Most of the pump. Pampas
Long time China was mysterious country and only a few decades ago they started talking about it seriously. The PRC is a country that has huge area. In terms of territory size, China ranks third. The state has direct access to Pacific Ocean, allowing it to successfully export its products throughout the world. Its territory includes desert and mountains. He owns 3400 islands different sizes. It is famous all over the world for its culture, cuisine, and industry.
Population
For a long time, the population of Chinese People's Republic is growing rapidly. Today the country has more than one billion three hundred thousand inhabitants. Age category countries are middle-aged people. This trend is due to the law of the country, which states that there should be only one child in one family. China is a country where urbanization is leading. Recently, urban areas have expanded significantly, while rural population decreased several times. This trend is due to the rapid development of industrial facilities in large cities, which require workers.
The country's leadership is concerned about the rapid rate of increase in the population, which is why for several decades in a row the rule has been in force that full-fledged family can only have one child. The exception is rural areas. This law does not apply to the country's ethnic minorities. But no matter how hard Chinese officials try to stabilize the birth rate, statistical data indicate population growth. This trend will continue in the future. Chinese - religious people. Most of them profess Buddhism. But official data show that there are more than 20 million Muslims, 10 million Catholics, and 12 million Protestants in China. The Chinese speak many languages, but everyone speaks the so-called standard Chinese language.
Industry of China
China has the world's largest number industrial enterprises. These are heavy industry enterprises that employ more than 3/5 of the country's working population. The People's Republic of China is widely introducing the latest world technologies into industry. The country pays special attention to new products. This helps her to be one of the most developed countries peace. WITH special attention here refer to saving energy resources.
Most of the industry controlled by the state is located in the largest cities. This is what contributes to the process of urbanization. Residents are eager for new technologies, trading the countryside for a bustling city.
Main industries
The energy industry is particularly developed in China. Coal mining and oil production of varying quality occupy leading positions. The country has more than 100 large coal mining enterprises on its balance sheet. Gas is produced in small quantities.
The metallurgical industry works on full force, but domestic production cannot meet the needs of the industry. China has deposits of tungsten, manganese and other raw materials used to make long steel.
Mechanical engineering is also developed at a special level. The country specializes in the production of machine tools and various equipment, heavy vehicles. Special meaning have enterprises that specialize in the production of cars. This type of mechanical engineering is growing at a rapid pace.
Leading position in the niche of microelectronics and electronic technologies last decades China took over due to a huge number of both small and large enterprises for assembling a wide variety of electronic devices, exported throughout the world.
The products of chemical industry enterprises are in demand all over the world. China produces mineral fertilizers for the whole world.
But the most popular industry in China is considered to be light industry. This is where the majority of workers are employed. This is the most economically profitable industry in the country. Absolutely all areas are developed here, but especially textile and food industry.
Agriculture in China
In the People's Republic of China Agriculture is of great importance, especially the cultivation of the most different cultures. The country occupies a leading position in the world in the number of types of crops grown: 50 field species, 80 vegetable species and 60 garden species. More than half of the country's population is employed in agricultural work.
The PRC specializes in growing grain crops, especially rice. This crop is grown throughout the country. But wheat cultivation is not far behind. China is located in different climatic zones, thanks to which a wide variety of agricultural crops are grown. The cultivation of tea and tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane is very developed. The country also grows large quantities fruit crops and vegetables.
Breeding animals, birds and fish
Livestock farming in the country depends on the food supply, and these are pastures. That is why cattle breeding and pig breeding are developed here. Animals are raised in a nomadic way. Breeding large cattle, poultry also occupies a special place in agriculture.
China is the world leader in aquatic products. The country uses rice fields. Unique technology and favorable climate allow you to study in one place different types Agriculture. But recently, China has also begun to use natural sea shallows, which have been transformed into “farms” for raising various marine inhabitants.
China is very interesting country with a rich culture and its own traditions. The population of the People's Republic of China is very hardworking. Smart policy great amount labor resources allowed the state to become a leader in the world in many sectors.
Who would have thought, but almost until the middle of the 20th century, China was not a very developed country from an economic and industrial point of view. The economy had a strong raw material and agricultural orientation. Since 1949, when the People's Republic of China was created, the situation began to change in better side. Over the next few decades, about four hundred new enterprises appeared in China, and production volume increased 39 times over half a century.
The active development of China's economy and industry began back in 1978. It was then that the country’s leadership began to implement liberal economic reforms, the same “ new course", promoting the natural stable development of China. And first of all, the transformations affected the main industries: investments began to be attracted to the country, many industries were reoriented to export, special economic zones were created with a favorable business climate, tax incentives and simplified administration. As a result, to today China has become one of the world leaders in the production of many goods. Also today, China is one of the leading countries in terms of the number of factories. There are over 360 industries represented in the country. The largest industrial centers in China are concentrated mainly in the eastern provinces (Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, etc.).
Light industry
25 THOUSAND
textile companies are dispersed throughout China
Light industry is one of the system-forming industries of the Celestial Empire, this has happened historically, since pre-revolutionary times.
In the structure of the country's economy, the food and textile industries account for approximately a fifth of all industrial production.
25 THOUSAND
textile companies are dispersed throughout China
In total, there are about 25 thousand textile companies in the Celestial Empire, they are dispersed throughout the country.
Food industry and agriculture
China's already large population is constantly growing, which leads to an increase in food consumption. In this regard, the food industry and the agricultural sector are also key in China and are recognized as systemically important at the state level.
Food industry enterprises are located mainly in the southwest of the country. Companies involved in livestock farming are concentrated in the north-west, and oil and dairy and sugar production are concentrated in the north-east. In total, there are about 65–70 thousand food industry enterprises in China.
In addition, the PRC strongly supports farmers in state level For example, peasants are exempt from agricultural taxes, taxes on products, slaughter and other fees. Subsidies, subsidies, preferential loans and even free assistance are also available to farmers. Among other things, the state guarantees farmers the purchase of crops, that is, farmers do not have to worry about finding a market, seasonality, or perishable products (for example, if they produce milk and fruits). All these support measures have led to the fact that China has a very strong breeding science: the Chinese managed to develop a number of crops with yields that are many times higher than those of similar varieties.
Oil and gas production
4 MILLION BARREL
There are large deposits in China raw materials, oil, gas, coal, but the country is more focused on developing processing industries than on production.
China is a major oil producer. The country produces about 4 million barrels per day. Oil varies from light low-sulfur to heavy paraffinic.
4 MILLION BARREL
oil per day produced in China
Gas industry represented by the production of natural and associated gas, the production of artificial industrial (coke oven, shale) and semi-artisanal (biomethane) gas. Volume of reserves natural gas China, according to various estimates, is more than 4000 billion tons. Moreover, only 4% of the deposits have been developed.
Heavy industry
China's heavy industry is also developing rapidly. This is not only a system-forming area for production, but also a social sector: about 60% of “production workers” work at heavy industry enterprises.
Most developed areas- machine tool building, heavy and transport engineering.
IN last years There is a tendency to reduce production volumes in this area, but this trend is typical for many countries. Consumption growth is slowing around the world, so excess capacity has to be reallocated or eliminated.
Today in China there are, for example, about 60 mechanical engineering plants and 1,500 metallurgical plants (mainly ferrous metallurgy).
More than 1,000 types of steel are produced in China, including high-grade ones. technical characteristics(for example, alloys for the aviation industry, characterized by high heat resistance, alloys for mining enterprises, resistant to work in difficult temperature conditions, and etc.). Non-ferrous metallurgy is also actively developing: in the depths of China there are deposits of copper, manganese, zinc, silver, gold, lead and other ores.
It is believed that China is the world leader in the number of industrial enterprises. In addition, China is a leading country in the implementation of innovations, energy and resource saving technologies.
Automotive industry
Technological industries, such as the auto industry, play an important role in the Chinese economy today. The effectiveness of the course on technology taken by the country's authorities some time ago is quite high, which is also reflected in certain industries, for example, in auto production.
The fact is that all foreign automakers who want to produce cars in China, according to the accepted procedure, must create joint ventures and transfer technology to local companies. Therefore, approximately half of the cars produced are local brands (BYD, Lifan, Chang'an, Geely, Chery, Hafei, Jianghuai, Great Wall, Roewe, etc.), the rest are produced in joint ventures with foreign car brands (Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, General Motors , Hyundai, Nissan, Honda, Toyota). At the same time, in China, until the end of 2016, the sales tax on 70% of cars has been abolished, which also stimulates the development of the industry.
Unlike the US, Europe and other countries where car sales continue to decline, demand for them in China remains stable. For example, the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers estimated that in August 2016, foreign and domestic automakers sold 1.8 million cars, 26% more than in the same period in 2015. IN this year 14.4 million cars have already been sold, the pace clearly exceeds last year. Sales volume in 2015 was 24.5 million cars. Demand in the domestic market is ensured own production, imports account for about 10% of sales.
In the automotive industry, China is focused not only on the continuity of technology, but also on the development of innovation. For example, authorities view electric vehicles (EVs) as strategically important for China's economic growth. The planned annual production of electric cars by 2025 is 3 million. Today, 330 thousand of these cars are sold in China, which is more than in the United States. With the help of electric cars, the country plans to increase fuel economy by 30% by 2020. So far, most electric cars are locally produced, but China is also aiming to expand international cooperation, for example, it recently became known that Volkswagen has created a joint venture to develop new models of electric cars with a Chinese state-owned company.
Development
In the construction industry, China is known for producing cement, ceramic tiles and bricks. The country has gigantic reserves of gypsum, graphite, quartz, high-quality clays, asbestos, limestone and mica.
In this industry, as in many other systemically important industries, the state provides developers with the lion's share of the sales market. It orders the construction of production facilities, roads, residential buildings and thereby ensures employment and economic growth in the industry.
Over the past 20 years, China's construction industry has also made significant breakthroughs in the application of new technologies. For example, concrete is produced using modern technologies using chemical and mineral additives, which improves its composition, making it more dense and durable. In addition, China is the leader in production steel structures for high-rise buildings.
Chemical industry
This industry is represented by a large mining and chemical industry (table salt, phosphorites, pyrites), a growing petrochemical industry and a significant amount of raw materials of plant origin.
China ranks one of the first in the world in the production of mineral fertilizers. In other areas, China does not yet occupy a leading position, but is developing rapidly.
Significant Impact on chemical field The active pace of the country's development and large-scale urbanization are having an impact - people and enterprises need a huge amount of fuel and chemical resources.
Financial industry
And, of course, one of the key and system-forming sectors of the Chinese economy, which influences other areas and also determines their development, is the financial sector.
The financial basis for the development of this industry was support from the state and the presence of the national payment system UnionPay. Thus, a strategic vector for the development of the system, oriented towards the international market, was set.
The scale and pace of development of the system is justified by its structure; it was established by the state together with the largest Chinese banks, but today its participants are financial institutions around the world. At the same time, today UnionPay is one of the largest payment systems in the world in terms of transaction volume and number of cards issued.
China is an industrial-agrarian country. Its GDP is 415.7 billion US. dollars. Industry accounts for 42.3% of GDP, agriculture - 24.2%.
A program for the modernization of science and technology, industry, agriculture, and defense was implemented.
On modern stage development ratio between severe and is 52% and 48%. Light industry develops mainly in small and medium-sized enterprises.
The "face" of China is now defined by heavy industry, which mainly relies on domestic resources. By total volume industrial production China has reached fourth or fifth place in the world.
The basis of China's fuel and energy complex is formed by the industry, which produces over 1 billion tons of coal per year. Coal mining is carried out in many basins, the largest of which are in the north and northeast of China. There are also oil fields there - Daqing. There is oil in 22 provinces, but most of it is produced in the north and northeast of the country.
Electricity production is 3/4 based on thermal power plants, but large hydropower construction is also underway in the upper reaches, as well as in the middle reaches of the river. (11 hydroelectric power stations) and r. Yellow River (15 hydroelectric power stations), hydroelectric power stations account for 20% of electricity. There is one nuclear power plant in operation in the country and several more are under construction.
The basis of the metallurgical complex of China is formed by the plants full cycle, focusing on their own coal basins and imported raw materials. China ranks second in steel production (88 million tons) after. There are five metallurgical bases in China: northeastern (Anypan, Fushun, Fuxin, Dalian), in Northern China (Tianjin), Northern China (Baotou), downstream R. Yangtze (Baoshan, Shanghai), middle reaches of the river. Yangtze (Wuhan).
The centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are Fushun, Shanghai, Shenyang. Of the 60 types of non-ferrous metal ores that are mined in the country, 50 are exported to China.
It is not specialized, but universal enterprises that predominate. They gravitate towards major cities and seaports, to metallurgical bases. The country fully provides itself with equipment for the coke and chemical industry, forging and pressing, machine tools, and locomotives. Centers: Shanghai, Beijing, Dalian.
Shipbuilding is located in the port cities of Shanghai, Dalian, Qingdao and in the river port of Wuhan, etc. Car production is in Hubei, Jilin, Beijing, tractors are produced in Shanghai. Recently in the country great development received the production of consumer electronics and electrical equipment.
China - diversified, despite fast growth Recently, organic synthesis chemistry, basic chemistry remains the main branch. The chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers - in the provinces of Sichuan, Jiansu, etc. Recently, the production of plastics and synthetic resins and fibers has increased - Shanghai, Baoding.
Textile industry - main industry light industry of China. The production and processing of textile raw materials are clearly zoned: in the north - wool, flax, hemp, in the south - silk, ramie, jute, kenaf. China ranks first in the world in the production of clothing made from cotton fabrics.
China's food industry consists of 40 sub-sectors: flour and cereals, sugar, fish, meat, canning, tobacco, tea, etc. They are evenly distributed. Paper production is also developed in China.
China's manufacturing industries have a slight advantage over the mining sectors. After all, China doesn’t have much land, and raw materials can always be bought abroad. But in terms of the number of factories and factories, China is practically ahead of the entire planet. There are a total of 360 industries - this is exactly the number of regions that make up the industry of the Celestial Empire.
History of Chinese industry
The country's industrialization began with the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. It would seem that from this period, Chinese industry should have developed by leaps and bounds. But the pace of its development was quite slow due to the closed nature of Chinese culture.
Only in 1979 did the PRC become a state with open borders. At the same time, the government modeled 4 economic zones to attract foreign investors:
- Shanghai;
- Zhuhai;
- Shanthod;
- Haikou.
In these zones, all conditions were created to put into operation maximum amount plants and factories. Today their number is also growing steadily.
The first partners of China were entrepreneurs from the States, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many other countries then joined in the beneficial economic cooperation.
1984 is the year of the opening of 18 port cities for partners from abroad. Then small-scale inner cities of China opened their doors to foreigners.
An important step before entering the international trade arena was the recognition of copyright and the creation of an appropriate law. Then real estate, transport, services, retail and telecommunications were also opened to foreign investment. After passing through the stages listed above, China has become a trading giant, capable of easily and naturally withstanding international competition.
Industry: main sectors
Light industry in China consists of food and textiles. Textile products are produced by 23 thousand enterprises in the country. Many textile products are shipped abroad. But for China itself, the volumes of such production are quite acceptable. The scale of production is capable of providing the population with a sufficient quantity of everyday goods.
65 thousand enterprises are involved in food production. Needless to say, the Chinese love to eat very much, which is why their food industry is so highly developed. Today, the Chinese government allocates huge subsidies for the development of this industry.
Fruits, vegetables, fish and other seafood are the main export products to different countries. There is an abundance of this product in China, and its surplus is successfully sold abroad.
China's mining industry is not limited to oil, gas and uranium. In the Celestial Empire, coal is successfully mined and timber, ore, manganese, iron and zinc are harvested.
On the territory of this state there are significant reserves rare earth metals. Molybdenum, vanadium and antimony are the leading rare minerals mined in China.
The manufacturing industry is represented in the form of oil refineries, as well as metallurgical plants.
Mechanical engineering, as a separate industry, is less pronounced in the Middle Kingdom than, for example, in Japan. But shipbuilding and the aerospace industry are quite developed.
The electronics industry and high technology are located in the country just north of Beijing. A “silicon valley” has been built there in the Chinese style.
The production of weapons of any kind is a mandatory program of any country. China is developing submarines, missiles, aircraft carriers, and thermonuclear bombs, like all states of the world.
Industry: prospects
The problem of state economic sectors of industry is the huge number of personnel with a low efficiency ratio.
To solve the problem, specialists from abroad are attracted, and the availability of specialized education is increased. In private firms, productivity is not bad. Foreign companies work much more efficiently than local factories. Analysts believe that this state of affairs is due to local attitude to work and the level of prestige of the organization.
Not all state-owned enterprises to the fullest provided by government orders. From year to year, competition is only increasing, and Chinese manufacturers are beginning to focus on the domestic market, exporting only high-tech and expensive goods.
Chinese industrialists are increasingly buying up foreign assets; such steps are encouraged by the state, because the more foreign productions will be able to attract to the territory of China, the more stable the entire economy as a whole will become.
The prospects for industrial development in this state are quite high. This country did not go through the crisis years as hard as European countries, precisely thanks to the developed network of its own production facilities.
What is the secret of Chinese industry?
Before the emergence of the People's Republic of China, the country was almost entirely agricultural. Then, in a short period of time, the Chinese managed to build a huge industrial network, became leading manufacturers in some areas, and won their place in the sun in the world market.
How did they manage to achieve this? stunning success? The answer is simple - resources and hard work did not play a role in this success. last role. Great importance The ideology of the Chinese also had an impact on the path to prosperity. A common idea and pride in their country helped them get ahead in the economic race. Besides, large numbers population helped to provide new factories and plants with personnel.
China is a country where industry surprises with its scale. In the Celestial Empire there are not only industrial cities, but also entire industrial areas that fully satisfy the country’s internal needs and produce enough to export goods. The phenomenon of Chinese economic success is still being studied by scientists and financiers from all over the world.
The rapid development of China's industry began in 1978. It was then that the government began to actively implement liberal economic reforms. First of all, they concerned the reorientation of key industries for export, attracting foreign investment, as well as the creation of economic zones with a favorable tax and administrative climate. As a result, in our time this country is one of the world leaders in the production of almost all groups of goods.
A Brief History of Industrial Development in China
As surprising as it may sound, until the mid-twentieth century, China was a semi-feudal state with an undeveloped economy and production. In terms of industrialization, it lagged behind the developed world countries by more than a hundred years, and acted only as a raw material and agricultural appendage. The situation began to change after 1949, when the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. After conducting a relatively short time industrialization and industry began to develop rapidly. Eloquent proof of this is the fact that in just fifty years, about 370 thousand new enterprises have appeared in the state. Production volume over this period of time increased 39 times. Today the country occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the number of plants and factories. Its entire industry is represented in 360 various industries. Due to the extremely high pace of development, the government is sometimes even forced to restrain it. This is being done to prevent surges and another crisis in the global economy. China's largest industrial centers are concentrated primarily in the eastern coastal provinces. These include Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong and others.
and oil
The country boasts quite rich mineral resources. Despite this, China's processing industries are much better developed than However, the size of the natural gas reserves discovered in the southern and eastern regions countries, according to researchers, is more than 4 thousand billion tons. As of today, less than 4% of them are explored. As for oil production, it accounts for one fifth of the production of fuel and energy resources in the Middle Kingdom. Black gold reserves, which provide 16% of export foreign exchange earnings, amount to about 64 billion tons.
Currently, there are 32 enterprises operating in the country specializing in oil production. The largest local plants for its processing are located in the provinces of Qaidam, Yumen, Dagang and Shandong.
Light industry
Even in pre-revolutionary times are easy China's industry played a leading role in the structure of its economy. This area remains very important for the development of the country even now. Indeed, the food and textile industries account for almost 21% of all industrial products produced in the state. The leading enterprises that produce it are scattered throughout the country. The food industry is most developed in the southwest of the Celestial Empire. In the northwestern regions there are mainly enterprises that specialize in livestock farming and cotton processing. Northeastern companies are mainly engaged in the paper, oil and dairy and sugar sectors of such an industry as the light industry of China. In general, there are more than 23 thousand textile companies in the state, where the production and processing of raw materials are characterized by a clear focus, as well as about 65 thousand food industry enterprises. In all this, we should not forget about paper production. Although it is not as large-scale as the previous two industries, it still plays a very important role in the development of the country.
Heavy industry
Similarly to others, heavy industry in China is developing at a fairly high pace. For enterprises specializing in it, after a long rise in the last few years, a slight reduction in production volumes has become typical. At the same time, according to many world analysts, this has nothing to do with product quality and pricing. The fact is that now the country has excess capacity, which, against the backdrop of a slowdown in consumption not only in the state itself, but throughout the world, simply needs to be reduced. As practice shows, the most profitable ones in this industry today are small enterprises. Experts say that this cannot continue for long, so in the near future the market will definitely be redistributed, after which approximately 5% of companies in this industry will go bankrupt or be absorbed by large firms.
Mechanical engineering
Until the middle of the last century, it did not play any role in the development of the Chinese economy. The country's industry practically did not produce machines and mechanisms with components, airplanes, tractors, cars, and so on. In fact, mechanical engineering was created in a new way after the 1949 revolution in China. Over the course of the country alone, more than 60 factories were built (a third of them were built thanks to active technical support from the USSR). As a result, the situation has now changed dramatically.
Currently, the industry produces more than 53 thousand types of products and fully meets the internal needs of the state. The largest mechanical engineering centers include Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai and Tianjin.
Metallurgy
As noted above, the country is very rich natural resources. Thanks to this, China's metallurgical industry is also quite developed. There are enterprises in almost every province or autonomous region ferrous metallurgy, total number which exceeds the 1.5 thousand mark. The state produces more than a thousand varieties of steel, including alloys for the aviation industry, characterized by high heat resistance, and high-alloy grades with predetermined characteristics.
The main disadvantage, which is typical for most companies in this area, is the relatively low technical level of production and their poor equipment modern technologies. Moreover, about 70% of such enterprises are not equipped at all treatment facilities. As for the conditions for its development, we can confidently call them favorable, since in the bowels of the earth there are rich deposits of copper, manganese, zinc, silver, gold, lead and many other ores. At the same time, one cannot help but note the fact that just a few decades ago, the extraction of only some of them was actively developing, and the development itself was carried out chaotically, without compliance elementary rules security.
Automotive industry
Plays an important role for the country's economy Automotive industry China. The effectiveness of the policy pursued by the country's government in this direction is very high. First of all, it is expressed by the fact that joint companies with many leading automakers are successfully developing in the state. As of today, the Celestial Empire independently provides almost all internal needs in vehicles. However, their imports do not exceed 10%. This situation is largely due to the fact that the government does not set the goal of motorization of the population ( own cars only 1% of residents have). A number of taxes, restrictions and duties have led to the fact that a car is a luxury item here.
Construction industry
Far from it last place According to the level of development, the construction industry of China is ranked. This is not surprising, because the country has gigantic reserves of gypsum, graphite, quartz, high-quality clays, asbestos, limestone and mica. The most widespread among all types building materials became cement production, which was established in the northeastern region of the country. Most of the ceramic tile companies are concentrated in Boshan, Jiangxi, Urumqi and Shenyang, and brick factories are located near Beijing. The city of Sichuan is famous for its powerful asbestos enterprises.
Chemical industry
Despite large reserves of gas, coal and phosphates, the Celestial Empire for a long time Many sectors have not received attention. Some of them were simply created anew after the revolution. The Chinese chemical industry was no exception. In the first half of the fifties of the last century, 33 large companies, specializing in in this direction. Moreover, in such a short period of time, the product range has grown tenfold, to 900 items.
The largest chemical enterprises are located in Nanjing, Shanghai, Harbin, Shenyang and Jilin.
Agriculture
The constant increase in population leads to an increase in food consumption. In this regard, the government of the Celestial Empire calls ensuring further active development industries such as food processing and agriculture in China. The country is pursuing a policy of comprehensive support for the peasantry in order to improve their standard of living and increase the productivity of cultivated plants. In particular, peasants are exempt from agricultural taxes, taxes on products, slaughter of livestock and other payments. In addition, citizens who are employed in this industry are provided with all kinds of subsidies, subsidies, profitable loans and even free help.
In almost all provinces, at the legislative level, the state guarantees the purchase of crops from peasants. The contribution of local breeding scientists who managed to develop a number of crops with yields several times higher than that of traditional varieties deserves special mention.
Conclusion
This article briefly describes only the main industries in China. Without a doubt, the Celestial Empire has achieved enormous success in other areas economic activity. These include the development of information and biological technologies, pharmaceuticals, waste-free industries, communications, improvement computer technology, development of new energy sources, reduction of pollution environment and many other directions.