated shape, stretches from north to south for 1200 km, its maximum width does not exceed 440 km. The area of Kamchatka is approximately 270 thousand square meters. km.
The peninsula is connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, the cross-section of which is only about 90 km.
The western coast is flat and low-lying, swampy in places. The eastern coast is a steep rocky line, indented by bays and bays.
The peninsula is crossed by many rivers. Almost all of them originate in glaciers or at the foot of mountains. The water in them is very clean, suitable for drinking without purification or boiling. The largest river is Kamchatka. There are also many lakes here.
Zone of modern volcanism
What is interesting about Kamchatka? Nature generously endowed it with volcanoes. There are more than 2.5 thousand volcanic cones - about 300 extinct and more than 30 active volcanoes. They are the main attraction of the peninsula. Poets call them stone torches; they are depicted on the coat of arms and flag of the region.
One of the most interesting active volcanoes in Kamchatka is Ichinsky, whose height is 3621 meters. It amazes the imagination with its size and shape. A very unusual and beautiful sight is the periodic emission of blue obsidian.
In Kamchatka there is the highest volcano in Eurasia - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the peak of which reaches 4750 meters. In addition to its “growth,” it is distinguished by its absolutely correct classical shape. There are 12 smaller volcanoes around it. The entire group has been declared a natural park.
In the south of the peninsula there is another group of volcanoes called “Home”. It includes Kozelsky (2190 meters), Avachinsky (2751 meters) and Koryaksky (3456 meters) volcanoes.
Avacha, Mutnovsky and Karymsky are among the most active volcanoes. The last eruption of Avachi was recorded in 1991, and Karymsky has been demonstrating continuous activity since 1996.
From a scientific point of view, Kamchatka is a natural laboratory for the creation of volcanoes. The entire scientific world observes the unique processes of their birth, occurring literally before our eyes, as in prehistoric times.
The peninsula is a seismically active zone. Periodically it is shaken by earthquakes, the strength of some reaches 9-10 points.
Climate
Kamchatka has a humid and cool climate. The lowlands are colder and windier than the highlands. Snowy winter with frequent snowstorms comes in November and actually lasts until the end of April. Only in May does a short, swift spring pass, followed by an equally short summer, often rainy, sometimes quite hot, but always colorful with a riot of colors of flowering herbs. Autumn is most often partly cloudy and warm.
Flora and fauna
The wild nature of Kamchatka is practically untouched by humans. In total, Kamchatka has about 1,200 species of plants - trees, shrubs and grasses. Some of which are endemic, meaning they are not found anywhere else on the planet.
Alpine type vegetation predominates on the coast; above 1400 meters above sea level there are mountain tundras, even higher there are wastelands with sparse vegetation. The peninsula is characterized by tall grass. Grasses grow 3-4 meters! In spring and summer they bloom wildly, thanks to which the Kamchatka expanses, like in a kaleidoscope, are flooded with waves of color - the dominance of greenery is replaced by lilac, which is gradually diluted with white, and then replaced by deep purple, which in turn is replaced by deep orange, and then bright -yellow and red. Each color lasts about a week. The pride of the peninsula is the Rieder's bathing orchid, meat-red wintergreen, populaceae rose and other plants.
The fauna of Kamchatka is also diverse: 500 species of fish, 300 species of birds, 90 species of mammals - sable, ermine, flying squirrel, hare, otter, lynx, reindeer, fox and others. Of the predators, the Kamchatka brown bear is considered the most dangerous. The most numerous representatives of land fauna are insects, making up 80% of all combined animal species on the peninsula.
Economy of the region
A unique region - Kamchatka. Its nature is harsh, colorful and magnificent. The harsh climate, sparse population and undeveloped majority of the territory mean that this area is one of the most environmentally friendly places on the planet. There is not a single railway here; the main transport links are air (planes and helicopters), sea and road.
The administrative center and largest city is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with a population of 200 thousand people. Other significant settlements are Elizovo, Paratunka, Milkovo, Esso, Anavgay, Ust-Kamchatsk, Kozerevsk and others.
The region is mainly developed by fishing, metallurgical industry and agriculture. Tourism has been developing very rapidly in recent decades. Kamchatka, whose nature is unusual, colorful and harsh, attracts thousands of extreme sports enthusiasts who not only ski or dog sled, but also conquer mountain peaks, descend into volcanic craters, and visit the Valley of Geysers. A special feature of Kamchatka routes is their inaccessibility and unpredictability, so you should definitely use the services of an experienced guide.
The peninsula is located on the easternmost part of the Eurasian continent; it covers an area of 270 thousand square meters. km, washed by the Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea, attracts travelers from all over the world with its pristine beauty and mystery.
The place where Kamchatka is located is called the eastern tourist gateway to our country.
All areas of Kamchatka are beautiful in their own way:
- north of Kamchatka famous for the picturesque glaciers and mountain tundras of the Koryak Highlands,
- south of Kamchatka amazing alpine landscapes, active volcanoes and natural thermal springs,
- eastern coast of Kamchatka indented by bays and bays,
- western territory of Kamchatka It is a coast with sea terraces and lowlands covered with birch, cedar and alder forests.
Rock Three Brothers in Avacha Bay
Volcanoes of Kamchatka
Volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula(and there are more than 300 of them here) — the pride of this region, and many travelers come here to climb to the tops of fire-breathing mountains, see the picturesque valleys of Kamchatka and lunar landscapes of volcanic craters, and then descend to the bottom of smoking basins.
The most famous volcanoes:
- Klyuchevskaya Sopka, one of the most ancient and seismically active volcanoes
- Avachinsky
- Koryak
- Kronotsky
- Vilyuchinsky
- Spicy Tolbachik
- Burnt
- Maly Semyachik
However, Kamchatka volcanoes are not aggressive, their eruptions are rare and do not harm the people of Kamchatka. All volcanoes are included in the list of natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Lava field of Tolbachik volcano
Weather in Kamchatka
The climate is quite cool and humid, strong winds blow here, and hurricanes and storms are observed.
The peculiarities of the natural conditions of the Kamchatka Peninsula are such that the weather is very changeable and unpredictable due to cyclones, winter is snowy and long, and summer is short and very cloudy.
But in any weather, the nature of Kamchatka is beautiful - in winter the plains and foothills are covered with one and a half meters of snow, in early May the ice melts on the rivers, and at the end of summer the velvet season begins. And what a beautiful Kamchatka is in autumn with the colorful hills, bright blue sky, clear air and calm sunny weather...
It is coldest in the mountains and in the northern regions of the peninsula, and in the east it is warmer than in the west. Time in Kamchatka differs from Moscow by nine hours, so the population of Kamchatka greets the dawn earlier.
Mountains of the Kamchatka Peninsula
Kamchatka is a mountainous region with unexplored places, and many mountains were once volcanoes. Two ridges stretch along the peninsula - Middle and Eastern, the height of which reaches 2000 meters.
Mountain hiking in Kamchatka turns into a real adventure, because on the way tourists encounter crystal waterfalls, picturesque canyons, blue mountain lakes and rushing rivers.
The most beautiful among the 100 thousand lakes of Kamchatka are considered Kronotskoe and Kuril lakes, and the sources of the rivers of Kamchatka are located in high mountain areas and in glaciers, so their waters are clean and transparent.
The most beautiful Geysers of Kamchatka can be found in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. From Velvetnaya and Goryachaya Sopka, from Mount Ostraya, Sunduk, Zaykin Cape and Polennitsa you can see dizzying landscapes. It is here, in the mountains, where Kamchatka reveals itself most vividly, that the true history of this amazing peninsula is hidden...
Cities of Kamchatka
The cities on the peninsula are small both in number and in area, since the territory is sparsely populated. This place seems to many to be the “edge of the world”, because the distance from Moscow to Kamchatka is 6773 km.
There are three cities in the region:
- Petropalovsk-Kamchatsky
- Elizovo
- Vilyuchinsk
In which about 242 thousand people live. The remaining 74 thousand inhabitants of the peninsula are concentrated in villages and hamlets; most local residents are engaged in fishing, because caviar and fish from Kamchatka are sent to all regions of Russia. Many settlements are located next to nature reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, where scientists study the amazing plants and animals of Kamchatka. Some residents of cities and villages are engaged in folk crafts and collecting medicinal herbs, since herbal teas, products made of leather, fur, bone, wood and birch bark are considered valuable gifts from Kamchatka. By the way, prices in Kamchatka, due to the remoteness of the region, are very high, even for fish and seafood.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the largest city on the Kamchatka Peninsula
About 60 thousand tourists come to the peninsula every year, and travelers always have the most enthusiastic reviews of Kamchatka.
Holidays in Kamchatka are interesting at any time of the year, and unique natural attractions can be found here at every step. Kamchatka is beautiful in its own way in summer and winter! In the cold season, tourists ride along Pacific Ocean in dog and reindeer sleds, ski tours to Kamchatka, snowmobile racing and ice skating are very popular fishing in Kamchatka. In summer, tourists go to Valley of Geysers, raft down mountain rivers, swim in the warm thermal springs of Kamchatka, take boat excursions on the ocean and explore the most hidden parts of Kamchatka from a helicopter, get acquainted with the wildlife in nature reserves and national parks.
Ecological tourism in Kamchatka
History of Kamchatka
Ethnographic Museum in Esso on Kamchatka
Once upon a time, bears in Kamchatka were the only rightful owners, and then people settled on the peninsula - this happened in the Early Paleolithic era. After Russian travelers first came to Kamchatka at the end of the 17th century and the development of the territory began, out of 13 thousand representatives of the historical peoples of Kamchatka (Koryaks, Itelmens and Alyutors), only the Itelmens remained. By the end of the 18th century there were already 3 thousand people, and in 1803 the Kamchatka region was formed. In many photos of Kamchatka you can see the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula, who managed to preserve their original culture. In the ethno-villages of Kainyran, Pimchakh, Tanynaut and Manedek, you can get acquainted with the life of historical peoples, try local cuisine, spend the night in a yurt and buy handicrafts.
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